Electric trucks

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Smith Electric trucks at Autotec 2010

An electric truck , also electric truck or electric truck mentioned, is an electrically driven trucks which its energy from a battery or a fuel cell relates. In the case of a fuel cell truck , electricity is generated on board the vehicle by a fuel cell that is usually supplied with hydrogen from a tank . In addition, there are overhead line trucks that are supplied with electricity via a contact line .

In contrast to commercial vehicles with conventional internal combustion engines, electric trucks are mostly silent and themselves are less likely to cause harmful pollutants , in particular not nitrogen oxides or climate-damaging exhaust gases . In an overall assessment, emissions that occur elsewhere during power generation, as well as tire wear and fine dust (e.g. when braking) must be taken into account.

Electric trucks are currently produced in small series , and a few manufacturers also produce medium series.

history

Electric parcel delivery van from 1920, manufacturer Bergmann

A total of 40 companies were among the first manufacturers of commercial vehicles with electric drives in Germany, including AAA , ABAM , Bergmann , Flader , Hagen , BEF , Henschel , DMG , Hercules , Scheele and Schiemann . By 1914 - including trolleybuses and trolley trucks - a total of 554 electrically powered vehicles had been produced. These commercial vehicles were mainly produced for communities, for example for the fire brigade or garbage collection. Beer vans were also among them.

As early as 1905, Siemens & Halske also manufactured trucks with mixed gasoline- electric drives. However, truck construction was discontinued after the Protos factory was taken over in 1908. In Cologne, Ernst Heinrich Geist built dynamo-electric commercial vehicles with the name: "Dyna-Geist". Some trucks received a hybrid drive , with a 28  PS strong Argus - four-cylinder engine by means of generator current for the electric motor could be produced. In 1908 Büssing built an electric truck with five trailers for the army, which powered 18 hp wheel hub motors. The tractor had two 60 hp motors that simultaneously drove the Siemens generator. In 1911, Austro-Daimler in Austria presented the Porsche -B-train, which generated the Otto electric drive using a 150 hp petrol engine and a 93 kW generator and wheel hub motors . The wheel hub motors were housed in the rear wheels of the tractor and in the five all-wheel steered trailers , each of which could carry up to five tons.

In 1906, the Nuremberg company (previously Braun , from 1918 Faun ) manufactured electrically powered commercial vehicles for municipal companies. These had the then very modern wheel hub motors and were further developed or produced by 20 commercial vehicle manufacturers up to 1920. The parcel delivery vehicles that were used by Deutsche Post in Berlin until the 1960s were disrespectfully called Soup Triesel by Berliners .

In the period between 1960 and the end of the 20th century, the development and use of electric commercial vehicles largely ceased because gasoline and diesel vehicles were increasingly powerful and fuels were cheap.

Developments in the 21st Century

The increasing number of commercial vehicles with conventional internal combustion engines and the associated problems of environmental and health protection have increasingly come into public discussion since the end of the 20th century. Despite the repeated tightening of emissions standards , the considerable health risk for people who live on busy roads, for example from nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel vehicles, is still in the political arena. In addition, the public perception of climate protection that began at the beginning of the 21st century also includes the CO₂ balance of trucks.

All of this speaks for a market launch of electric trucks in distribution traffic in the inner city area. However, these are currently only offered by a few manufacturers in Germany, mostly as niche products.

Smith Electric Vehicles

Smith Newton of TNT courier service in Oxford, England.

The British company Smith Electric Vehicles has been producing light electric trucks up to a gross vehicle weight of 12  t since 2006 . The range of vehicles equipped with lithium-ion batteries is up to 160  km . The Smith Newton is according to the manufacturer, the current (2016) world's best selling electric truck.

Emoss

Emoss 18 ton electric truck (19 ton GGW)

The Dutch company Emoss has been manufacturing electric trucks and buses since 2012. The in-house developed electric drives are installed in truck models from DAF and Iveco .

