Movement March 23rd

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The North Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the main combat area of ​​the M23

The March 23 Movement ( French Mouvement du 23-Mars , M23 ) is a rebel group in North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The group was formed in April 2012 from former members of the rebel group National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), which was dissolved in 2009 . The CNDP was integrated into the Congolese armed forces FARDC at the end of the Third Congo War in 2009 after its leader Laurent Nkunda was arrested in Rwanda in 2008 . The members of the M23 accuse the Congolese government of not adhering to the agreements made in the 2009 peace treaty. The name “March 23rd Movement” also refers to this event, as the treaty that led to integration into the Congolese armed forces was signed on March 23rd.

In November 2012, fighting between the rebel group and the Congolese army escalated. As a result, the M23 military arm, the Armée Révolutionnaire du Congo (ARC for short, under this name since October 20, 2012, also Armée Révolutionnaire Congolaise ), the eastern Congolese provincial capital Goma . After the withdrawal from Goma, negotiations began with the Congolese government, some of which were interrupted by fighting and resumed. Until November 2013, the group controlled parts of North Kivu , particularly Rutshurus , near the border with Uganda . The M23 had its own administration, which was run from Bunagana . The largest city controlled by the M23 for a long time was Rutshuru .

The ARC is under the leadership of Sultani Makenga , who has been in command of the M23 since it was founded. From October 20, 2012, the “President” of the M23, the civil administration, was previously the “Political Coordinator” - the Bishop and former member of the National Congress for the Defense of the People, Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero . At the end of February 2013, however, there was a split and break between Makenga and Lugerero. The Baudouin Ngaruyes and Lugereros faction were defeated in the following dispute. On March 7, 2013, Bertrand Bisimwa was elected as the new President. On November 5, 2013, the Congolese government announced that the rebels had been driven from their last strongholds. The defeat was admitted in a notice signed by Bisimwa.

background

The background to this is the ongoing conflict in the region between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups , which led to the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 . During the 100-day massacre, members of the Hutu ethnic group murdered between 800,000 and a million people, mainly Tutsi people. After the conquest of Rwanda by the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front under Paul Kagame , the current President of the Republic of Rwanda, more than a million people, mostly Hutu, fled Rwanda to Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to estimates, up to 100,000 people were among the refugees who were partly responsible for the genocide ( Génocidaire ), the majority of whom were still equipped members of the Rwandan Army Forces Armées Rwandaises (FAR) and the Interahamwe who were involved in the genocide . According to witnesses, the escape of a large number of Génocidaires took place under the protection of French armed forces as part of the Opération Turquoise .

The armed refugees reconstituted themselves after 1994 in North Kivu and allied themselves with the Congolese Hutu. As a result, there were attacks on the Congolese Tutsi ( Banyamulenge ), which led to the displacement of up to 500,000 Tutsi by 1996. Since the central government of Zaire was unable to intervene, local Tutsi militias formed, which were supported from Rwanda. This led to the First Congo War , during which the Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Liberation du Congo (AFDL) conquered the Congolese capital with support from Rwanda and Uganda and in 1997 Laurent-Désiré Kabila declared himself the new President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .

Kabila granted Rwanda and Uganda important government posts as well as troop presence in the eastern parts of the country, as he did not have his own power base. This led to further internal conflicts and the separation of Kabila from Rwandan support, which, as a counter-reaction, led to the establishment of the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie supported by Rwanda . Kabila was only able to avert its advance on Kinshasa and its own fall through military support from Zimbabwe , Angola and Namibia . The following Second Congo War (also known as the "African World War") lasted from 1998 to 2003 and, according to projections, claimed up to three million deaths. The 2002 peace treaty provided for the withdrawal of all foreign troops, but left behind a large number of local rebel groups, mostly in the Kivu provinces in the east. This also included the inner core of the former génocidaires, which were reorganized as Forces Démocratiques de Liberation du Rwanda (FDLR), as well as various Maï-Maï groups .

