Nganasan language
| Nganasan | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Taimyr Autonomous County / Russia | |
| speaker | about 850 | |
| Linguistic classification |
||
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
mis |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
nio |
|
The Nganasan language is one of the Samoyed languages . Together with the Finno-Ugric languages, these form the Uralic language family .
language
Nganasan is spoken by the Nganasan people in the middle and southwest of the Taimyr Peninsula in Russia . Like Nentish and Enzish, it belongs to the group of North Samoyed languages.
According to a (controversial) census from 1989, 1,063 people spoke Nganasan as their mother tongue. According to the last population census from 2002, the number of Nganasans tends to be less than 900. Of these, 83% of those surveyed name Nganasan as their mother tongue. It is to be feared that the language will become extinct in the not distant future.
There is no written language for Nganasan. Nganasan is one of the few local languages of the Soviet Union that did not receive an alphabet in the 1930s. At the beginning of the 1990s there were attempts to transcribe with Cyrillic letters, but this is not used in practice. The phonetic system comprises eight vowels , two so-called diphthongoids (with the valence of diphthongs: / i a / and / u a /), probably no diphthongs (but vowel sequences) and about twenty consonants . Central elements are the palatalization and the change of level . The language has many similarities with Selkup and Yukagir .
Dialects
Nganasan is divided into two dialects:
- Avamish (Russian авамский говор)
- Wadeisch (Russian вадеевский говор)
Phonology
The vowel system of the Nganasian language (hereinafter Ng.) Consists of eight monophthongs. (a, e, ǝ, i, ͐į, o, ü, u). There are also two diphthongoids (bivowels) i a, u a (are closer to vowels than diphthongs), as well as numerous vowel sequences.
The vowels and diphthongoids vary greatly in terms of their pronunciation.
z. B. ǝ with non-first syllables between [e], [o] and [a]: heŋkǝ [h´ŋke ~ h´eŋko ~ h´eŋka], black
Stressed vowels appear audibly longer than unstressed ones, longer in closed syllables than in open ones. Long vowels and diphthongs are considered vowel sequences. So they are in the Ng. Distinguished only by the nature of their vowels. Long vowels are based in the Ng. On the same (homogeneous), diphthongs on different (heterogeneous) vowels.
Consonants are labial, dental, palatal, velar or glottal explosives (voiced / voiceless), affricates (voiceless), fricatives (sibilants-voiceless / spirants-voiced), nasals, laterals or vibrants.
morphology
Derivative morphology
The vowel harmony of Ng. is morphologically distributed over two stem classes. The U-Class and the I-Class. Each stem has three variants that can be used to describe the combination with derivatives and suffixes.
S1 = NomSg or infinitive stem
S1 '= variant of S1 with closed syllable
S2 = Gen / AkkSg or connegative or imperfect2Sg of the subjective conjugation in the indicative
S2 '= variant of S2
S3 = GenPl or perfect aorist
noun
Nganasan is an agglutinating language, so properties are marked with suffixes.
Case, number and possession are marked on the nouns in Nganasan. Every noun can also be used adjectivally.
Nouns in Nganasan have three numbers: singular (Sg), dual (Du) and plural (Pl). They have three grammatical cases: nominative (nom), genitive (gen), and accusative (Akk), as well as three local cases: the dative-lative (Dat-Lat), locative-instrumental (Lok-Ins) and the ablative (Abl) . There are also secondary local cases such as the prolative (prol), comitive and allative. These were originally independent, but are now firmly tied to the noun in the genitive. The two-syllable local case of nouns are compound suffixes. They are made up of a coaffix and a post position.
In the singular, nominative and genitive are unmarked. The use of the accusative in the singular is optional.
The dative-lative and the allative are often used equally. However, the dative expresses a period of time, while the allative expresses a time limit.
The locative instrumental designates a (action) place, the tools or instruments, means of transport, a shorter simultaneity, a get-together or an accompaniment.
The prolative expresses the movement “past something, along” as well as the movement “through something” or a temporal course of action.