The first order was placed by the eight Dutch companies 2-Switch, 020stadsdistributie, DeRooy, Deudekom, Heineken , Mondial Movers, Sligro and TopMovers, each of which put a 100% electric truck called Hytruck into operation. All trucks are customer-specific solutions with different payloads (up to 10 tons), battery packs and ranges (150–200 km). Among them was a 19-ton electric truck from Heineken with a 9-ton payload and a range of 200 km. With its use, around 22 tons of CO 2 can be saved annually and the emission of sulfur oxides SO x and nitrogen oxides NO x is prevented. Since autumn 2014, the Swiss company ceekon AG has acted as the general agent for Emoss in Switzerland, Austria and Lichtenstein.

In August 2013, the German discounter TEDi integrated a 12-ton electric truck from Emoss into its vehicle fleet for delivery to several branches in North Rhine-Westphalia. The range is about 200 km, but thanks to intermediate charges, a daily use profile of 300 to 400 km is possible.

Emoss celebrated a world premiere on May 22, 2015 with the introduction of a 19-tonne electric truck (based on MAN TGM) with a refrigerated body and a 10-tonne trailer. The vehicle is used by Lidl to distribute goods in Amsterdam city center. This can save up to 90 kg of CO 2 per 100 km. The 250 kW electric motor is powered by LiFePO 4 batteries with a capacity of 200 kWh, which are charged in less than 5 hours.

On June 29, 2015, the Niinivirta company put a 16-ton electric truck from Emoss into operation. This is used for goods distribution in Tampere (Finland). The Emoss CM1616 (based on DAF LF55) has a 250 kW engine with an instant torque of 2700 Nm and 7 tons of payload. The LiFePO 4 batteries have a total capacity of 160 kWh and are protected from the extreme sub-zero temperatures that occur in Scandinavia with a special insulation device. Thanks to the quick charger, a full charge only takes 3.5 hours.

E-Force

The Swiss company E-Force has developed a heavy electric truck for a payload of 18 tons. This has an output of 300 kW. The solar system on the roof, together with the recuperation, provides 23 percent of the vehicle's total energy requirements. The range is 240 km per day  . The energy consumption is 130 kWh per 100 km or 100 kWh per 100 km after deducting the energy from the solar system and the recuperation. A comparable diesel truck consumes around three times the amount of energy.

The retail company Coop has been operating vehicles of this type in the Zurich region since January 2014 . The Eurosolar industry association awarded the 2014 European Solar Prize in the Transport and Mobility category to Coop for using this electric truck. The truck is about twice as expensive as a diesel variant; it is based on a chassis from the Iveco Stralis . Consumption converted into money is 10 francs per 100 kilometers, for a diesel truck it is 50 francs. According to Coop, the vehicle is superior to a comparable diesel truck in terms of emissions and on par in terms of economy. It has two LiFePO 4 batteries with a capacity of 120 kWh each and a weight of 1300 kg each. The batteries can be exchanged within 10 minutes.

The E-Force One electric truck won the German Federal Ecodesign Award in 2014 .

Distribution truck e-Force One

Vehicles of this electric truck have also been in use at Lidl in Switzerland and at Feldschlösschen Getränke AG since mid-2014, and at Pistor Switzerland since June 2015 and at the shipping company Meyer Logistik Berlin. A total of four companies in Germany use such electric trucks. The truck consumes an average of 88 kWh per 100 kilometers when used on tours on urban, rural and motorway routes. The company achieved energy savings of two thirds compared to a diesel truck. The maintenance effort and the downtime are not higher than with a comparable diesel truck. The company would like to use other vehicles of this type.

In 2018, Pistor put the world's first 40-tonne electric truck into operation. In 2019, the production of electric trucks with a payload of 44 tons is to begin.