To protect the Banyamulenge against these rebel groups - especially against the Génocidaires of the FDLR - and marauding members of the Congolese armed forces, the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP) was founded under Laurent Nkunda . After various incidents, there was an escalation in 2006, the Third Congo War , during which the CNDP fought at different times with the desolate troops of the regular army, troops of the UN peace mission MONUC and various rebel groups. After several unsuccessful attempts at a ceasefire, Nkunda called for the overthrow of President Joseph Kabila in 2008 and quickly captured important cities during a subsequent offensive. Nkunda refrained from conquering Goma and organized new negotiations to solve the FDLR problem. In January 2009, Bosco Ntaganda , hitherto a high-ranking general under Nkunda, declared him deposed, declared the war over and announced the integration of the CNDP and PARECO soldiers into the Congolese armed forces (FARDC). A peace treaty signed on March 23, 2009 guaranteed the planned integration and gave the CNDP the status of a political party.

According to estimates by the UNHCR , between April and November 2012 around 475,000 people in eastern Congo became internally displaced and another 75,000 fled to the neighboring states of Uganda and Rwanda.

Political environment between peace treaty and secession

Bosco Ntaganda received the rank of general and until the end of 2011 directed virtually all operations of the troops in the provinces of North and South Kivu. Due to his influence he was able to fill important positions in the FARDC with loyal former CNDP and PARECO officers and to station loyal troops in strategically important positions. At the same time, there was a rapprochement with rival former groups of the CNDP under Colonel Sultani Makenga . During the 2011 presidential election , Ntaganda supported President Kabila in the hope that former CNDP members would also hold public office. In UN reports, Ntaganda is accused of massive election fraud and the use of troops to manipulate elections.

After the controversial elections, Joseph Kabila was sworn in for another term in December 2011. In early 2012 the government in Kinshasa announced a military reform of the FARDC, which also aimed to weaken the influence of the former CNDP. At the same time, international pressure increased on Kinshasa to extradite General Bosco Ntaganda to the International Criminal Court. At a meeting in March 2012 in Kinshasa, it was announced that Colonel Innocent Gahizi would take over the command of the armed forces in North and South Kivu from Ntaganda.

Spin-off and foundation of M23

The group emerged in April 2012 from a rebellion by former CNDP and PARECO members within the FARDC armed forces, who accused the government in Kinshasa of provocation, discrimination and mistreatment. The insurgents named themselves after the date of the peace treaty of March 23, 2009 and called for the agreement to be reinstated. According to estimates, more than 1,000 soldiers are said to have joined the new group in the first few weeks. From April 24, fighting began between the M23 and the FARDC. On May 6, a CNDP announcement was made announcing the establishment of the M23 and the assumption of command and authority over all officers by Colonel Sultani Makenga. The M23 allied itself with other rebel organizations such as the Nduma Defense for Goma (NDC) and the Forces de défense congolaise (FDC), which also began attacks on FARDC troops. Rival rebel groups such as the FDLR, APCLS and Maï-Maï -Yakutumba also used the FARDC's troop relocations to take up positions abandoned by the armed forces.

On August 17, 2012, the M23 rebels decided on a new political structure, with departments corresponding to the ministries of a government cabinet. Bishop Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero became president and Makenga became commander-in-chief of the military.

Composition and Relationships

M23 troops in Bunagana in July 2012

Information about the size of the movement differ. In November 2012, the UN mission MONUSCO estimated the strength at around 2000 men, while in mid-May it was still around 600 men. According to information from the British magazine The Daily Telegraph , the number was a maximum of 2500 in November. A report by OCHA stated an estimate of 1500 to 2500. The Group of Experts for the Democratic Republic of the Congo , a UN body that had been set up to monitor the situation in the Congo for the United Nations Security Council , estimated the number at 1250 in October, with at least 250 since it was founded Child soldiers have been recruited. Human Rights Watch said there were at least 137 documented forced recruits between July and early September 2012, with at least 7 recruits under the age of 15. 33 new recruits were killed as a result of attempted escape. On August 7, 2012, MONUSCO spoke of over 100 documented forced recruitments since it was founded in April, with 24 children being recruited.

The members of the M23 are mostly Hutu and Tutsi, with Tutsi dominating at the highest level. Other ethnic groups are represented to a lesser extent. According to statements by the chairman of MONUSCO Roger Meece from November 2012, there is no ethnic group or “community” that stands united behind the M23. It is believed that the M23 is cooperating with various local armed groups, including the Raïa Mutomboki . In individual cases, M23 forces also cooperated informally with forces from the government army, FARDC.

