Nyatura

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The Nyatura (from the Kinyarwanda , the meaning is described as “hard pressure” or “we crush and uproot the so-called locals” ), also Maï-Maï Nyatura , are an armed group founded in 2010, which operates in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , originally mainly in the Kalehe Territory of South Kivu Province , since 2011 in particular in the Masisi Territory , North Kivu Province , where they were concentrated in September 2012. Most of them are Hutu and have been held responsible for some human rights violations. Cooperations are known, among others, with the FDLR , a group also consisting mainly of Hutu, some of which were involved in the genocide in Rwanda , and the Congolese government army FARDC . In the fall of 2012, some Nyatura forces were integrated into the FARDC, but reports of acts of violence by the Nyatura not associated with the government army continued.

From the foundation to the expansion in Masisi

The Nyatura were founded in Lumbishi , a place in the Kalehe Territory in South Kivu, under "Colonel" Karume (or Kalume) in late 2010 as a result of land conflicts between Hutu and Tutsi by Congolese Hutu . A large number of the members come from the Maï-Maï group Patriotes résistants congolais (PARECO), which was integrated into the government army FARDC by the agreement of March 23, 2009 - they are deserters from the government army or those who remained with the integration. In a press conference of MONUSCO , the UN mission in the Congo, deserted police officers were named as members of the Nyatura.

From July 24 to 26, 2011, the FARDC government army operated against the Nyatura in Numbi and Ziralo (both Kalehe, South Kivu). On September 17, founder Karume was arrested in a FARDC operation in Lumbishi. Three days later, Shanjes and Lumbishis searched for other members. In the weeks before, MONUSCO reported on the activities of the Nyatura in Kalehe, on September 2nd an operation by the FARDC against the Nyatura at Lumbishi and Numbi had already started.

In a press conference on November 2, 2011, MONUSCO announced that, according to a secret service report, the Nyatura had split up: they were to operate under the same name in South Kivu and under the name Balinda Amani (translated as Guardian of Peace ) in North Kivu. According to this, an officer of the FDLR trained Nyatura forces. In any case, since 2012 at the latest there have been activities of the Nyatura in Masisi, North Kivu. The International Crisis Group sees this as a reaction to the formation of the Front de défense du Congo (FDC), a group mainly composed of members of the Dog and Nyanga ethnic groups and led by a former officer of the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), in late 2011 .

Taxes

The Nyatura - like other armed groups in eastern Congo - collect taxes from Masisi's civilian population. Oxfam cited reports from Masisi in a November 2012 publication that the Nyatura there charged 1000 Congolese francs (about US $ 1) to anyone entering their fields.

Activities until September 2012 and cooperation with the FDLR

In February 2012, MONUSCO reported further activities of Nyatura in Kalehe. During this time, in addition to fighting with the FARDC, there were also attacks on civilians with several dead, sometimes in cooperation with the FDLR.

According to MONUSCO, the Nyatura and the FDLR killed six people near Remeka in the south of Masisi on the night of June 7th to 8th, 2012. There were also clashes with the FARDC in Masisi that June.

In June 2012, the Nyatura and the FDLR took action in South Kivu against the Raïa Mutomboki , another comparatively large armed organization that describes itself as a self-defense group, and the FDC allied with them. Several people died in such fighting on June 15. The appearance of the Raïa Mutomboki in the Ziralo area was seen by parts of the local civilian population as the cause of the alliance between the FDLR and Nyatura. A Nyatura officer named protecting their families from the Raïa Mutomboki as a motivation for their activities. Furthermore, according to Radio Okapi, FDLR and Nyatura attacked fighters of the so-called Maï-Maï Kirikicho on June 10 in the village of Matusila in the region of Ziralo , killing a woman and taking around 35 hostages.

On June 19, 2012, the FARDC arrested Nyatura number 2 near Bunyakiri in Kalehe. The arrests were followed by an attack on the airport in Bukavu , Kavumu on June 23, which was repulsed by MONUSCO.

Fighting with the Raïa Mutomboki near Ngungu in the south of Masisi on the night of July 22, 2012 resulted in 12 deaths.

In July 2012 there were further confrontations between FDLR, Nyatura and Raïa Mutomboki , and others in South Kivu . a. the Raïa Mutomboki attacked the FDLR and Nyatura near Lumbishi on July 19. There were also looting and killing of seven people in Nyaluchangi , Kalehe, by the alliance on the weekend of May 14-15 . July.

In the south of Masisi there was fighting between the Nyatura and the FDC in August / September 2012, as well as between the FDLR and the FDC. In a press conference on September 12, MONUSCO named Raïa Mutomboki and FDC as allies who fought together against the allies FDLR and Nyatura in North Kivu.

Between April and September 2012, the United Nations Joint Human Rights Office ( UNHJRO ) reported 18 arbitrary killings by FDLR and Nyatura in Masisi, mainly of ethnic Tembo, but a large proportion of the 264 killings recorded during this period were attributed to the Raïa Mutomboki .

