Murīdīya

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The Great Mosque of Touba , the religious center of the Murīdīya brotherhood

The Murīdīya ( Arabic المريدية, Wolof : Yoonu murit ) or Muridism is a Sufi brotherhood ( Tarīqa ) in Senegal and the Gambia , which was founded in the late 19th century by Amadu Bamba and is now one of the most economically and socially influential forces in Senegal. She masters entire branches of the economy, for example transport. Their followers are called murids (mourids). Today the brotherhood is also spread in Europe through labor migration .

organization structure

The Murīdīya consists of a number of clans and families established by the brothers, sons and disciples of Amadou Bamba. Each clan is headed by a caliph ( ḫalīfa ) who has authority over the marabouts and disciples of that clan. These caliphs, in turn, are accountable to the general caliph, who is at the head of the brotherhood, and must swear the oath of allegiance ( jebellu ) to him. The current General Caliph is Serigne Cheikh Maty Lèye (* 1924), second grandson of Amadou Bamba, son of Serigne Bara Borom Gouye Mbind.

The leaders of the clans have extensive estates on which their followers work on collective goods called daara without receiving large wages. The followers of the Murīdīya try to get closer to God through heavy physical labor, often in peanut fields . A particularly large concentration of Maraboutian farms is in the Diourbel region . In the course of the urbanization movement of the Murīdīya, religious associations of the Murids have also developed at the local level in the urban environment. These associations with a club-like but mostly unofficial character are called Dahira .

A subgroup within the Murīdīya are the Iyakhines in Thiès , a community that was founded in the 1920s by the charismatic religious leader Abdulaye Yakhine Diop and headed from 1943 to 2003 by his daughter Sokhna Magat Diop .

history

Amadu Bamba

The Muridiyya was founded in 1883 by Amadu Bamba . In 1887 he and his followers built their own city, which he named Touba (Arabic: "blessing") after a verse from the Koran (Sura 13:29) . In 1892, Sheikh Ibra Fall founded the first Murid branch in Saint-Louis , the seat of the French colonial administration. Over time, the Brotherhood became an ally of the French colonial power . The Murids grew peanuts on their plantations for the French and obliged their followers to be loyal to the colonial rulers. Amadou Bamba made field work the highest virtue of his brotherhood. This led to a strong economic upturn.

After the death of Amadou Bamba in 1927, his eldest son Mamadou Moustapha became the first general caliph, d. H. Successor to his father. The first years of the caliphate were marked by constant strife among the leaders of the brotherhood. A certain Sheikh Anta did not recognize the caliphate of Mamadou and gained some support with his claim to be the “real” caliph, as did Amadu Bamba's second son Falilou, with whom he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1928 .

When Mamadou was dying in 1945, he appointed his son Sheikh Mbacké Gainde Fatma as his successor. However, since this was considered anti-French and had sympathy with pan-Arab groups and Senegalese opposition groups, the colonial administration intervened and made sure that Falilou Mbacké was elevated to General Caliph. On this occasion, the Conseil d'Administration Mouride was created as a body of collective leadership . Sheikh Mbacké did not recognize the Falilou Caliphate and repeatedly questioned its authority with actions by his supporters. For example, when in 1946 Falilou moved the Magal, the annual pilgrimage to Touba , at the request of the colonial administration because elections were taking place at the same time, Scheick Mbacké refused to accept this date change and carried out the pilgrimage on the original date. From 1945 murids began to settle in Dakar as well .

In the spring of 1947, Falilou had the construction work on the still unfinished mosque of Touba resumed. This measure primarily served to consolidate his religious authority. The mosque was completed in 1961 and inaugurated in 1963 in the presence of President Léopold Sédar Senghor .

European migration

The core and area of ​​origin of the Murīdīya is Senegal. The community has now spread worldwide through labor migration. Young followers of the community living in France founded a student organization of the Murīdīya, the Association des Étudiants et Stagiaires Mourides d'Europe (AESME) , as early as 1977 . In other European countries, trade is the murids' most important source of income. Many members live especially in the tourist centers of the southern European Mediterranean coast; they are active in street trading there. The migration of the fraternity members is still largely male, i. H. Family reunification is rarely practiced.

List of leaders of the murids

  • From the foundation in 1883 to 1927: Amadou Bamba
  • 1st General-Caliph (1927–1945): Serigne Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké, eldest son of Amadou Bamba (mother: Sokhna Aminata Lô)
  • 2nd General-Caliph (1945–1968): Serigne Fallou Mbacké, 3rd son
  • 3rd General-Caliph: Serigne Abdoul Ahad Mbacké, 6th son
  • 4th General-Caliph: Serigne Abdou Khadr Mbacké, 7th son
  • 5th General Caliph from 1990 to December 28, 2007: Serigne Saliou Mbacké , 8th son
  • 6th General Caliph from December 29, 2007 to June 30, 2010: Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké (1925–2010), first grandson of Amadou Bamba, son of Serigne Fallou Mbacké
  • 7th General Caliph since July 1, 2010: Serigne Cheikh Maty Lèye, officially called: Serigne Cheikh Sidy Mokhtar Mbacké

See also

literature

  • Cheikh Anta Mbacké Babou: Fighting the greater jihad: Amadu Bamba and the founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853-1913 . Ohio 2007.
  • Sophia Gaitanidou-Berthuet: Organization and network: The migration structure of the Mourids in Europe . Lit, Berlin, 2012.
  • Donal B. Cruise O'Brien: The Mourides of Senegal. The political and economic organization of an Islamic brotherhood. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1971, ISBN 0-19-821662-9
  • Donal B. Cruise O'Brien: Charisma Comes to Town: Mouride Urbanization 1945–1986. In: Donal B. Cruise O'Brien, Christian Coulon (Eds.): Charisma and Brotherhood in African Islam . Oxford 1988, pp. 135-157.
  • Rüdiger Sesemann: Aḥmadu Bamba and the emergence of the Murīdīya. Analysis of religious and historical backgrounds; Investigation of his life and teaching based on the biographical work of Muḥammad al-Muṣṭafā Ān. Berlin 1993. Digitized

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Christian Coulon: Women, Islam and baraka. In: Donal B. Cruise O'Brien, Chritian Coulon (Ed.): Charisma and Brotherhood . Oxford 1988, pp. 113-135, here p. 125.
  2. Serigne Mouhamadou Mourtadha Mbacké. In: beuguebamba552.skyrock.com. September 30, 2008, accessed July 9, 2019 (French).
  3. O'Brien: The Mourides of Senegal. P. 3.
  4. O'Brien: The Mourides of Senegal. P. 205.
  5. Gaitanidou-Bertrand Huet: organization and network. Pp. 81-88.
  6. O'Brien: The Mourides of Senegal. 62.
  7. O'Brien: The Mourides of Senegal. 127.
  8. O'Brien: The Mourides of Senegal. 132f.
  9. O'Brien: The Mourides of Senegal. 129.
  10. ^ O'Brien: Charisma Comes to Town: Mouride Urbanization 1945-1986. P. 138.
  11. O'Brien: The Mourides of Senegal. 137.
  12. O'Brien: The Mourides of Senegal. 139.
  13. ^ O'Brien: Charisma Comes to Town: Mouride Urbanization 1945-1986. P. 147.
  14. Gaitanidou-Bertrand Huet: organization and network. P. 108.
  15. Gaitanidou-Bertrand Huet: organization and network. P. 135.
  16. Gaitanidou-Bertrand Huet: organization and network. P. 216.