Nachal Chever
Nachal Chever (or Naḥal Ḥever ) ( Hebrew נחל חבר, Arabic wadi al-Chabra ) is a wadi in the Judean desert . It begins southeast of Hebron , extends in an easterly direction and flows into the Dead Sea about 5 km south of En Gedi . The lower course of the wadi lies in Israel , the upper course was in Jordan from 1948 to 1967 (today: West Bank ). Its importance for archeology and history lies in finds from the time of Bar-Kochba , including ancient papyri (most from the first two centuries AD) discovered in several caves of the wadi.
The Arabic name of the wadi is derived from the old Hebrew name of the city of Hebron (Arabic al-Chalīl ). The (modern) Hebrew name is again derived from the Arabic name.
There are some hiking trails and slopes in the upper reaches of the wadi, while the lower reaches are closed to visitors as rare birds of prey breed there.
Archeology and history
In 1953, a few years after the discovery of the first Qumran writings , Israeli archaeologists began investigating the Israeli part (the lower reaches) of the wadi. Shortly before this, Bedouins had discovered ancient documents at an unspecified location (unclear on which side of the Israeli-Jordanian border), which they sold to the Palestine Archaeological Museum (today: Rockefeller Museum ) in Jerusalem. The archaeological investigations have focused on the so-called letter cave (Engl. Cave of Letters ) in the northern edge of the wadi, called "5 / 6Ḥev" (the double numbering stems from the double cave entrance ago), which had been cleared already by the Bedouins . It has been proven that the cave was used during the Bar Kochba uprising .
In 1955, the Israeli archaeologist Yohanan Aharoni examined another cave on the south flank of the wadi, which had also been cleared by the Bedouins. It is the so-called terror cave (Engl. Cave of Horror , even "8Ḥev").
In 1960 and 1961, under the direction of the Israeli archaeologist Yigael Yadin, extensive excavations were carried out in Nachal Chever and the neighboring valleys, including in the two caves mentioned and in a Roman military camp on the edge of the plateau north of the wadi. Traces of settlement from the Copper Age have been discovered in some of the caves in the wadi .
The Roman camp above the letter cave controlled the only access to the letter cave, as the cave was (and is) inaccessible from below. The Romans were able to besiege the rebels of the Bar Kochba uprising, who had holed up there, and cut them off from the water supply. The camp is a walled, irregular square on the edge of the reef with a side length of a good 100 m and offered space for about 100 soldiers.
Another Roman camp existed on the other, the south side of the wadi, above the Dread Cave. With this information about movements of the insurgents in the opposite caves could be exchanged.
The letter cave , 5 / 6Ḥev, is about 100 m below the Roman camp. It has two entrances. Inside, three large halls open up with a very narrow passage between the first (“Hall A”) and the second. The cave reaches a maximum depth of 150 m. During Yadin's excavations in Hall A, around 25 bronze devices and vessels were discovered that the residents had hidden here. Ancient documents have been found in various places in the cave, including letters from Bar Kochba (5 / 6Ḥev49-63) and the Babatha Archives (5 / 6Ḥev1-35). In a niche of Hall C were found remains of 19 skeletons, most of them women and children, there zweitbestattet were.
The Dread Cave, 8Ḥev, was so named because of the numerous skeletons found in it. It can only be reached with ropes or ladders from above and is about 65 m deep. The excavations by Y. Aharoni found numerous ceramics from the Copper Age (approx. 3500 BC) and many finds from the time of the Bar Kochba uprising, including ceramics, coins, some papyrus fragments and ostracas, as well as the mentioned skeletons of which some were unburied. The last inhabitants of the cave died from a fire in the cave. It is unclear whether this was collective suicide (as in Masada ) or an action by the Roman soldiers.
The documents from the Nachal Chever
The following is a list of the texts found in Nachal Chever. Unless otherwise stated, the texts are written on papyrus. The dates of the documents are approximately converted into the Julian calendar (without further information: AD).
Instead of the name “5 / 6Ḥev”, especially in Israeli publications, the name “P. (Papyrus) Yadin ”, in honor of Yigael Yadin, who prepared the publication of these texts but died before completing this work (1983).
