Muški

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The Muški ( Assyrian : Muschki, Mu-uš-ki, KUR Muš-ka-a-ia) were an ancient oriental people in Anatolia , most of whom are equated with the Phrygians . Some researchers, including Diakanoff, are convinced that the Muški were proto- Armenians .

history

The first mention of the muski can be found in the annals of the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser I (1114 to 1076 BC), whose first campaign was directed against the muski , who occupied the Assyrian area on the upper Euphrates (annals). For 50 years they had settled in Alzi and Purulumzi , the fertile hill country between the source of the western arm of the Tigris and the loop of the river near Amedi , the later "Assyrian Triangle", according to the annals 20,000 men under five kings. Tiglat-pileser crossed Mount Kaššiari and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Muški in the battle of Mount Kaschiari . Under Aššur-nirari III. fell muski after Hanilgabat , but the Hurrians were in Katmuḫḫi and Paphu hold.

The muski are not mentioned in Hittite texts. The people are also mentioned in late Luwian inscriptions, including the Turkmen-Karahöyük inscription (8th century BC), where King Hartapu reports of a victory over the Muska . Further evidence can be found in neo-Assyrian sources. Sargon II (721 to 705 BC) mentions a king named Mitā, who is equated with the Phrygian king Midas . These muski are usually equated with the Phrygians or Mysers in Anatolia. Some authors believe that the Muški were the destroyers of the Hittite Empire , like others the so-called Sea Peoples or the Kaškaers . The Brygers , a people living in Thrace after Herodotus , are also considered.

Moschoi

Often the Muschki are equated with the ancient Moschoi (Μόσχοι) Greek springs, whose settlement area was, however, significantly further northwest, on the Black Sea . Flavius ​​Josephus identified the Moschoi with the biblical Mesech .

Bible

In 1897, Morris Jastrow of the University of Philadelphia equated the muski (he prefers the reading muski) of the inscriptions of Chorsabad and the annals of Sargon with the biblical Meschech and assumed that it was in the Taurus Mountains .

In the people table of Genesis 10, 23 and 1 Chronicles 1, 17 from the tribe of Shem, the sons of Aram are named Uz, Hul , Geter and Masch (Mas). Masch is traditionally considered to be the progenitor of the Aramaic population of Tur Abdin . This would make the Muschki of Tiglath-Pileser's time a local Aramaic tribe and have nothing to do with the Moschoi.

Kings

  • Five kings (TP I.)
  • Mitā (Sargon)

literature

  • E. Dhorme: Les Peuples issus de Japhet d'après le chapitre X de la Genèse. Syria 13/1, 1932, 28-49.
  • M. Jastrow, Sr .: Jeremiah 5: 8. In: American Journal of Semitic Languages ​​and Literatures. 13/3, 1897, 216-217.
  • Morris Jastrow Jr .: Mešek and Tabal. In: American Journal of Semitic Languages ​​and Literatures. 13/3, 1897, 217.
  • Oscar White Muscarella : The Iron Age Background to the Formation of the Phrygian State. In: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. (The Archeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia), 299/300, 1995, 91-101.
  • Albert T. Olmstead : Tiglath-Pileser I. and his wars . In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 37, 1917, ISSN  0003-0279 , pp. 169-185.
  • Veli Sevin: The Early Iron Age in the Elazıǧ Region and the Problem of the Mushkians. In: Anatolian Studies 41, 1991, 87-97.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ "Armenians" in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, edited by JP Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams, published in 1997 by Fitzroy Dearborn.
  2. ↑ Olmstead 1917, 170
  3. ^ Oscar White Muscarella: The Iron Age Background to the Formation of the Phrygian State. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 299/300 (The Archeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia). 1995
  4. ↑ Petra Goedegebuure et al .: TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1: a new Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription from Great King Hartapu, son of Mursili, conqueror of Phrygia. Anatolian Studies 70 (2020): 29-43; [doi: 10.117 // S0066154620000022]
  5. ^ Paul E. Zimansky: Archaeological inquiries into ethno-linguistic diversity in Urartu. In: Robert Drews (Ed.): Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family. Institute for the Study of Man, Washington 2001, p. 16
  6. ^ Oscar White Muscarella: The Iron Age Background to the Formation of the Phrygian State. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 299/300 (The Archeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia). 1995, p. 91
  7. ^ Oscar White Muscarella: The Iron Age Background to the Formation of the Phrygian State. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 299/300 (The Archeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia). 1995, p. 92
  8. ↑ Morris Jastrow Jr., Mešek and Tabal. American Journal of Semitic Languages ​​and Literatures 13/3, 1897, 217