Neopseustidae

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Neopseustidae
Neopseustis calliglauca

Neopseustis calliglauca

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Glossata
Superfamily : Neopseustoid gland
Family : Neopseustidae
Scientific name of the  superfamily
Neopseustoid gland
Hering , 1925
Scientific name of the  family
Neopseustidae
Hering , 1925

The Neopseustidae are a species-poor family of butterflies with distribution in Southeast Asia and South America.

features

They are small to medium-sized butterflies with a wingspan between 15 and 27 millimeters with long antennae that reach or protrude the length of the forewings. The wings are broad, relatively short and rounded and often scales very sparsely, making the animals resemble caddis flies when viewed superficially. They are inconspicuously cryptic gray-brown in color, often with white markings.

The head has large complex eyes and two pairs of chaetosemata , ocelles are missing. The long antennas consist of many (up to more than a hundred) segments, which are usually somewhat asymmetrically dome-shaped. They carry nine different types of sensilla, one of which is unique to this family. The mouthparts are characterized by a special construction of the suction tube : the galeae form a short, functional suction tube, but each of them forms a suction tube; the Neopseustidae are the only butterflies with two food channels in their proboscis. Other peculiarities: mandibles present, but rudimentary, weakly sclerotized and immobile, but they have both muscles; this is interpreted as an indication of movable mandibles of the (previously unknown) pupal stage and thus a pupa dectica. The maxillary palps are large and five-limbed, stretched upwards. The labial palps are tripartite and of moderate length. At the top they have a pit-shaped sense organ (so-called vom Rath's organ).

The front wings are often rounded and have 13 to 14 veins, the rear wings 11 or 12. Both pairs of wings are scaled and dense and evenly covered with hairs (microtricha). The scales correspond in their fine structure to the "higher" butterflies (afterwards called as clade Coelolepida), they form a hollow, air-filled lumen. The legs have no spurs on the front tibia, two on the middle tibia and four on the rear tibia, whereby the pairs of spurs are unequal in length. In the male, the seventh sternite of the abdomen is drawn out in the middle to an unpaired thorn, which is sometimes also present in the female.

The caterpillar and pupa stages of all species are so far unknown.

Way of life

Neopseustidae are rarely found. Little is known about their biology. Observations are mainly available from relatively cool mountain forest regions. Males are attracted by light and can be caught with light traps , but there are also observations from South America of individuals flying during the day (from Synempora andesae ). Almost without exception, the South American species were found in bamboo forests of the genus Chusquea . Due to the similar distribution areas, there is speculation that the entire family will be bound to bamboo species.

Phylogeny

The family Neopseustidae is considered to be a member of the "lower" Glossata outside of Ditrysia . She stands out u. a. characterized by the fact that, in contrast to the most primitive butterfly families, muscles attach to them within the suction tube (and not just at its base). You will after this morphological feature in a Myoglossata called clade called the "higher" butterflies, along Neolepidoptera united.

Molecular studies could initially contribute little to phylogeny). In a current molecular study (based on the comparison of homologous DNA sequences), close relationships to the Acanthopteroctetidae family were found, the common clade would be a sister group of a (changed) infraorder Heteroneura . The exact position of the family has not yet been finally clarified.

Taxonomy and systematics

The Neopseustidae are placed in their own (monotypical) superfamily Neopseustoidea, often also in their own suborder Neopseustina. It is therefore a taxonomically isolated relic group that may have split off in the Jurassic . Their distribution pattern is associated with the old southern continent Gondwana .

The family consists of four genera with 13 species described

swell

  • Donald R. Davis (1975): Systematics and Zoogeography of the Family Neopseustidae with the Proposal of a New Superfamily (Lepidoptera: Neopseustoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Number 210. 45 pp.
  • Niels P. Kristensen : Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of zoology. Volume 4, Part 35 Lepidoptera. Walter de Gruyter Verlag 1999 ISBN 3110157047 . 530 pages (p. 55)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michel J. Faucheux, Niels P. Kristensen, Shen-Horn Yen The antennae of neopseustid moths: Morphology and phylogenetic implications, with special reference to the sensilla (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Neopseustidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger Volume 245, Issue 2: 131–142. doi : 10.1016 / j.jcz.2006.05.004
  2. ↑ Michel J. Faucheux (2008): Mouthparts and associated sensilla of a South American moth, Synempora andesae (Lepidoptera: Neopseustidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 67 (1-2): 21-33.
  3. ↑ a b D.R. Davis & ES Nielsen (1980): Description of a new genus and two new species of Neopseustidae from South America, with discussion of phylogeny and biological observations (Lepidoptera: Neopseustoidea). Steenstrupia Volume 6 (16): 253-289.
  4. ↑ Harald W. Krenn & Niels P. Kristensen (2004): Evolution of proboscis musculature in Lepidoptera. European Journal of Entomology 101: 565-575.
  5. ↑ Erik J. van Nieukerken, Lauri Kaila, Ian J. Kitching, Niels P. Kristensen, David C. Lees, Joël Minet, Charles Mitter, Marko Mutanen, Jerome C. Regier, Thomas J. Simonsen, Niklas Wahlberg, Shen-Horn Yen, Reza Zahiri, David Adamski, Joaquin Baixeras, Daniel Bartsch, Bengt Å. Bengtsson, John W. Brown, Sibyl Rae Bucheli, Donald R. Davis, Jurate De Prins, Willy De Prins, Marc E. Epstein, Patricia Gentili-Poole, Cees Gielis, Peter Hättenschwiler, Axel Hausmann, Jeremy D. Holloway, Axel Kallies , Ole Karsholt, Akito Y. Kawahara, Sjaak (JC) Koster, Mikhail V. Kozlov, J. Donald Lafontaine, Gerardo Lamas, Jean-François Landry, Sangmi Lee, Matthias Nuss, Kyu-Tek Park, Carla Penz, Jadranka Rota, Alexander Schintlmeister, B. Christian Schmidt, Jae-Cheon Sohn, M. Alma Solis, Gerhard M. Tarmann, Andrew D. Warren, Susan Weller, Roman V. Yakovlev, Vadim V. Zolotuhin, Andreas Zwick (2011): Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus , 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Editor) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 212-221.
  6. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen, Malcolm J. Scoble, Ole Karsholt (2007): Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics: the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity. Zootaxa 1668: 699-747.
  7. ↑ z. B. Brian M. Wiegmann, Jerome C. Regier, Charles Mitter Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta Volume 31, Issue 1: 67-81. doi : 10.1046 / j.0300-3256.2001.00091.x
  8. ↑ Jerome C. Regier, Charles Mitter, Andreas Zwick, Adam L. Bazinet, Michael P. Cummings, Akito Y. Kawahara, Jae-Cheon Sohn, Derrick J. Zwick, Soowon Cho, Donald R. Davis, Joaquin Baixeras, John Brown , Cynthia Parr, Susan Weller, David C. Lees, Kim T. Mitter (2013): A Large-Scale, Higher-Level, Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Insect Order Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). PLoS ONE 8 (3): e58568. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0058568
  9. ↑ Niklas Wahlberg, Christopher W. Wheat, Carlos Pena (2013): Timing and Patterns in the Taxonomic Diversification of Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths). PLoS ONE 8 (11): e80875. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0080875
  10. ↑ Liusheng Chen, Mamoru Owada, Min Wang, Yang Long (2009): The genus Neopseustis (Lepidoptera: Neopseustidae) from China, with description of one new species. Zootaxa 2089: 10-18.

Web links

Commons : Neopseustidae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files