Nakhchivan culture

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Painted vessel. Shakhtakhti

The Nakhchivan culture , also called Kizilveng culture or Painted Pottery culture , was in the Middle Bronze Age in the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. Widespread. The centers of painted ceramics were Nakhichevan and the Arpachai in Anatolia, the Urmia Lake Basin and the South Caucasus . In Azerbaijan , this culture has been studied on the basis of archaeological materials from I Kultepe , II Kultepe, Shahtakhti, Gizilburun, Nahjir, Shortepe, Garachuk, II Gazanchi Qala and other monuments. The performing ceramic culture has been studied by Azerbaijani archaeologists such as O. Habibullayev, V. Bakhshaliyev, V. Aliyev, and A. Akbarov. According to V. Bakhshaliyev, the creation of these vessels in Nakhchivan was associated with the formation of the city-states.

Recent research suggests that this ceramic culture is the result of the development of the Kura Araxes culture .

Research history

During the land work around the Kizilveng cemetery, 18 km from Nakhchivan, 3 km south of Tazakand, on the left bank of the Araz River, several historical objects, including simple painted bowls from the stone box graves, were uncovered. Captain N. Fyodorov carried out excavations in Nakhchivan on behalf of the Archaeological Commission, during which he found burials with painted ceramics, which were dated to the end of the 2nd millennium BC. An extensive study of this culture in Azerbaijan was made possible during the Soviet era. In 1926, the Kızılvenk Cemetery was examined by the Transcaucasian Sciences Association under the direction of A. Miller in Nakhichevan. In 1934 several painted bowls were found near the Shortepe settlement in Sharur. Excavations continued into the 1960s, exploring Kultepe II's painted pottery and the Guruchay and Kondelenchay river basins. Remains of painted dishes have been found in Karakopektepe.

Polychrome vessel. I Kultepe

properties

Archaeologists divide this culture into four chronological periods:

  • 20.-17. Century BC - simple ceramic patterns as jugs, bowls, mugs, partly polished, painted in one color (mainly black and gray), decorated with simple geometric shapes or with patterns of people, animals and birds; found in Shortepe, Kultepe I, Kultepe II, Uzerliktepe.
  • 17.-15. Century BC - Polychrome painted vessels with complex geometrical shapes, finely decorated with human, animal and bird-like patterns, jug and bowl-shaped ceramics. (Gizilveng, dancing couple shown on the ceramic)
  • 14.-11. Century BC BC - Painted monochrome and polychrome, decorated relatively imprecisely with human animal and bird patterns or geometric figures. Vases, ellipsoidal bowls, jugs, plates and kettle-like pottery were found
  • 10.-8. Century BC BC - simpler geometric patterns, only colored in red.

distribution

Painted vessel from II Kultepe

Painted pots were found in the ceramics of Nakhchivan's Kur-Araz culture. Red clay pots have generally been found in Azerbaijan since the Neolithic. With the exception of a group of painted pots, the rest of the pots differed from others from the Neolithic period neither in clay content nor in production technology. In 1936 , painted vessels from the Middle Bronze Age were discovered from the second layer of the Shortepe settlement.

Ceramic patterns painted in monochrome were discovered in the Dize necropolis. Monochrome painted pots from the 3rd-2nd centuries Millennium BC BC were exposed mainly in the Yayjı necropolis in Nakhichevan. A large number of animal drawings were depicted on the monochrome long-necked jugs. In 1951 , the archaeological expedition organized by the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR under the direction of O. Habibullayev carried out research in Kultepe I and found painted bowls here.

Both monochrome and polychrome clay pots were discovered in Kultepe II. The red pots in the upper layers of the II Kultepe corresponded to the materials of the residential areas I and II Makhta. The ceramics found in Uzerliktepe ( Aghdam ) were divided into two groups. While the first group was bright red and resembled Kizilveng-type dishes painted with geometric and animal figures, the second group was found polished. In the Karaköpektepe region there were black and gray stamp decorations as well as monochrome ceramics. In 2008 , the study conducted by the Nakhchivan branch of ANAS and the Georgian University under the direction of V. Bakhshaliyev found that the painted pots found in the settlement of Oghlanqala belonged to the Iron Age .

Relationships with other cultures

The find with similarly painted vessel patterns from Nakhichevan in the basin of Lake Van and Urmia in northeastern Anatolia and in the Mil Mugan plain around Goyche indicates that these regions shared a common culture. There were many similarities between polychrome pottery from Kultepe II and pottery remains from the Urmia monuments of Haftavān-Tepe and Geoy-Tepe. The painted pottery found in Kultepe I bore a resemblance to the materials used in the Halaf culture . The researchers assumed that the population in the south is associated with Mesopotamia .

The bowl found in the Shortepe from the middle of the Chalcolithic was also reminiscent of the Halaf and Ubaid traditions due to the influence of this culture. Drawings inscribed on the painted pottery of Nakhchivan symbolize the tradition of worship ( Lullubi tribes). The star drawing with eight corners on a pot in the necropolis of Nehecir was similar to the star description on the victory monument of the Lullubi ruler Anubani . There were many similarities between the goddess dress on Anubani's Victory Monument and the woman's dress on the Kızılburun jug.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ В. Г. Алиев. Нахичеванская культура // Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - М., 1974. - V. XVII. (in Russian)
  2. ↑ Нахчыван мәдәнијјәти // Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1983. - V VII. (In Azerbaijani)
  3. ↑ Azərbaycan :: Baş səhifə. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
  4. ↑ Azərbaycan :: Baş səhifə. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
  5. ↑ The earliest metal objects of Central Transcaucasia. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e ZEYNƏB QULİYEVA: ARPAÇAY VADİSİNİN TUNC DÖVRÜ ARXEOLOJİ ABİDƏLƏRİ . Elm və təhsi, Bakı 2014.
  7. ↑ a b c Naxçıvanın orta tunc dövrü mədəniyyəti . Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  8. ↑ Askolʹd Igorevich Ivanchik (ed.): Achaemenid Culture and Local Traditions in Anatolia, Southern Caucasus and Iran: New Discoveries . BRILL, 2007, ISBN 9789004163287 .
  9. ^ "Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası". nakhchivan.preslib.az. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  10. ↑ a b Baxşəliyev, Vəli (2008). Naxçıvanın Arxeoloji Abidələri [1] (PDF). Bakı: Elm.
  11. ↑ a b c d AŞUROV, SƏFƏR (2002). NAXÇIVANIN İLK TUNC DÖVRÜ KERAMIKASI [2] (PDF). Bakı.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g Göyüşov, Altay (1986). Azərbaycan Arxeologiyası [3] (PDF). Bakı: İşıq.
  13. ↑ a b "Naxçıvanın Boyalı qablar mədəniyyəti" abidələri [4] . Milli.Az (in Azerbaijani). 2012-08-31. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  14. ↑ a b c "Boyalı qablar mədəniyyəti" [5] . medeniyyet.az. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  15. ↑ a b c AZƏRBAYCAN TARİXİ ən qədimdən bizim eranın III əsri (YEDDİ CİLDDƏ-I CİLD) (PDF). Bakı. 2007. ISBN 978-9952-448-36-8 .
  16. ↑ International Symposium on East Anatolia South Caucasus Cultures: Proceedings I . Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015, ISBN 9781443881548 .