Futuricum

Futuricum is a trademark of Designwerk Products AG for electric commercial vehicles. The brand originates from a flagship project by the parent company Designwerk Technologies GmbH, which aims to develop and build economical and ecological 26-tonne e-trucks for recycling logistics. The brand name Futuricum pays homage to the former Zurich vehicle manufacturer Turicum AG .

The vehicles built as part of the lighthouse project are in use in the Swiss cities of Thun and Lausanne as well as by private companies in Murten and Neuchâtel. The project was awarded the national energy award called Watt d'Or for on January 9, 2020 .

The development results, achieved thanks to the support of the Federal Office for Energy (SFOE) as well as industrial and university partners, are incorporated into Designwerk Products AG. This ensures the series production of the vehicles. The production program includes vehicles for recycling logistics, distribution logistics and construction logistics.

The vehicles, including the Semi 40E tractor unit, can cover payloads of up to 40 tons. The manufacturer uses chassis from Volvo Trucks as the basis for the conversion . After electrification, the vehicles tested in distribution logistics will have 680 hp in a throttled version. The maximum power reaches up to 1000 hp.

As a rule, two battery packs with a capacity of 170 kWh each, consisting of modules from BMW i, are used to store electricity . In the case of recycling logistics, the vehicles have a range of up to 380 km with an empty trip or 178 km in stop-and-go operation. Collect 26E vehicles are to be used in the city of Basel, which ordered twelve electric garbage trucks following a public tender.

A Futuricum Collect 26E from Designwerk Products AG at a recycling yard
A Futuricum Collect 26E from Designwerk Products AG at a recycling yard

In the field of construction logistics, the manufacturer will deliver the first electric concrete truck mixer in autumn 2020. These are developed in cooperation with the Liebherr Group. The first 5-axis concrete mixer trucks will be used by the building materials company Kibag and Holcim (Schweiz) AG.

Nissan

Nissan e-NT400 fully electric refrigerated truck

Since 2014, the Japanese manufacturer Nissan has been testing several Nissan e-NT400 electric trucks in the city of Toyama . The lithium-ion battery allows the vehicles used as refrigerated trucks a range of 62 kilometers. Series production is not yet planned.

Terberg

In 2014, the Dutch manufacturer Terberg presented an electrically powered tractor unit with a load capacity of 36 t. A vehicle of this type with the designation YT202-EV , which is actually designed for in-house use in container terminals , has been used at BMW in Munich as a transport vehicle on public roads between the logistics center and the production facility since 2015.

BYD

In 2014, the Chinese company BYD Auto , currently the market leader in electric buses , presented two electric trucks ready for series production, the BYD T5 (7.5  t gross vehicle weight ) and the T7 (10.7 t gross vehicle weight). In 2015, the heavy, three-axle BYD T9 tractor unit was launched . BYD electric trucks have been used in large numbers as large sweepers to clean the streets of the Chinese capital Beijing since September 2016 . Since sweepers are ideally suited as electric vehicles despite their high weight due to their low speeds, the generally short distances and the daily return to the depot charging station, Beijing Environmental Sanitation Engineering plans to convert the entire vehicle fleet to electric trucks by the end of 2017. All BYD trucks are currently (2016) only marketed in Asia and the USA.

Daimler AG

Mercedes-Benz Urban eTruck

In 2016, Daimler AG presented its first draft of an electric truck designed for inner-city distribution traffic, the Mercedes-Benz Urban eTruck . The three-axle vehicle is designed for a total weight of 26  t . Corresponding to the usual day trip of a distribution truck, a range of around 200 km is provided. According to Daimler AG, however, series production is not conceivable until the beginning of the next decade.

But the first vehicles will be built in a small series as early as 2017. The vehicles will be made available to customers from various industries in Germany and Europe for a period of twelve months. During this time, Mercedes collects data on the usage profiles and areas of application.