The grammatical cases have number and case congruence, while the local case only show number congruence. In the dual, the entire noun syntagm is in the genitive with the exception of the nominative singular. (Katzschmann 2008)
| Sg | Pl | You | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | O | - " | -KƏJ |
| Genitive | Ø ~ (-Ŋ) | - " | -KI |
| accusative | Ø ~ (-M) | -J | -KI |
| dative | -NTƏ | -NTI- " | - |
| locative | -NTƏ-NU | -NTI-NU | - |
| ablative | -KƏ-TƏ | -KI-TƏ, ~ KI-TI- " | - |
| Prolative | -MƏ-NU | - "- MƏ-NU | - |
A declination example for the declination of the U class is the word kuhu (fur) .
| SG | PL | YOU | |
| NOM | cow | kubu '' | kuhugəj |
| GENE | kubu | Cuba'' | kuhugi |
| AKK | kubu (m) | kubuj | kuhugi |
| DAT | kubutə | kubuti '' | kuhugi na |
| LOC | kubutənu | kubutinü '' | kuhugi nanu |
| OJ | kuhugətə | kuhugitə / kuhugəti '' / kuhugiti '' | kuhugi natə |
| PROL | kuhumənu | cuba''mənu | kuhugi namənu |
A declination example for the declination of Class I is the word tohi (stem).
| SG | PL | |
| NOM | tohi | tobi '' |
| GENE | tobi | tobi '' |
| AKK | tobi (m) | tobij |
| DAT | tobitə | tobiti '' |
| LOC | tobitəni | tobitini |
| OJ | tohigətə | tohigitə |
| PROL | tohiməni | tobi''məni |
Wagner-Nagy names a few special properties of nouns in Nganasan that do not appear in other languages. The past in the Ng. can be marked not only on verbs but also on nouns. The so-called preterial nouns are expressed by the suffix –D'əə , e.g. B. basa à basad'e (the iron that has been). However, this suffix is rarely used.
To use a noun as an attribute or predicate, the karitif suffix –KAJ, -KAL'I is used. It is often associated with the past participle of the verb imperfect ISA used (ICUEE). It binds to the nominative stem of the noun, e.g. B. nig'aj ičüe (single).
In order for nouns that denote abstract content to be reproduced, the Ng. the suffix -TU '' . It binds to the stems of the abstract nouns and is a formative suffix. This means that the trunks it attaches to cannot stand alone. An example of this is d'üraδi (depth).
To express future possessions, the Ng. the suffix - Tə + P x . The possessive suffix marks the person for whom future possessions are intended, e.g. B. taaδəmə (reindeer for me). ( Wagner-Nagy 2002)
Possessive suffixes
To denote possessivity, Nganasan has suffixes that correspond to those of the three persons (Sg, Pl, Du) in the three numbers (Sg, Pl, Du). The use of personal pronouns is optional and only serves as reinforcement. The possessive suffixes come after the number and case signs, i.e. word-final. Only the allative, which goes back to a post position, is an exception. (Katzschmann 2008)
Morphonemes of the possessive suffixes
Px 1 = possessive suffixes in NomSg
Px 2 = possessive suffixes in GenSg, all local cases and adverbs
Px 3 = possessive suffixes for AkkSg
Px 4 = possessive suffixes in GenPl
Px 4 ' = possessive suffixes for AkkDu / Pl
| Possessive Suffixes (Px) |
NomSg
|
AkkSg
|
Nom / acc
You / pl Px 4 ' |
gene
You / pl Px 4 |
Others / adverbs
|
| 1Sg | ϺӘ | MӘ | Y-NӘ | '' -NӘ | NӘ |