"XḤev / Se" are the documents that were found by Bedouins in 1951 or 1952 in an unspecified location, either in Nachal Chever or in Wadi Seiyal (Hebrew: Nachal Ze'elim ). Wadi Seiyal is about 9 km south of Nachal Chever and was then also divided into a Jordanian part (the upper reaches) and an Israeli part. During the archaeological excavations, fragments of some of these documents were found in the letter cave, of one (8Ḥev1) in the cave of terror. Therefore, the origin of these documents is proven for these documents, for the others (or at least part of them) it is probable.
| document | language | Dating | content | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 / 6Ḥev1 | nabatean | 8/8/94 (or 8/18/93) | Promissory note | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6Ḥev1a | Hebrew | 50-68 | Biblical Text (Num) | = 5 / 6ḤevNum a ; former names: XḤev / SeNum a , XḤev / Se1, 5 / 6ḤevNum, 5 / 6Ḥev40 |
| 5 / 6Ḥev1b | Hebrew | 50-68 | Biblical text (Ps) | = 5 / 6ḤevPs; former names: XḤev / SePs, XḤev / Se4, 5 / 6Ḥev41 |
| 5 / 6Ḥev2 | nabatean | 11/16/98 (or 11/26/97) | Land sale contract | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev3 | nabatean | 12/15/98 (or 12/25/97) | Land sale contract | Double certificate; the land sold is the same as in 5 / 6Ḥev2 |
| 5 / 6ev4 | nabatean | 98/99 or 97/98 | Guarantee? | Double certificate? |
| 5 / 6Ḥev5 | Greek | 2.6.110 | Confirmation of a credit | |
| 5 / 6ev6 | nabatean | 119 | lease agreement | Signatures in Aramaic script |
| 5 / 6Ḥev7 | Aramaic | 8.7.120 | Credit transfer | Double certificate; almost completely preserved |
| 5 / 6Ḥev8 | Aramaic | June 25, 122 | Purchase contract | Object of purchase: a white donkey and another female animal |
| 5 / 6ev9 | nabatean | 122 | Waiver? | |
| 5 / 6ev10 | Aramaic | before 126 | Marriage contract ( ketubba ) | Babatha's marriage contract (her second marriage) |
| 5 / 6Ḥev11 | Greek | 6.5.124 | mortgage | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev12 | Greek | 1st half 124 | Council memorandum | Double certificate; Appointment of two guardians for the son of Babatha |
| 5 / 6ev13 | Greek | 2nd half 124 | petition | Babatha's complaint about inadequate care for her son |
| 5 / 6ev14 | Greek | 11./12.10.126 | Subpoena | Babatha's complaint about inadequate care for her son |
| 5 / 6ev15 | Greek | 11./12.10.126 | Impeachment | Double certificate; Babatha's complaint about inadequate care for her son |
| 5 / 6ev16 | Greek | 2.12.127 | Land registration | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev17 | Greek | 21.2.128 | Credit | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev18 | Greek | 5.4.128 | Marriage settlement | Double certificate; written in the name of the bride's father |
| 5 / 6ev19 | Greek | 16.4.128 | Gift receipt | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6Ḥev20 | Greek | 6/19/130 | Assignment of rights | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev21 | Greek | 9/11/130 | Purchase contract | Almost completely preserved |
| 5 / 6ev22 | Greek | 9/11/130 | Sales contract | Treats the same purchase process as 5 / 6Ḥev21gr, but from the point of view of the seller |
| 5 / 6ev23 | Greek | 11/17/130 | Subpoena | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev24 | Greek | 11/17/130? | Call for justification | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev25 | Greek | 9.7.131 | Subpoena | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev26 | Greek | 9.7.131 | Subpoena | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev27 | Greek | August 19, 132 | receipt | Acknowledges the receipt of 6 denarii, the maintenance of a half-orphan for 3 months |