In the area of ​​Ziralo, more precisely Bundje , in Kalehe, according to MONUSCO, the Nyatura killed six Tembo between August 22 and 25, 2012. In Kalehe and Mwenga , South Kivu, fighting broke out in September between Raïa Mutomboki and Nyatura, partly together with the FDLR, and hundreds of households were abandoned as a result.

Cooperation with and integration into the government army

In a report from August 18, 2012, Radio Okapi appealed to members of the FARDC that it was impossible for them to bring the situation in Masisi with its 1200 soldiers stationed there under control.

On September 27, representatives of the Nyatura, along with those of the Alliance des Patriotes pour un Congo Libre et Souverain (APCLS), which also cooperates with the FDLR, and the warring FDC, announced their will to be integrated into the government army, FARDC.

On October 24th, a report by Radio Okapi announced the integration of around 1000 Nyatura fighters. The integration will be monitored by the État-major général (roughly General Staff ) of the FARDC with the support of MONUSCO. The leader of the Nyatura at that time was "Colonel" Habarugira Marcel , who also headed the efforts for integration.

On November 13, 2012, the integration of further individuals from Nyatura in South Kivu was announced who had surrendered. Of the groups whose integration was announced in September, only about 400 Nyatura fighters had been integrated by November 2012. According to MONUSCO estimates, in November 2012 the Nyatura consisted of around 1000–1500 fighters, including those to be integrated. The Group of Experts for the Democratic Republic of the Congo , a UN body, described the integration of Nyatura as completed in October 2012 ("completed").

In January 2013, the Rwandan military spokesman Joseph Nzabamwita told the Rwandan newspaper The New Times that the Congolese government was giving the FDLR targeted freedom and promoting its cooperation with the Nyatura as a strategy against the M23.

The commander of the Congolese army, Major General Gabriel Amisi Kumba , second in command of the FARDC, was suspended on November 22, 2012 for allegedly delivering the Nyatura 300 AK-47 assault rifles, as previously claimed in a report by the said Group of Experts was. According to the same report dated November 14, 2012, during attacks by the Raïa Mutomboki in Masisi in late August / early September 2012, Kumba and other army officers issued orders to cooperate with the Nyatura in cracking down on the Raïa Mutomboki . As part of such cooperation, informal discussions about integration have already taken place.

Further activities since autumn 2012

Activities in Masisi

The International Crisis Group named a "Commander" Delta as the leader of the Nyatura in a report dated October 4, 2012 . In October 2012, MONUSCO reported further fighting by the Nyatura together with the FDLR against the Raïa Mutomboki in the south of Masisi.

During the March 23 (M23) Movement offensive in November 2012, which received international attention, fighting by the Nyatura also took place. Before the M23 consumed sake (masisi) on November 21, fighting between M23 and Nyatura had taken place in the area. From there, the M23 didn't advance much. After diplomatic pressure, the M23 withdrew from the city on November 30, a Friday. The next day the Nyatura took control of the city, which was supposed to be handed over to forces of the International Conference of the Great Lakes of Africa . However, forces from the government army arrived in sake that same weekend.

The non-state Réseau National des ONGs des Droits de l'Homme de la République Démocratique du Congo (RENADHOC), however, stated in a report on December 4, 2012 that the Nyatura, like Raïa Mutomboki and Maï-Maï Cheka with the M23, were during cooperated on their offensive.

On 3 or 4 November (sources differ) Nyatura are in Shoa (Masisi) six or seven women and girls, to the dogs counting, raped and murdered, who were in search of food. Depending on the source, there are four women and two children, three adult women, two girls and a female baby, or six women and a baby. They were mutilated and found with objects inserted into their genitals. This was preceded by arson in the area by the Nyatura and the killing of several dogs in the previous days. On November 11, the FDC, which is largely made up of dogs, burned villages in the area, killing a Hutu. On November 12th, armed Hutu dog villages burned down.

On the night of November 29th, members of the Nyatura attacked the village of Kihuma , killing five ethnic dogs. In retaliation, dogs killed eleven Hutu on the same day, five of which, according to the Jesuit Refugee Service, probably belonged to the Nyatura. More Hutu killings occurred in the days that followed.

According to MONUSCO, at the end of November there were also clashes with the APCLS, which also largely consists of dogs, near Bonde , Masisi.

The OCHA said in a report dated 6 December 2012 from "grave human rights violations" ( Engl. For, serious violations of human rights') of Nyatura at the dog population in Masisi.

On December 18 and December 27, according to an official in Masisi, meetings between Nyatura, Raïa Mutomboki , APCLS and other groups were supposed to have taken place in which a ceasefire and an alliance had been negotiated, which was negotiated by APCLS leader Janvier Buingo Karairi should be headed.