| 2Sg | RӘ | M-TӘ | J-TӘ | '' -TӘ | NTӘ |
| 3Sg | TU | M-TU | J-TU | '' -TU | NTU |
| 1You | MI N | MI N | Y-NI N | '' -NI N | NI N |
| 2Du | RI N | M-TI N | J-TI N | '' -TI N | NTI N |
| 3u | TI N | M-TI N | J-TI N | '' -TI N | NTI N |
| 1Pl | MU '' | MU '' | Y-NU '' | '' -NU '' | NU '' |
| 2Pl | RU '' | M-TU '' | J-TU '' | `` -TU '' | NTU '' |
| 3Pl | To do | J- TUŋ | J-TUŋ | ''-To do | NTUŋ |
Possessive suffixes of the singular case
| Px | Nom | Acc | Gen et al |
| 1Sg | mə | mə | nə |
| 2Sg | rə, lə, l'ə | mtə | (n) tə |
| 3Sg | tu, δu, ti, δi
tü, δü ,, ti, di t'ü, t'i |
mtu, mti
mtu, mti |
(n) tu, (n) ti
(n) tü, (n) ti t'ü, t'i |
| 1You | mi | mi | ni |
| 2Du | ri, l'i | mti | (n) ti, ndi, t'i |
| 3u | ti, δi | mti | (n) ti, ndi, t'i |
| 1Pl | mu '', mi ''
mu '', mi '' |
mu '', mi ''
mu '', mi '' |
nu '', ni ''
nü '', ni '' |
| 2Pl | ru '', lu '', ri '', li ''
rü '', l'ü, ri '', l'i '' |
mtu '', mti ''
mtü '', mti '' |
(n) tu '', ndu '', (n) ti '', ndi ''
(n) tü '', ndü '', (n) ti '', ndi '' t'ü '', t'i '' |
| 3Pl | tuŋ, δuŋ, tiŋ, δiŋ
tüŋ, δüŋ, tiŋ, δiŋ, t'üŋ, t'iŋ |
mtuŋ, mtiŋ
mtüŋ, mtiŋ |
(n) tuŋ, nduŋ, (n) tiŋ, ndiŋ
(n) tüŋ, ndüŋ, (n) tiŋ, ndiŋ t'üŋ, t'iŋ |
Possessive suffixes of the case in the dual
| Px |
Nom = Acc (Px 4 ' )
S1 + kailgai + j + Px |
Gen (Px 4 )
S1 + kai / gai + '' + Px |
other Cx | ||
| 1Sg | kəjnə | gəjnə | kəinə | gəinə | Gen + post position
LOC well ABL natə PROL namənu |
| 2Sg | kəjt'ə | gəjt'ə | kəitə | gəitə | |
| 3Sg | kəjt'ü, kəjt'i | gəjt'ü, gəjt'i | kəitü, kəiti | gəitü, gəiti | |
| 1You | kəjni | gəjni | kəini | gəini | |
| 2Du | kəjt'i | gəjt'i | kəiti | gəiti | |
| 3u | kəjt'i | gəjt'i | kəiti | gəiti | |
| 1Pl | kəjnü '', kəjni '' | gəjnü '', gəjni '' | kəinü '', kəini '' | gəinü '', gəini '' | |
| 2Pl | kəjt'ü, kəjt''i | gəjt'ü '', gəjt'i '' | kəitü '', kəiti '' | gəitü '', gəiti '' | |
| 3Pl | kəjt'üŋ, kəjt'iŋ | gəjt'üŋ, gəjt'iŋ | kəitüŋ, kəitiŋ | gəitüŋ, gəitiŋ | |
Possessive suffixes of the plural cases
| Px |
Nom = Acc (Px 4 ' )
S3 + j + Px |
Gen (Px 4 )
S3 + '' + Px |
other Cx (Px 2 )
S2 |
| 1Sg | nə | nə | nə |
| 2Sg | t'ə, t'ə | tə | (n) tə |
| 3Sg | t'ü, t'i | do, do
tü, ti |
(n) tu, (n) ti
(n) tü, (n) ti |
| 1You | ni | ni | ni |
| 2Du | t'i | ti | (n) ti, ndi |
| 3u | t'i | ti | (n) ti, ndi |
| 1Pl | nü '', ni '' | nu '', ni ''
nü '', ni '' |
nu '', ni ''
nü '', ni '' |
| 2Pl | t'ü '', t'i '' | do '', ni ''
nü '', ni '' |
(n) tu '', ndu '', (n) ti '', ndi ''
(n) tü '', ndü '', (n) ti '', ndi ''
|
| 3Pl | t'üŋ, t'iŋ | tuŋ, tiŋ
tüŋ, tiŋ |
(n) tuŋ, nduŋ, (n) tiŋ, ndiŋ
(n) tüŋ, ndüŋ, (n) tiŋ, ndiŋ
|
pronoun
Nganasan pronouns can change their original pronominal classes and even be used as adverbs. The reflexive and indefinite pronouns have a special position because they are based on their own stems.
Personal pronouns
The personal pronouns are also used as facultative, reinforcing possessive pronouns in Nganasan.
The personal pronouns of the grammatical cases are not inflected and are therefore identical. The personal pronouns of the local case are formed with the postposition na .
