Mu'minites
The Mu'miniten , or Muhammad-Shahi-nizari and Dscha'fariya called, are a religious community in Shiite Islam , as a result of an early 14th century schism of Shiism of nizari arose. It forms one of the splinter groups that emerged from the great Shia of the Ismailis . This Shia still exists in some communities in Syria today .
history
After the death of Imam Shams ad-Din Muhammad in 1310, the Shia of the Nizarites split into two pretenders to follow suit. The exact circumstances that led to it cannot be traced, as the sources of the history of the Nizarites after the fall of Alamut in 1256 are very poor. The majority of the community in Syria , as well as large groups in Persia and Afghanistan, have in any case grouped together to form Ala ad-Din Mu'min Shah as the new imam, while the other communities have joined Qasim Shah, who is probably a brother of Mu'min Shah was.
From then on, both groups continued their mission ( da parallelwa ) parallel to each other. In Persia, in the 14th century, the Mu'minites under the leadership of a Chudawand Muhammad, who is often regarded as identical to the 27th Imam, were able to occupy Alamut and its surroundings for a short time , the former stronghold of the Nizarites, but are from there was soon driven out again by the Mongol rulers. The community in Syria was able to reoccupy some of the castles of their ancestors (" assassins ") in Jebel Ansariye at the beginning of the 14th century . The explorer Ibn Battuta († after 1368), who crossed this area in the summer of 1326, reported that the local Fidāwīya would again assassinate the Mamluk Sultan an -Nasir Muhammad († 1341) for blood money .
The imams of the Mu'minites resided in Soltaniye in Persia until the 16th century . Under the rule of the Mongolian Timurids , the Shia were persecuted there for a long time. The most famous imam of her line was her thirty-first Shah Tahir al-Hussaini Dakkani, about whom the Persian historian Firishta († ~ 1620/26 ) reported in detail in his historical work. According to this, Shah Tahir had carried out a successful mission in Persia for the benefit of his Shia, but thereby incurred the hostility of the ruling Safavid dynasty , who adhered to the Twelve Shia and declared their dogmas the state religion. Before Shah Tahir could be arrested as a heretic, he fled Persia with his family in 1520 and reached Goa , India, by ship . At the court of the Shiite ruler of Bijapur on the Deccan , he hoped for a hospitable reception, which was not granted. In 1522 he was finally invited to join the court of the ruler of Ahmednagar , where he became an influential advisor. After his death in 1549, the body of Shah Tahir was buried in the shrine of Imam Hussain in Karbala .
All subsequent imams resided in Ahmednagar and Aurangabad , but the members of their Shia lived mainly in Persia and Syria. In 1796, Syrian Mu'imites lost contact with the fortieth Imam Amir Muhammad II al-Baqir. Until well into the 19th century, travelers from them looked in vain for a descendant in India, whereupon the Mu'mini-Shia practically disintegrated. Most of them, especially those from India and Persia, converted either to the Twelve Shia or to the Qasim Shahi imams, which means that the Nizari Shia, split in 1310, were largely reunified .
In Syria, too, around half of the Mu'minites there have joined this imam line. The other half, however, remained connected to their Imam lineage as an independent Shia who, in their opinion, has entered into secrecy ( ġaiba ) and whose return is expected since then. In 1964, the Mu'mini-Shia together with the Qasim-Shahi-Shia (Ismailis) made up about one percent of the state population of Syria. The Mu'minites now number only around 15,000 members who live in the villages around Masyaf and Qadmus .
List of Imams of the Mu'minites
The census officially carried out today in the Shia shows a divergence to that of the Qasim Shahi Nizarites from the 19th Imam Nizar, although they shared a common history until the death of Shams ad-Din Muhammad in 1310. The Mu'minites ignore their Imams 20 to 22 and make their 23rd Imam Hassan II their 20th, as a direct son of Nizar.
- Ali (X 661)
- Hussain (X 680)
- Ali Zain al-Abidin († 713) - split off from the Zaidites
- Muhammad al-Baqir († 732/36)
- Jafar as-Sadiq († 765) - splitting off of the twelve
- Ismail († 760)
- Muhammad († 809)
- Abdallah al-Akbar (hidden)
- Ahmad (hidden)
- Hussein (hidden; † 882/883)
- al-Mahdi († 934) - secession of the Qarmatians
- al-Qa'im († 946)
- al-Mansur († 953)
- al-Mu'izz († 975)
- al-Aziz († 996)
- al-Hakim († 1021) - splitting off of the Druze
- az-Zahir († 1036)
- al-Mustansir († 1094) - splitting off of the Mustalites / Tayyibites and Hafizites
- Nizar (X 1095)
- Hassan ibn Nizar († 1139)
- Muhammad ibn Hassan († 1194)
- Jalal ad-Din Hassan III. († 1221)
- Ala ad-Din Muhammad III. (X 1255)
- Rukn ad-Din Churschah (X 1257)
- Shams ad-Din Muhammad († 1310) - secession of the Qasim Shahi Nizarites
- Ala ad-Din Mu'min Shah ibn Muhammad
- Muhammad Shah ibn Mu'min Shah
- Radi ad-Din I. ibn Muhammad Shah
- Tahir ibn Radi ad-Din
- Radi ad-Din II. Ibn Tahir († 1509)
- Shah Tahir ibn Radi ad-Din al-Hussaini Dekkani († 1549)
- Haidar I ibn Shah Tahir († 1586)
- Sadr ad-Din Muhammad ibn Haidar († 1622)
- Mu'in al-Din I. ibn Sadr ad-Din († 1644)
- Atiyyat Allah ibn Mu'in ad-Din († 1663)
- Aziz Shah ibn Atiyyat Allah († 1691)
- Mu'in ad-Din II. Ibn Aziz Shah († 1715)
- Amir Muhammad I ibn Mu'in ad-Din al-Musharraf († 1764)
- Haidar II. Ibn Muhammad al-Mutahhar († 1786)
- Amir Muhammad II. Ibn Haidar al-Baqir (hidden since 1796)
literature
- Farhad Daftary , The Ismāʿīlīs: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press, 1990. pp. 451-456.
- Heinz Halm , The Schia. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1988. pp. 229-230.