| 5 / 6ev28 | Greek | 124-126 | Legal regulation | Text identical to 5 / 6Ḥev29 |
| 5 / 6ev29 | Greek | 124-126 | Legal regulation | Text identical to 5 / 6Ḥev28 |
| 5 / 6ev30 | Greek | 124-126 | Legal regulation | Text almost identical to 5 / 6Ḥev28 + 29 |
| 5 / 6ev31 | Greek | 110 | Contract? | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev32 | Greek | Contract? | Double certificate | |
| 5 / 6Ḥev32a | Greek | Contract? | Few legible words | |
| 5 / 6ev33 | Greek | 124-126? | Request | Double certificate |
| 5 / 6ev34 | Greek | July 131? | Request | Unfinished double certificate of which only the lower (outer) text was written |
| 5 / 6ev35 | Greek | June - September 132? | Subpoena? | Double certificate? |
| 5 / 6ev36 | nabatean | 58-67 | Deposit release | Also referred to as XḤev / Se nab1 or “Papyrus Starcky”; largest legal document from the Judean desert (80 cm long) |
| 5 / 6Ḥev36a | nabatean | Fragment written on both sides with few legible words; Part of 5 / 6Ḥev36 | ||
| 5 / 6Ḥev36b | nabatean | Fragment with few readable words; Part of 5 / 6Ḥev36 | ||
| 5 / 6ev37 | Greek | 25.4.127 | Marriage settlement | = XḤev / Se65 |
| 5 / 6ev38 | nabatean | Verso of 5 / 6Ḥev34 (?), Received a signature | ||
| 5 / 6ev39 | nabatean | Barely legible letters | ||
| 5 / 6Ḥev40 | Hebrew | Biblical text | Renamed to 5 / 6Ḥev1b | |
| 5 / 6ev41 | Hebrew | Biblical text | Renamed to 5 / 6Ḥev1a | |
| 5 / 6ev42 | Aramaic | 24.4.133 (or 5.4.132) | lease agreement | |
| 5 / 6ev43 | Aramaic | 8/24/133 (or 8/8/132) | receipt | Acknowledges part of a lease under contract 5 / 6Ḥev42 |
| 5 / 6ev44 | Hebrew | 3.11.134 | lease agreement | Division of a lease (four plots in En-Gedi) |
| 5 / 6ev45 | Hebrew | 7.11.134 | lease agreement | Sublease, probably from one of the lots from 5 / 6Ḥev44 |
| 5 / 6ev46 | Hebrew | 7.11.134 | lease agreement | Lease of two properties in En-Gedi, one of them mentioned in 5 / 6Ḥev44 |
| 5 / 6Ḥev47 | Aramaic | 12/18/134 | Sales contract | 2 texts: one from the buyer's point of view, one from that of the seller; Double certificates |
| 5 / 6Ḥev47a | Upper text of 5 / 6Ḥev47 | |||
| 5 / 6Ḥev47b | Lower text of 5 / 6Ḥev47 | |||
| 5 / 6ev48 | Unwritten animal skin | |||
| 5 / 6ev49 | Hebrew | 132-135 | letter | Sender: Simon, son of Kosiba ( Bar Kochba ) |
| 5 / 6Ḥev50 | Aramaic | 132-135 | letter | Sender: Simon, son of Kosiba |
| 5 / 6ev51 | Hebrew | 132-135 | letter | Sender: [Simo] n (son of Kosiba) |
| 5 / 6ev52 | Greek | Fall 135? | letter | Request to send palm branches and lemons (for the Feast of Tabernacles ) |
| 5 / 6ev53 | Aramaic | 132-135 | letter | Sender: Simon, son of Kosiba |
| 5 / 6ev54 | Aramaic | 132-135 | letter | Sender: Simon, son of Kosiba; written on wood |
| 5 / 6ev55 | Aramaic | 132-135 | letter | Sender: Simon, son of Kosiba |
| 5 / 6Ḥev56 | Aramaic | 132-135 | letter | Sender: Simon, son of Kosiba |
| 5 / 6ev57 | Aramaic | Autumn? 135 | letter | Sender: Simon, son of Kosiba; Request for sending palm branches, lemons, myrtle and willow branches (for the Feast of Tabernacles) |
| 5 / 6ev58 | Aramaic | 132-135 | letter | Sender: Simon (son of Kosiba) |
| 5 / 6ev59 | Greek | 132-135 | letter | |
| 5 / 6ev60 | Aramaic? | 132-135 | Letter? | |
| 5 / 6ev61 | Hebrew? | 132-135 | letter | Sender: Simon, son [of Kosiba] |
| 5 / 6Ḥev62 | Aramaic? | 132-135 | Letter? | Only single readable letters |
| 5 / 6ev63 | Aramaic | 132-135 | letter | Sender: Simon, son of Kosiba |