In addition to the personal pronouns, there are also demonstrative and interrogative pronouns as well as reflexive and indefinite pronouns in Nganasan. (Katzschmann 2008)
| Nom, Gen, Acc | Lative | Locative | Elative | Prolative | Personal pronouns and clitics | reflexive pronouns | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1Sg | mənə | nanə | nanunə | nagətənə | namənunə | mɨlʲianə | ŋonənə |
| 2Ng2 | tənə | nantə | nanuntə | nagətətə | namənuntə | tɨlʲiatə | ŋonəntə |
| 3Sg | sɨtɨ | nantu | nanuntu | nagətətu | namənuntu | sɨlʲiatɨ | ŋonəntu |
| 1You | mi | nani | nanuni | nagətəni | namənuni | mɨlʲiani | ŋonəni |
| 2Du | ti | nandi | nanunti | nagətəndi | namənundi | tɨlʲiati | ŋonənti |
| 3u | sɨti | nandi | nanunti | nagətəndi | namənundi | sɨlʲiati | ŋonənti |
| 1Pl | mɨŋ | well | nanunuʔ | nagətənuʔ | namənunuʔ | mɨlʲianɨʔ | ŋonənuʔ |
| 2Pl | tɨŋ | nanduʔ | nanuntuʔ | nagətənduʔ | namənunduʔ | tɨlʲiatiʔ | ŋonəntuʔ |
| 3Pl | sɨtɨŋ | nanduŋ | nanuntuŋ | nagətənduŋ | namənunduŋ | sɨlʲiatɨŋ | ŋonəntuŋ |
Diminutive suffixes
In the Ng. there are divided opinions about how many diminutive suffixes there are. Tereschenko assumes that there is only the suffix –ku- , which can have different variants. Helimski, on the other hand, names three diminutive suffixes: -A '' KU 0 , -KÜ 0 and -AŋKU. According to Wagner-Nagy there are 4 different suffixes.
The suffix –KU 0
This suffix is rare and has the allomorph: -ku, -kü, -gu, -gü . An example of this is ərəkərə à ərəkərəku (a bit nice) . As can be seen in the example, the suffix binds to the nominative stem.
The suffix –A - '' KU 0
The suffix –A - '' KU 0 is a common suffix. It binds to the genitive stem and, according to Helimski, displaces the last vowel of the stem. This explains why the vowel a is almost exclusively in front of the vocal cord closure sound. An example of this suffix is d'ikarə à d'ikaraku (little mountain).
The suffix - AŋKU
This suffix, like the –A - '' KU 0 suffix, is linked to the genitive stem. The vowel u in this suffix has the allomorphs u, ü, i, and i . However, the ending vowel of this suffix does not have to be u . An example of this is bariśi à baruśaŋku (little devil).
The suffix -MA C KU 0
This compound suffix is often attached to proper names. With the help of this suffix one can form diminutive proper names from nouns. An example of this is d'iŋi (bundle) à D'iŋimia''ku. (Wagner-Nagy 2002)
Compounds
By the quality of the Ng. as an agglutinating language, almost every part of a sentence is a compound word. In the case of nouns, the number and case as well as the declination are expressed by the suffixes. With verbs, tense, aspect, mode etc. (see verbs) are expressed by the suffixes. Adjectives, numerals and pronouns are inflected just like the nouns.
Only suffixes are used, prefixes are not used. In general, the suffixes have a clear structure and it is clear which morpheme expresses which grammatical category. However, if a word is strongly influenced by phonetic processes and thus the internal structure is changed, the word can also merge. This means that a morpheme no longer stands for exactly one property, but can stand for several properties. (Helimski 2010)
Transpositional morphology
In the Ng. there are some suffixes that change the category of a word when tied to it. The following is divided according to root category.
Nominal stem
The verb that describes how someone goes to any place that the base word describes is always formed in the form of the genitive plural de base word, e.g. B. muŋku (forest) à muŋku''sa (to go into the forest).
The suffix for stink / smell something, expressed by -j, is often attached to animal or plant names. The base word is always a word that describes something that has a smell, e.g. B. kintə (smoke) à kintəjsa (smell of smoke).
The suffix form - δu - / - δi- occurs in the Ng. several times on. The meaning and function of this form is difficult to define. One meaning is the Kaptative, to hunt / collect something. This can only be tied to a few substantive roots. An example of this is ŋuta (berry) à ŋutaδusa (picking berries).
The meaning to use something and thus to carry out an action is expressed by the suffix -BTU of the instrumentative. The object denoted by the noun is used as an instrument by the agent during the action. An example is: sakir (sugar) à sakiruptud'a (sugar).