On February 5, a non-aggression pact to end ethnic violence between Hutu and dogs was signed in Masisi by a group identified with the Nyatura called Forces pour la défense des droits humains (FDDH), the APCLS, the Raïa Mutomboki and other groups (according to Radio Okapi with the Mouvement d'action pour le changement (MAC) and "a branch of deserters of the FARDC", according to the Jesuit Refugee Service the FDC were also represented at the meeting). A certain "Kapoki" was given as the leader of the Nyatura. The signatories are said to have formed an alliance called Alliance des patriotes contre la balkanisation du Congo (APCBCO) (under the same name an alleged alliance of militias had already criticized the government's negotiations with the M23 in December 2012) - under the command of Karairis by Kapoke and a Raïa Mutomboki guide named "Bwira". According to MONUSCO, the alliance was formed from APCLS, Nyatura, Raïa Mutomboki , MAC and groups called "Forces de défense congolaise Nyamboko I" and "Nyamboko II" .

The Nyatura in Masisi are said to have split into two factions on February 7th due to a disagreement regarding the collection of taxes from the local population. On February 11th there was a confrontation between the two in Ketire , during which the faction under a certain "Kasongo" is said to have prevented the faction led by a certain "Noeri" from taking relief supplies from the population from the Red Cross .

Activities in Rutshuru in early 2013

According to a report from the February 5, 2013 fighters took the Nyatura in the days before two of Nyamilima , a place in the territory of Rutshuru in North Kivu, native people also belong to Rutshuru Kisharo temporarily hostage and stole it from. From 7 to 17 February, the unidentified led by Hutu and allied with the Nyatura or with them controlled Mouvement populaire d'autodéfense (MPA) the place Nyamilima until the Maï-Maï Shetani which is primarily from Nande composed , were displaced. According to MONUSCO, 15 MPA / Nyatura members and one of the Maï-Maï Shetani died in the attack by the Maï-Maï Shetani on the Nyatura camp on February 17 . The FARDC forces stationed 10 km away did not interfere in the event.

The split in the movement March 23rd at the end of February 2013 allegedly used the Nyatura or MPA along with other armed groups to expand their sphere of influence in Rutshuru territory. Most important positions were occupied shortly afterwards by the M23 without a fight.

According to Ugandan media reports on April 10, Nyatura forces allegedly attacked the Ugandan village of Kasenyi in the Kanungu district east of Nyamilima, some 20 km from the Congolese border . According to a Ugandan military, this was the first occurrence of the Nyatura in Uganda.

Gunmen , allegedly Nyatura supporters, killed six people and five cattle in the city ​​of Rutshuru on April 22. The armed men are said to have attacked M23 positions. A spokesman for the group Forces pour la défense des intérêts du peuple congolais, however, attributed the killings to the M23 and denied the presence of the Nyatura in the city and its surroundings.

Results in South Kivu

According to the government army, between March 12 and March 27, more than 170 Nyatura fighters surrendered in the 10th militaire region (South Kivu). According to one of their press conferences on March 16, MONUSCO also surrendered a child armed with an AK-47 in Minova (Kalehe Territory). On March 31, the FARDC surrendered to the FARDC according to MONUSCO in Makengere (also located in the north of Kalehes) another 22 forces of the Nyatura.

Cooperation with Munyamariba

Nyunga Munyamariba was viewed as the leader of the Nyatura in massacres of dogs in November 2012 by the regional non-governmental organizations Agir pour des Elections Transparentes et Apaiséss (AETA) and RENADHOC. Munyamariba was at that time Chef de poste d'encadrement administratif of Mianja (Masisi). He was the leader of the Maï-Maï Mongol (Mongoles) . He and this group had been held responsible for violence against dogs on several occasions. Munyamariba was named by the Jesuit Refugee Service as police chief of Lushebere in the context of the agreement of February 5, 2013 .

Collaboration with the Konjonjo

On October 2, 2012, Radio Okapi reported a road block at Lushebere in the Masisi Territory on a route from the provincial capital Goma to the territorial capital Masisi ( route provinciale 529 ) , with which the Nyuatura, in cooperation with the Konjonjo , another armed group, dogs the passage denied. The Masisi administration confirms the incident. The groups accused members of the dog ethnicity of attacking Hutu refugees.

Web links

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ Taylor Toeka Kakala: RD Congo: La ferme de Lushebere pasteurise le lait au Nord-Kivu. (No longer available online.) Inter Press Service , October 17, 2012, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 23, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ips.org  
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  7. ↑ a b c Report of the United Nations Joint Human Rights Office on Human Rights Violations Perpetrated by Armed Groups during Attacks on Villages in Ufamandu I and II, Nyamaboko I and II and Kibabi Groupements , Masisi Territory, North Kivu Province, between April and September 2012. (PDF; 578 kB) (No longer available online.) MONUSCO and OHCHR , November 2012, archived from the original on March 25, 2013 ; Retrieved December 24, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ohchr.org
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