UN report on Rwanda's position

In June 2012 the Group of Experts for the Democratic Republic of the Congo presented an interim report on the situation, in which detailed reports were made about the development of the situation and the formation of the M23. Details of the report became known even before the official publication. The press speculated that the government of Rwanda was supporting the M23 rebels. There was also speculation that the US blocked the report in the Security Council.

At the end of July, the commission of experts published an appendix to the actual report, which explicitly deals with the violation of the arms embargo and the participation in the construction of the M23 by the Republic of Rwanda. Although his government denied any support for the M23 and explained and denied the allegations made in the report in detail, several countries such as the USA, the Netherlands , Great Britain and Germany withheld planned aid payments to Rwanda as a result of the report .

Similar allegations exist against the Ugandan state. Both Rwanda and Uganda and the M23 themselves deny all of these allegations. In Rwandan media, for example in articles in the major newspaper The New Times , Steve Hege, chairman of the Group of Experts , was accused of revising the history of the genocide in Rwanda and defending the FDLR .

On November 12, 2012, the UN Security Council imposed a worldwide travel ban for Sultani Makenga and a freeze on his assets. The following day, took Office of Foreign Assets Control of the US Treasury Sultani Makenga to its list of Specially Designated Nationals , making US citizens any transactions are prohibited with him. Both blamed him for recruiting child soldiers and violating arms embargoes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Similar measures were decided on November 30, 2010 for the two M23 commanders Innocent Kaina and Baudouin Ngaruye, which had already been mentioned in resolution 2076 of November 20.

Escalation in November 2012

Taking Gomas and the surrounding area

Goma on the banks of Lake Kivu
M23 fighters in Goma

In July 2012, the rebels, led by Sultani Makenga, took some places north of the provincial capital Goma . Negotiations offered by Makengas were rejected by President Joseph Kabila's government. However, a de facto ceasefire has existed since then. In November 2012 the fighting between government forces and the M23 rebels escalated. On November 20, the rebels, led by Sultani Makenga, captured the provincial capital Goma against the Congolese army after a five-day offensive. The 1400 soldiers of the UN peacekeeping force of the Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo (MONUSCO) stationed in Goma let the rebels pass unhindered. This was justified with a limited mandate. The United Nations accuses the rebels of serious human rights violations in the captured city. a. Women and children have been abducted. On the same day, the UN Security Council unanimously passed resolution 2076, in which u. a. the rebels were called to withdraw from Goma, to disarm and to dissolve. In addition, a travel ban was imposed on the rebel leadership and their assets were frozen. The two countries Rwanda and Uganda, which deny support for the rebels, were not named, only references to outside support were mentioned. The resolution of the UN Security Council also mentions large-scale recruitment of child soldiers by the M23 and sexual violence emanating from them. On November 21, the rebels announced that they would take the city of Bukavu and the capital Kinshasa .

On November 20, Joseph Kabila met for the first time with Uganda's Prime Minister Yoweri Museveni and Rwanda's President Paul Kagame . Kabila agreed to “examine” the demands of the rebels for a national conference on the country's political future. On November 24th, a conference took place in Kampala, Uganda , at which ten African states discussed the resolution of the conflict in the Congo. While the Congolese President Kabila was arriving, Rwanda's President Kagame announced without giving any reason that he would be represented by his Foreign Minister Louise Mushikiwabo . Representatives of Uganda had previously assured that both heads of state would attend, otherwise the conference would be "meaningless". Through the mediation of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) it was agreed to withdraw to a distance of 20 km from Goma. Only then will the Congolese government negotiate with the rebels. The decision of the ICGLR allowed the M23 to remain in areas of Kivu that it had controlled for some time. The MONUSCO should take over the security of neutral areas between Goma and positions of the rebels. If, on the other hand, no withdrawal is successful, a regional force will intervene militarily. The final declaration includes a total of ten demands on the M23. Before the ultimatum expired, Kabila and rebel representatives met for the first time.

Reaction after the ICGLR negotiations

After the ultimatum had expired, the President of the M23 Jean-Marie Runiga commented on the demand on the morning of November 27th: He promised a withdrawal from Goma and the town of Sake, which is close to the front , but stated that such a withdrawal was only the result of negotiations, but could not be a prerequisite for negotiations, and tied it, among other things, to the release of political prisoners including Étienne Tshisekedis , who had been suspected of being under unofficial house arrest . On the morning of that day, M23 positions were reportedly attacked by both the FDLR and government forces. On the same day, Sultani Makenga , the chairman of the military arm, reported that the rebels were already beginning to withdraw from the Masisi Mountains west of Goma.