With the help of the suffix –IR verbs are formed that express something to eat / drink . It can only be combined with nouns that denote food or drinks. It always binds to the GenSg strain, e.g. B. obed (lunch) à obedəirsa (to eat lunch).
The suffix –IR also describes the meaning to play with the basic word . It can only bind to nouns denoting playground equipment, e.g. B. kartə (card) à kartəirsa (play card). (Wagner-Nagy 2002)
Nominal or adjective stem
Many verbs in the Ng. do not contain suffix morphs. The verb form arises from personal or infinitive suffixes attached to the stems. The verbal stem mostly corresponds to the genitive stem of the noun, less often to the nominative stem. These types of verbs are formed from an adjective or noun. These types of suffixes are called zero suffixes.
Verbs with the meaning to be something are most often formed with an adjective, but can also be formed from nouns. The infinitive suffix is combined with the genitive stem of the noun, e.g. B. ŋəδu (view) à ŋəδusi (to be visible). The verbs formed in this way mostly describe a static situation and thus behave like imperfective verbs. (Wagner-Nagy 2002)
Nominal or adder stem
Verbs that describe the execution or occurrence of the action associated with the term named in the base word are followed by an iterative or frequentative suffix. Both a noun and an adverstem can serve as the base word. Because these verbs mostly describe a durative situation. An example of this is: d'ari (illness) à d'arid'a (sick).
The second meaning of this suffix is to be where the derivative base is or pass the time where the derivative base says it is. In this sense it is only attached to adverbs of place or nouns that express a relation of time. When an adverb is the base word, the verb refers to the place that the adverb mentions, e.g. B. ŋil'ə (below) à ŋil'əδusa (to be lower) or təŋə (summer) à təŋəδusa (to spend the summer). (Wagner-Nagy 2002)
Nominal or verb stem
To express that someone has something or has an object, naming the basic word and doing something like that, one uses the suffix - '' Tə. It joins the GenPl trunk. - '' Tə can be used not only with nouns, but also with verbs derived from Numeralia, e.g. B. siti (two) à siδi''təsi (have / drive two reindeer). (Wagner-Nagy 2002)
Nominal, adjective or numerical stem
The meaning to do something, which the derivative base says , is expressed by the suffix -MTU. Nouns, adjectives and numerals can serve as a derivative basis. Examples are bi (water) à bitumtisi (to make it wet) and homəgəə (spicy) à homagimtid'i (to sharpen something) . (Wagner-Nagy 2002)
syntax
Word order
The word order in the Ng. is SOV or SVO according to Katzschmann. However, the word order in the Ng. very variable. A feature of the Ng. it is that new information is typically added at the end of the sentence. According to Wagner-Nagy, every word order is possible. If only the statistical data are used, it can be said that in about half of the sentences in the corpora the verb was at the end of the sentence. Statistically, Ng. thus an OV language. Wagner-Nagy compares the word order in the Ng. with the Hungarian. There the order of the components of a sentence is not determined on the basis of a fixed word order, but is classified by pragmatic factors. The stressed part of the sentence usually comes before the verb.
At the phrase level, the noun's attributes usually come before it. If the attributes are behind the noun, this means that a special focus is placed on the attributes. Numerals and adjectives match the reference word in case, adjectives also match the reference word in number. The case correspondence is only complete in the three grammatical cases, with the local cases the attributes are in the genitive. In possessive constructions, the owner must stand in front of possession in the genitive. The postpositional constructions also require the reference word in the genitive. There are no prepositions. (Katzschmann 2008)
Auxiliaries
The verb iśa can be used as an auxiliary but also in its actual meaning as a verb to be, to exist . This section only refers to the meaning of iśa as an auxiliary. Due to the two different meanings of iśa, this verb requires two different forms of negation, which clearly separate the different meanings: ńisi (not to be) or ńintu (u) (it is not) as an auxiliary and janku / ja ŋ gujsa as an existential verb.
Further auxiliaries are taneitjü (to be, exist (impersonal)), taaeitjüm / taeitjüm (there is), janku (absent), mu''am (become) and muendum (I am in the capacity as . )
Iśa is mainly used in adverbial and nominal clauses. An essential feature of these types of sentences is the personal congruence between facultative personal pronouns or attributes.