Framo

At the eCarTec 2015, the Framo company presented its eLKW in the 7.5 - 44 t class. The electric truck has an auxiliary unit module with needs-based control and a direct current fast charging system up to 160 kW / 750 V. The CuroControlSRx control unit simulates an internal combustion engine and offers integrated safety functionality and the integration of operating strategies.

Tesla Semi

Tesla Semi is a prototype from Tesla that was presented to the public on November 17, 2017. The truck is scheduled to go into series production in 2019. The truck should have a maximum weight of 40 tons and a range of 800 km. In about 30 minutes you should be able to reload a range of a little more than 600 km. The TCO should be at least 20 percent below that of a comparable diesel truck. The basic version should cost 150,000 (small battery) or 180,000 (large battery) USD.

Renault Midlum Electric in Zurich
StreetScooter Work of Deutsche Post AG (2016)

Nikola Motor

Nikola Motor Company, headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, develops trucks with batteries and fuel cells. The ranges of the tractors fueled with hydrogen are expected to be over 1,000 km, and production is scheduled to start in 2022. Together with the Norwegian company Nel Hydrogen , Nikola Motors is planning to set up a network of hydrogen filling stations in the USA. A total of over 14,000 pre-orders for Nikola trucks should be available (as of September 2019). CNH Industrial ( Iveco ), the German automotive supplier Bosch and the South Korean Hanwha Group are among others involved in the Nikola Motor Company . The Nikola Tre is the company's first truck, it is produced in Ulm and is based on an Iveco chassis.

Hyundai

The South Korean vehicle manufacturer Hyundai plans to use 50 fuel cell trucks in Switzerland from 2020 . The fleet is to be increased to 1,600 by 2025 and the necessary hydrogen will be generated with electricity from regional hydropower. In addition, the project wants to get by without government funding.

Existence in Germany

On January 1, 2018, 11,813 electric trucks were registered in Germany, 11,067 of them with a payload of less than 1000  kg . Although this means an increase of around 75% compared to the number of January 1, 2017 (6595 e-trucks), their share of 0.4% in the total number of trucks with around 3 million trucks is low.

Electric trucks in Germany (as of January 1st of each year)

From October 2018 to at least mid-2020, the federal government is funding a long-term test at a total of 10 logistics and trading companies - in Germany and Switzerland - with electric trucks in practice. Among other things, the energy consumption of these vehicles is to be measured.