| 5 / 6Ḥev64 | Greek | Not published | ||
| 8Ḥev1 | Greek | Biblical Text ( Book of the Twelve Prophets ) | = 8ḤevXIIgr | |
| 8ev2 | Hebrew | prayer | 3 animal skin fragments with few readable words | |
| 8ev3 | hebr./aram. | Remembrance of the dead? | 3 fragments, placed on a temporarily buried corpse | |
| 8Ḥev4 | Greek | 3 fragments with few readable words | ||
| 8ev5 | Hebrew | Surname; "Peace" | Ostracon, probably placed on a temporarily buried corpse | |
| 8ev6 | Aramaic | Surname | Ostracon, probably placed on a temporarily buried corpse | |
| 8ḤevX | hebr./aram. | Surname | Ostracon, probably placed on a temporarily buried corpse | |
| 8ḤevX | hebr./aram. | Blessing formula? | Ostracon, probably placed on a temporarily buried corpse | |
| XḤev / Se1 | Hebrew | 50-68 | Biblical Text (Num) | renamed to 5 / 6ḤevNum a / 5 / 6Ḥev1a |
| XḤev / Se2 | Hebrew | 50-68 | Biblical Text (Num) | = XḤev / SeNum b |
| XḤev / Ne3 | Hebrew | 50-68 | Biblical text (German) | = XḤev / SeDeut |
| XḤev / Ne4 | Hebrew | 50-68 | Biblical text (Ps) | renamed to 5 / 6ḤevPs / 5 / 6Ḥev1b |
| XḤev / Se5 | Hebrew | Phylactery | Animal skin | |
| XḤev / Ne6 | Hebrew | Eschatological hymn | 3 animal skin fragments | |
| XḤev / Ne7 | Aramaic | 135 (or 134) | Land sale contract | Animal skin; Double certificate |
| XḤev / Se8 | hebr./aram. | 134/135 | House sale contract | Double certificate: upper text Aramaic, lower text Hebrew |
| XḤev / Se8a | Aramaic | 135 (or 134) | House sale contract | |
| XḤev / Se9 | Aramaic | Middle of the 1st century | Land sale contract | Double certificate |
| XḤev / Se9a | Aramaic | Contract? | Double certificate? Few words received | |
| XḤev / Se10 | Aramaic | 30 BC Chr. – 68 AD | Penalty Receipt? | |
| XḤev / Se11 | Aramaic | 2nd half 1st / beginning 2nd century | Marriage settlement? | Double certificate |
| XḤev / Se12 | Aramaic | 2.2.131 | receipt | |
| XḤev / Se13 | Aramaic | 20.6.135 (or 1.6.134) | Waiver | Wife declares that she has no more claims against her divorced husband |
| XḤev / Se14 | Aramaic? | Contract? | Few words received | |
| XḤev / Se15 | Aramaic | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se16 | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se17 | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se18 | No readable letters | |||
| XḤev / Se19 | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se20 | Number not assigned | |||
| XḤev / Se21 | Aramaic | 2nd half 1st / beginning 2nd century | Land sale contract | Double certificate |
| XḤev / Se22 | Aramaic | 2nd half 1st / beginning 2nd century | Land sale contract | Double certificate |
| XḤev / Se23 | Aramaic | End of 1st / beginning of 2nd century | Sales contract | |
| XḤev / Se24 | Aramaic | contract | Double certificate | |
| XḤev / Se24a | Aramaic | End of the 1st century BC - early 2nd century AD | Purchase contract | |
| XḤev / Se25 | Aramaic | contract | Double certificate | |
| XḤev / Se26 | Aramaic | End of the 1st century BC - early 2nd century AD | Pledge agreement | |
| XḤev / Se27 | Aramaic | End of 1st / beginning of 2nd century | contract | Few letters received |
| XḤev / Se28 | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se29 | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se30 | Hebrew | 132-135 | letter | Recipient: "Simon, son of Kosiba, Prince of Israel" |
| XḤev / Se31 | Aramaic | contract | ||
| XḤev / Se32 | Aramaic | contract | = 4Q347 (most likely not from Qumran ) | |
| XḤev / Se33 | Aramaic | Get a few words (two identical lines) | ||
| XḤev / Se34 | Aramaic | contract | Few words received | |