Predicative clauses are formed with the negation form ńintu (u), adverbial clauses with the form ńisi and the connegative ŋuo. For all other tense and modal forms, the conjugated predicate noun is accompanied by the corresponding finite form of the auxiliary verb iśa / ńisi. '
Appositions and adverbs are negated by the form ńintu (u) . (Katzschmann 2008)
Complements
In a sentence whose head is a verb phrase, there are arguments that are optional and some that are mandatory. The optional arguments are called adjuncts, the mandatory complements. The head determines the type and the amount of complements it needs. In this paragraph the complements of Ng. shown in more detail.
Most of the heads in the Ng. need one to three complements. There is no head in the Ng that needs four complements or more. The Ng. is a pro-drop language, which means that the pronominal subject, object or recipient in a sentence may be omitted. This is possible due to the congruence of the verb in person and number with the subject. Verbs that describe weather conditions are always inflected in 3Sg, so that there is no need for a subject. It is in the Ng. thus depending on the verb whether a subject is needed or not. The verb also determines the case of its complements. Stative verbs such as stand usually need a complement that is in the locative. Verbs that describe the end of a dynamic action such as sit down need a complement that is in the lative. (Beáta Wagner-Nagy 2019)
Finite vs. non-finite verb forms
Non-finite verb forms are infinitives, participles, converbials (see Converbial constructions) and supines. They occur mainly depending on the context, ie mostly in subordinate clauses. Only participles can be partially conjugated, so the other non-finite verb forms cannot be used with modal and tense forms. Finite verb forms occur mainly in the main clause and can be conjugated for any person and number. They can also potentially be combined with all suffixes. (Wagner-Nagy 2019)
There are two infinitive forms in Naganasan.
Especially the indefinite gerund SA 1 with the allomorphs -sa, -si, -śi, -śa -d'a, -d'i is used as an infinitive. The final A 1 appears depending on the final sound of the stem. The infinitive ending is the last possible suffix, which means that there can be no more suffixes after it. Since in the Ng. If a sentence cannot have two finite predicates, the verb of the subordinate clause is replaced by the infinitive. (Katzschmann 2008, Wagner-Nagy 2002)
The infinitive can appear as an adverbial addition to express the goal or circumstance of an action. An infinitive can also replace a subordinate clause and in this function it comes before the noun, e.g. B. Hoursa binimə najbəgə. (The rope I use to pick up wood is long.)
The infinitive can also be used as an object in a sentence. Especially in connection with modal, emotional and phase verbs, the infinitive stands in the function of the object. An example of this is Siti d'erutu hiritasi, ńipt ə d'a, d'embia so
The second infinitive ending is -KAJ-SA 1 . Infinitive with this extension, press the current state of the end of an action, for example . Tuugajśa d'atənə ləŋürü. (When he arrives, he calls me.) ( Wagner-Nagy 2002)
Modal constructions
In the Ng. there are no modal verbs, the function of the modal verbs are expressed by modal suffixes. Verbs with modal suffixes express the subjective relationship of the subject to the action, e.g. B. the expression of a will or an intention.
The intentional suffix - '' HAN expresses the intention or willingness to act. The suffix binds to both the negation stem and the aorist stem. The vowel of the suffix occurs either as ia or as '' a, depending on the vowel harmony net. It's a prolific suffix. (Wagner-Nagy 2001)
conditional sentences
Conditional clauses in the gerund aorist
Conditional sentences are given in the Ng. formed using the unreal interrogative future tense. Tereschenko describes the structure as a finite verb to which ihü '' is appended and which is congruent with the personal and possessive suffixes. An example of this is sili ihü''tü (Who (could that) have been?). (Tereschenko 1979) According to Katzschmann, however, the conditional gerund aorist is more often used as a predicate of a (mostly conditional) subordinate clause. As a result, instead of the actio, the agent is emphasized more strongly, which is why the marking of the identity is not necessary. For this reason, there is also no personnel matching. To negate these sentences, the negation verb ńisi is added to the gerund suffix. (Katzschmann 2008)
Conditional clauses in the gerund simple past
The suffix HÜ''ə is used to express simultaneity and is the gerund of the simple past. Allomorphs of the suffix are hü''ə, hi''ə, bü''ə, bi''ə . (Helimski 2010) The possessive suffixes of the nominative represent the subject of the gerund preterite, e.g. B. ŋəmursa śatibi '' əmə, bəndi ŋonsid'iəm (When I finished eating, I went outside.) If a post position is used in a sentence, the noun is subordinated to it. Prematurity is expressed by the suffix HÜ``ə-Kə C Tə (with ablative). (Katzschmann 2008)
Conditional clauses in the gerund future tense
The suffix HÜ''NÜ (Px 2 ) with the allomorphs hü''nü, hi''ni, bü''nü, bi''ni behaves syntactically like the gerund preterite. Often impersonal constructions are used. An example of this is t əbtəria d'aŋuru ńiid'a suohü''nü ńaag ə ((It would be good if we move on to the tundra). (Katzschmann 2008)
Converbial constructions
Converbial forms are non-finite verb forms that occur mainly in subordinate clauses. Only participles can function as converbials, as other non-finite forms cannot be conjugated and thus cannot be used with modal and tense suffixes.