Web links

Commons : Electrically-powered trucks  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ No. 7: The History of German Truck Construction. Volume 1, p. 16.
  3. ↑ No. 7: The History of German Truck Construction , Volume 1, p. 163.
  4. ↑ No. 16: Lorries - history, technology, types , p. 28.
  5. ↑ No. 19: Historischer Kraftverkehr 5/2003, p. 9.
  6. ↑ No. 30: A Century of Automobile Technology - Commercial Vehicles , p. 322.
  7. ↑ No. 18: Lastauto Omnibus - special issue 100 years of trucks , p. 114.
    + No. 7: The history of German truck construction , Volume 1, p. 139.
  8. ↑ Soup Triesel and other electric utility vehicles at www.museumsstiftung.de; accessed on January 12, 2015.
  9. ↑ The introduction of the blue nitrogen oxide sticker environment. Sticker from August 9, 2016. Accessed on October 22, 2016.
  10. ↑ Smith Newton (PDF; 5.11 MB) Characteristics of the Smith Newton from July 11, 2013. Accessed October 2, 2016.
  11. ↑ Hytruck. Retrieved March 9, 2016 (Dutch).
  12. ↑ Emoss successful-conclusion. Retrieved March 9, 2016 .
  13. ↑ a b Heineken electric truck. Retrieved March 9, 2016 .
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  15. ↑ Emoss CM1220. Retrieved March 9, 2016 .
  16. ↑ Emoss CM1820. Retrieved March 9, 2016 .
  17. ↑ 16-ton electric truck from Emoss in Finland. Retrieved March 9, 2016 .
  18. ↑ Coop electric truck receives award on coop.ch, 23 May 2014.
  19. ↑ a b c d Tires under power. In: handelszeitung.ch . Retrieved December 12, 2018 .
  20. ↑ Eurosolar awards solar prizes on photovoltaik.eu, November 26, 2014.
  21. ↑ E-Force One wins German Federal Ecodesign Award 2014 , November 15, 2014
  22. ↑ 20min.ch Retailers rely on electric trucks , August 20, 2014.
  23. ↑ elektromobilclub.ch New 18-ton electric truck presented in Switzerland ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Pistor puts electric trucks into operation , June 25, 2015
  25. ↑ Electric trucks convince in a practical test on November 17, 2015
  26. ↑ New 40-ton electric truck is picking up speed. In: pistor.ch . Retrieved December 12, 2018 .
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  35. ^ Daniel Bönnighausen: Designwerk presents an electric 40-ton truck. In: electrive.net - Industry service for electromobility. Rabbit Publishing GmbH, May 11, 2019, accessed on April 18, 2020 (German).
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  38. ↑ Gregor Hebermehl: Liebherr relies on electric drive: fully electric concrete truck mixer. In: www.auto-motor-und-sport.de. Motor Presse Stuttgart GmbH & Co.KG, April 6, 2020, accessed on April 18, 2020 .
  39. ↑ Christian Rusterholz: Delivering Emission-Free Concrete - KIBAG Building Materials, Construction Services & Disposal throughout Switzerland. In: https://www.kibag.ch/ . KIBAG Management AG, April 6, 2020, accessed on April 18, 2020 .
  40. ↑ Holcim relies on the first fully electric 5-axis concrete mixer truck. In: Holcim (Switzerland) AG. Holcim (Schweiz) AG, February 4, 2020, accessed on April 18, 2020 .
  41. ^ Nissan Begins e-NT400 Tests In Toyama Inside EVS, April 27, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2016
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  44. ↑ BYD, Beijing Sanitation Group Launch Electric Trucks Automotive fleet on September 1, 2016. Accessed October 9, 2016.
  45. ↑ First fully electric truck ( Memento from July 12, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  46. ↑ Mercedes-Benz electric truck Urban eTruck is already starting this year ecomento.tv on February 16, 2017, accessed on March 30, 2017
  47. ↑ Framo GmbH - Decarbon your business! ®. (No longer available online.) In: framo-et.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017 ; accessed on January 18, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.framo-et.com
  48. ↑ CuroControl®SRx. CuroCon GmbH, April 13, 2018, accessed on June 12, 2019 .
  49. ↑ Nikola Tre: Truck with fuel cell for Europe . In: auto-motor-und-sport.de . ( auto-motor-und-sport.de [accessed on November 18, 2018]).
  50. ↑ Nikola Tre . In: Nikola Corp. ( nikolamotor.com [accessed November 18, 2018]).
  51. ↑ Awarded multi-billion NOK electrolyzer and fueling station contract by Nikola. Nel Hydrogen, June 28, 2018, accessed September 26, 2019 .
  52. ↑ CNH Industrial to lead Nikola's Series D round with $ 250MM USD investment. Nikola Motore Company, September 3, 2019, accessed September 27, 2019 .
  53. ↑ Press release: Bosch and Hanwha Have Invested Over $ 230 Million in Nikola. (PDF) Nikola Motor Corporation, September 5, 2019, accessed September 26, 2019 .
  54. ↑ Hyundai wants to help hydrogen make a breakthrough in Switzerland - without government funding. September 26, 2019, accessed January 6, 2020 .
  55. ↑ Vehicle registrations (FZ) - inventory of motor vehicles according to environmental characteristics. (PDF; 810 kB) Number of trucks on January 1, 2017 compared to January 1, 2016 by payload and fuel type. In: kba.de. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, May 2017, p. 30 , accessed on January 3, 2018 .
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