| XḤev / Se35 | Aramaic | Few words received | ||
| XḤev / Se36 | hebr./aram. | 132-135 | Get 1 word ("Kosiba") | |
| XḤev / Se37 | Aramaic? | End of the 1st century BC - early 2nd century AD | Contract? | Few words received |
| XḤev / Se38a | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se38b | hebr./aram. | Few letters received; possibly belongs to XḤev / Se9 | ||
| XḤev / Se39 | No readable letters | |||
| XḤev / Se40 | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se41 | Aramaic | Few words received | ||
| XḤev / Se42 | hebr./aram. | Few words received | ||
| XḤev / Se43 | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se44 | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se45 | No readable letters | |||
| XḤev / Se46 | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se47a | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se47b | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se47c | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se47d | No readable letters | |||
| XḤev / Se47e | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se47f | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se47g | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se47h | hebr./aram. | Few letters received | ||
| XḤev / Se48 | Number not assigned | |||
| XḤev / Se49 | Hebrew | 5.12.133 | Promissory note | Animal skin |
| XḤev / Se50 | Aramaic | 2nd half 1st / beginning 2nd century | Land sale contract | = Mur26; Double certificate |
| XḤev / Se51 | Aramaic | Contract? | Number assigned twice | |
| XḤev / Se51 | Aramaic | 3.12.138 / 22.11.139 / 10.11.140 | acknowledgment of receipt | Number assigned twice |
| XḤev / Se52 | Aramaic | contract | Also referred to as 34Ṣe3 | |
| XḤev / Se53 | Number not assigned | |||
| XḤev / Se54 | Number not assigned | |||
| XḤev / Se55 | Number not assigned | |||
| XḤev / Se56 | Number not assigned | |||
| XḤev / Se57 | Number not assigned | |||
| XḤev / Se58 | Number not assigned | |||
| XḤev / Se59 | Number not assigned | |||
| XḤev / Se60 | Greek | 29.1.125 | Tax / lease receipt | |
| XḤev / Se61 | Greek | 25.4.127 | Land registration | Double certificate? |
| XḤev / Se62 | Greek | 4./11.12.127 | Land registration | Double certificate |
| XḤev / Se63 | Greek | 127 | Waiver | The wife declares that she has no more claims against her widowed mother |
| XḤev / Se64 | Greek | 6./9.11.129 | Donation | Double certificate; Signatures: Aramaic and Nabatean |
| XḤev / Se65 | Greek | 7.8.131 | Marriage settlement | = 5 / 6Ḥev37; Double certificate |
| XḤev / Se66 | Greek | 109 (or 99) | Pledge agreement | |
| XḤev / Se67 | Greek | before 129 | letter | |
| XḤev / Se68 | Greek | Few words received | ||
| XḤev / Se69 | Greek | 130 | Marriage settlement | Double certificate |
| XḤev / Se70 | Greek | Few words received | ||
| XḤev / Se71 | Greek | |||
| XḤev / Se72 | Greek | Few words received | ||
| XḤev / Se73 | Greek | Few words received | ||
| XḤev / Se nab1 | nabatean | = 5 / 6Ḥev36 | ||
| XḤev / Se nab2 | nabatean | = 5 / 6Ḥev2 | ||
| XḤev / Se nab3 | nabatean | Not published | ||
| XḤev / Se nab4 | nabatean | Not published | ||
| XḤev / Se nab5 | nabatean | Not published | ||
| XḤev / Se nab6 | nabatean | Not published | ||
| Ḥev / Se? 1-58 | Greek | Small fragments with few legible letters |
literature
- Yigael Yadin : The Finds from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters. Judean Desert Studies [1]. The Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem 1963 (excavation report and description of the finds with the exception of the texts).
