Adder-like and viper-like
Adder-like and viper-like | ||||||||||||
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Grass snake ( Natrix natrix ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Colubroidea | ||||||||||||
Oppel , 1811 |
About 80% of the approximately 3000 species of snake belong to the snake-like and viper-like (Colubroidea) . The group includes all snakes native to Central Europe, such as the grass snake and the adder . Within the group, the production of snake venom to paralyze or kill prey is widespread.
features
Their monophyly is evidenced by the skull anatomy, specially shaped costal cartilage and features of the body segmentation.
Hussam Zaher and colleagues give a total of eight synapomorphies for the taxon which they call Colubroides. These include the loss of the right carotid artery , the connection of the intercostal arteries with the dorsal aorta (back aorta) at a distance of several body segments, specialized, enlarged costal cartilage, some special muscles, including the spinal muscle and a spiked hemipenis .
Systematics
The following is a current system of the Colubroidea with seven families. The new family Lamprophiidae includes African taxa, originally attributed to the snakes, which are more closely related to the poisonous snakes (Elapidae) than to the snakes. Together with their closest relatives, the warthog snakes (Acrochordidae), the Colubroidea form the taxon Caenophidia .
Colubroid cladogram | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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- Superfamily adder-like and viper-like (Colubroidea)
- Family Adder (Colubridae) (worldwide)
- Subfamily real snakes (Colubrinae)
- Subfamily Grayiinae
- Subfamily Calamarinae
- Subfamily Dipsadinae (America)
- Subfamily Pseudoxenodontinae (Asia)
- Subfamily Natricinae (worldwide)
- Subfamily Scaphiodontophiinae
- Lamprophiidae family (Africa)
- Subfamily Aparallactinae
- Subfamily Erdvipern (Atractaspidinae)
- Subfamily Lamprophiinae
- Subfamily Psammophiinae
- Subfamily Prosymninae
- Subfamily Pseudaspidinae
- Subfamily Pseudoxyrhophiinae
- Snake family (Elapidae) (worldwide)
- Subfamily true poisonous snakes (Elapinae)
- Subfamily sea snakes and Australo-Asian poisonous snakes (Hydrophiinae)
- Water snake family (Homalopsidae) (Asia)
- Family Vipers (Viperidae) (Worldwide)
- Subfamily Fea vipers (Azemiopinae)
- Subfamily pit vipers (Crotalinae)
- Subfamily Real Vipers (Viperinae)
- Family Pareidae (Asia)
- Mute snakes family (Xenodermatidae) (Asia)
- Family Adder (Colubridae) (worldwide)
swell
- ↑ N. Vidal, AS Delmas, P. David, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, SB Hedges: The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes. In: Comptes Rendus Biologies. 330, 2007, pp. 182-187 ( PDF; 170 kB ).
- ↑ Wilfried Westheide / Reinhard Rieger: Special Zoology Part 2: Vertebrae and Skull Animals. 1st edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3 .
- ↑ Hussam Zaher, Felipe Gobbi Grazziotin, John E. Cadle, Robert W. Murphy, Julio Cesar de Moura-Leite, Sandro L. Bonatto: Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) vol. 49 no.11 São Paulo, 2009, doi : 10.1590 / S0031-10492009001100001 PDF
- ^ RA Pyron, et al .: The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. In: Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2010, doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.11.006 .
- ↑ The REPTILE DATABASE: Suborder Ophidia (Serpentes) - Snakes