In the Ng. There are two forms of temporal-conditional converbs. One form describes the conditionality in the present tense, the other in the future. Both forms are formed using the S1 stem of the verb. There is also a periphrastic form, which is formed from the present tense in the conditional of the verb sein ( ihü ) and the future or past tense of the lexical verb, e.g. B. t əi-s'üə i-hüʔ (if it was / existed). (Beáta Wagner-Nagy 2019)
The formation of these shapes is shown in the following table.
| Nominalizer | ||
| Present | -HÜʔ: | -hüʔ, -hiʔ, -büʔ, -biʔ |
| periphrastic past | verb-past + be-HÜ | verb-past ihüʔ |
| future | -HÜʔnÜ: | -hüʔnü, -hiʔni, -büʔnü, -biʔni |
| periphrastic future | verb-future + ihüʔ | verb-futur ihüʔ |
These forms are often used in subordinate conditional clauses. In both the compound form and the S1 form of the converbial, the suffix expressing the agreement with the subject is appended to the converbial form. An example of this is satərə maa i-ŋəə ŋə ŋəm-hü-tü. (If at least a fox could be eaten). (Beáta Wagner-Nagy 2019)
Relative clauses
The Ng. does not use relative pronouns to form a relative clause, as these do not exist. In the Ng. there is no element in the relative clause that is co-referenced with the head. Instead, participle clauses are the only way to express relative clauses. (Terescenko 1979) The connection of the subject or object with the relative clause is represented by the tenses. Because sentences with the present participle express simultaneity, while sentences with the past participle express the past. Thus, the action that is in the subordinate clauses in the past participle describes an action that took place before the action in the main clause. The subjects of the two sentences do not have to be the same. (Beáta Wagner-Nagy 2019)
Tuj-s j üəd'əə ni ŋəm-ə-bta-ʔa-m. (I gave the woman who had just arrived something to eat. Literally: I fed the woman who had just arrived.)
literature
- Ivan R. Kortt, Ju. B. Simchenko: Dictionary of the Nganasan language. Part 1: Nganasan-German-Russian glossary (= materials / Systemata mundi Inst. For researching foreign systems of thought and organizational forms 1). Berlin, 1985
- Beáta Wagner-Nagy: Chrestomathia Nganasanica (= Studia Uralo-Altaica: Supplementum 10). Szeged, 2002, ISBN 963-482-588-5
- Michael Katzschmann: Chrestomathia Nganasanica: Texts - Translation - Glossary - Grammar. Processing of Нганасанская фольклорная хрестоматия compiled by Kazi I. Labanauskas considering the Словарь нганасанско-русский и русско-нганасанский (= Nganasanica 1) Norderstedt, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8370-1121-0
- Eugene Helimski: Самодийская лингвистическая реконструкция и праистория самодийцев. Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2010, ISBN 978-5-98298-754-9
- Beáta Wagner-Nagy. Word formation in Nganasan. Szeged 2001, ISBN 963-482-553-2
- Natalia M. Terescenko. Nganasanskji jazyk. Leningrad: Nauka, 1979
- Beáta Wagner-Nagy. A grammar of Nganasan. Leiden, 2019. ISBN 978-90-04-38275-6 .
Web links
- Ethnological report
- Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia: The Nganasan Language
- The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire: The Nganasans
- Dictionary German-Nganasan (PDF; 540 kB)
- Bibliography on Nganasan
- Nganasanica (extensive material on Nganasanica)
- Languages of the world (Nganasan)
- Comparative Nenets-Nganasan multimedia dictionary with English and Russian translations and acoustic evidence (also available on CD)