- Yigael Yadin, Jonas C. Greenfield, Ada Yardeni, Baruch A. Levine (Eds.): The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabatean-Aramaic Papyri. Judean Desert Studies [3]. The Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem 2002 (edition of the non-biblical Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabataean texts from the letter cave).
- Naphtali Lewis (Ed.): The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Greek Papyri. Judean Desert Studies [2]. The Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem 1989, ISBN 965-221-009-9 (edition of the Greek texts from the letter cave).
- Peter Flint, Matthew Morgenstern, Hannah M. Cotton, M. Segal: C. Naḥal Ḥever and Naḥal Ḥever / Wadi Seiyal. In: James Charlesworth et al. a. (Ed.): Miscellaneous Texts from the Judaean Desert (= Discoveries in the Judaean Desert . Volume XXXVIII). Clarendon Press, Oxford 2000, pp. 133–200 (edition of manuscripts 5 / 6Ḥev1a, 5 / 6Ḥev1b, 8Ḥev2, 8Ḥev4, XḤev / Se2, XḤev / Se3, XḤev / Se5, XḤev / Se6).
- Hannah M. Cotton, A. Yardeni: Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Documentary Texts from Naḥal Ḥever and Other Sites (= Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. Volume XXVII). Clarendon Press, Oxford 1997 (edition of the non-biblical and non-literary texts from the Seiyâl Collection).
- Ada Yardeni: Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Documentary Texts from the Judaean Desert and Related Material. A: The Documents. Hebrew University, Ben-Zion Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, Jerusalem 2000 (re-edition and (modern) Hebrew translation of the Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabatean documents).
- Ada Yardeni: Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Documentary Texts from the Judaean Desert and Related Material. B: Translation, Palaeography, Concordance. Hebrew University, Ben-Zion Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, Jerusalem 2000 (English translation of the Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabatean documents).
- Klaus Beyer: The Aramaic Texts from the Dead Sea. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1984; Supplementary volume: 1994 (German translation of the Aramaic and Nabatean texts published up to 1993).
- Gregor Geiger: The manuscripts from the Judean desert: The texts outside Qumran. Introduction and German translation (= Fontes et Subsidia ad Bibliam Pertinentes. Volume 9). De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston 2019 (pp. 378–501: German translation of all published texts from Nachal Chever).
Individual evidence
- ^ Notes and News: Ever Valley (Wadi Ḥabra) . In: Israel Exploration Journal , 4, 1954, pp. 126-127.
- ↑ Publication in: 'Atiqot , 3, 1961.
- ↑ Yigael Yadin: Expedition D . in: Israel Exploration Journal 11 (1961), pp. 36-52, pls. 17-22.
- ^ Yigael Yadin: The Finds from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters. The Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem 1963, pp. 1-41.
- ↑ Dan Barag: Glass Vessels from the Cave of Horror . In: Israel Exploration Journal 12 (1962), 208-214, pls. 33-34.
- ^ Leo Y. Rahmani: The Coins from the Cave of Horror . In: Israel Exploration Journal 12 (1962), p. 200, pl. 30th
- ^ Baruch Lifshitz: The Greek Documents from the Cave of Horror . In: Israel Exploration Journal 12 (1962), pp. 201-207, pl. 32.
- ^ H. Nathan: The Skeletal Material from Naḥal Ḥever. Cave No. 8 - The “Cave of Horror” . In: 'Atiqot , 3, 1961, pp. 165-175, pls. XXV-XXVII.
- ↑ Yohanan Aharoni: Expedition B - The Cave of Horror. In: Israel Exploration Journal , 12, 1962, pp. 186-199.
- ↑ Publication: J. Starcky: Un contrat nabatéen sur papyrus. In: Revue Biblique 61 (1954), pp. 161-181; Ada Yardeni: The Decipherment and Restoration of Legal Texts from the Judaean Desert: A Reexamination of Papyrus Starcky (P. Yadin 36). In: Scripta Classica Israelica 20 (2001), pp. 121-137.
- ^ Publication: Y. Aharoni: Expedition B: The Cave of Horror. In: Israel Exploration Journal 12 (1962), pp. 186-199; there are also the ostraka 8Ḥev5, 8Ḥev6 and one of the two without an official name (8ḤevX, the one with the name) published.