Nicolás Espinoza

General Nicolás Espinoza

Nicolás Espinoza , also Nicolás Espinosa (* November 1795 in Tenancingo, El Salvador ; † March 1845 in Nacaome, Honduras ) was Jefe Supremo of the Province of El Salvador in the Central American Confederation from April 10, 1835 to November 15, 1835 .

Life

He studied at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Law and became a lawyer . He was in opposition to the annexation by the Mexican Empire under Agustín de Itúrbide , which is why he went into exile in Costa Rica in 1823 , where he was appointed as a judge. Nicolás Espinoza was a general and a member of the Partido Conservador , which at the time was called Serviles or Moderados .

On March 27, 1829 Espinoza represented the province of El Salvador and José Francisco Morazán Quezada represented the provinces of Honduras and Nicaragua in the negotiations for the surrender of the province of Guatemala in the house of Ballesteros. Espinoza was Jefe Surpremo of the Province of Nicaragua from April 1829 to May 12, 1830 . Espinoza made the priest Agustin Vijil his ministro general .

Espinoza was deputy under the liberal José María Silva in the province of El Salvador until this was replaced on March 2, 1835 by a government junta under the conservative Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera. This junta under Escolán was for the period from March 2 to April 10, 1835, when the Cabildos de Españoles elected a new Jefe Supremo , it belonged to José Dionisio de la Trinidad de Herrera y Díaz del Valle .

In April 1835 Nicolás Espinoza re-founded the Intendencia General de la Hacienda, the Ministry of Finance, the old one was no longer creditworthy. In May 1835, Nicolás Espinoza founded Juntas de Beneficencia ( Welfare Committees ) and established a system of criminal courts throughout the province of El Salvador.

In 1835 Morazán had moved the government of the Central American Republic to San Salvador. Escolán had moved the provincial government seat of the provincial government from San Salvador to Ciudad San Vicente in his first, short term of office . Since the terms San Salvador and El Salvador were used synonymously at that time, the parliament decided on May 22, 1835 to call El Salvador Cuscatlán in the future . But since there is a city with the same name, this did not lead to unambiguous place names either .

By decree, Espinoza decreed that the Diudad de Santa Ana be the capital of a depto. de Sonsonate , which he hived off from the Partido de Metapán . With the decree of May 7, 1835, he re-established the General Staff of the Province of El Salvador. The predecessor had been beaten in a dispute with the central government. He separated the military command of the Departamentos from the Cabildos de Españoles, with which he wanted to secure a right of penetration.

Real estate traffic

On January 27, 1825, the government of the Central American Confederation issued a decree privatizing the tierras baldías o realengos , which also included the ejidos . On June 17, 1835, Espinoza signed a decree annulling the privatization of the ejidos. Expropriations of the Cabildos through lease or debt agreements should be reversed. The farmers should own their crops and pay a canon (rent) to the Cabildos for land use . Farmers who did not pay the lease should return their land and would have been entitled to compensation for the fruit. The legislation governing property transactions did not differentiate between ejidos of the municipality and common land . According to the colonial tradition, the Municipios administered by the Cabildos were undivided communal property. In accordance with this legal conception, the expulsion of farmers and the evacuation of property were a right which only existing lease or rental contracts would oppose.

Espinoza encouraged indigenous communities to vote in local elections to break the dominance of the Cabildos de Españoles.

José Francisco Morazán Quezada had Espinoza replaced by Francisco Gómez de Altamirano y de Elizondo and accused him of conspiracy with the indigenous people.

His decrees had only been implemented in a few places. Espinoza was charged with conspiring with the indigenous people from central El Salvador and with their allies in Guatemala to overthrow the government of the Central American Confederation and to want to establish an Indian republic. He would have managed to channel the indigenous people's deeply rooted ethnic prejudices in order to gain their support. Their goal was to destroy the confederation in El Salvador and Guatemala and to establish a more centralized, stronger state, an alliance with the indigenous people from Los Altos , Chiquimula and Quetzaltenango . The US Chargé d'affaires for Central America , Charles G. De Witt, refers to him as an Indian - a cunning and well-educated (an Indian, a cunning and well-educated ).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ en: Hubert Howe Bancroft HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA
2. ↑ en: Charles G. DeWitt
3. ^ Aldo Lauria-Santiago Agrarian Republic: Commercial Agriculture and the Politics of Peasant Communities in El Salvador, 1823-1914 , Univ of Pittsburgh Press, 1999, 326 pages, p.109

predecessor	Office	successor
Juan Argüello del Castillo y Guzmán	Jefe Supremo of the Province of Nicaragua April 1829-12. May 1830	José Dionisio de la Trinidad de Herrera y Díaz del Valle

predecessor	Office	successor
Junta from Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera and José Dionisio de la Trinidad de Herrera y Díaz del Valle	Jefe Supremo of the Province of El Salvador April 10, 1835–15. November 1835	Francisco Gomez de Altamirano y de Elizondo