In Resolution 2078 , adopted on November 28 , the UN Security Council reiterated some of its calls and decided to extend measures on travel bans and the prevention of certain arms imports and certain financial transactions, which go back to 2008 resolutions.

Members of the M23 leaving Goma

On that day, the transport of equipment from Goma to Rushuru started . The following day this was confirmed by several spokespersons, Sake would leave on November 29 and Goma on November 30, but the President's conditions were reiterated on the M23 website. This deadline was not met. After it had been announced that the withdrawal would be delayed until December 1, it appeared uncertain whether the withdrawal from Goma and Sake would take place by then, given reports of partial non-acceptance of the withdrawal within the troops. M23 representatives accused the UN troops of MONUSCO of delaying the withdrawal by preventing the removal of material from a weapons depot of the government army FARDC. About 1,000 ARC fighters withdrew from Sake on November 30th. The headquarters of the M23 are to be relocated from Goma to Kibumba , 30 km away . The following day the withdrawal from Goma began with a military parade. A border post was handed over to the Police Nationale Congolaise , further positions also to MONUSCO, forces from the previously occupied central bank and forces from the ICGLR. 100 members of the M23 are to remain at the international airport of Goma in order to manage it together with as many soldiers from the FARDC and once again as many Tanzanian soldiers on behalf of the ICGLR. The withdrawal appears to have ended on the same day. On December 3, 2012, parts of the province's administration resumed their work. The first FARDC troops also reached Goma that day.

Effects of ingestion and withdrawal on the security situation

The Kanyaruchinya refugee camp north of Goma, which housed around 30,000 internally displaced persons , also previously as a result of M23 activities, was emptied on November 19, 2012, and the refugees continued to flee to Goma. When the fighting reached Sake , a large part of the population fled in the direction of Goma. The number of refugees in the Mugunga refugee camp west of Goma was estimated at around 50,000.

The capture of Goma was associated with a breakdown in the electricity and water supply as a result of the power lines being cut by the withdrawing FARDC. In addition, there was a successful prison riot in which an estimated several thousand inmates escaped as a result of the security forces fleeing the prison. The ingestion also led to severe restrictions on the economy and increased food prices.

In the days following the capture of Goma, UN staff and journalists u. a. of rape and arbitrary killings by retreating FARDC forces. The M23 was accused of systematically pillaging Goma. Some local and international voices also feared that the security situation in Goma would worsen if the ARC withdrew. On November 30th, 300 police officers arrived in Goma to provide security after the withdrawal. The M23 was also suspected of planning to remain partly in civilian clothes in Goma after the withdrawal, or to hide in the surrounding forests in order to be able to take Goma again if the opportunity arises.

Sake was taken over by fighters of the Nyatura on December 1, 2012 after the ARC withdrew , while no government troops of the FARDC appeared to be present there. The night after the M23 withdrew from Goma, the Mugunga 3 refugee camp there was attacked by armed men. There was looting. Members of the M23 are accused of raping six women in the camp that night.

Role of Rwanda and Uganda

In a letter dated November 26, 2012, the Group of Experts for the Democratic Republic of the Congo reiterated assumptions about the influences of Rwanda and Uganda. The M23 was supported in its military operations by the Rwandan Army, the Rwandan Defense Forces (RDF) , on November 17, three days before the capture of Goma, more than 1,000 RDF soldiers had the M23 fighting over Kibumba in Congolese State territory supported. The Rwandan general Emmanuel Ruvusha led the offensive against Goma together with Sultani Makenga . The letter refers to officers of the Congolese government troops and former commanders of the RDF and also lists similarities in uniforms between M23 troops and the RDF. According to statements by Congolese officers, Ugandan armed forces contributed to securing the hinterland around Rutshuru controlled by the M23 during the M23 offensive . The letter also mentions logistical support from the Ugandan side.

In a report in the British newspaper The Guardian , the withdrawal from Goma was linked to the reluctance of British development aid to Rwanda that had been decided the previous day.

Diplomatic situation

Francois Olenga Tete , Lieutenant General of the FARDC and leader of the army, stated while Goma was still in the hands of the M23 that he thought negotiations were useless and that he would try to ensure that fighting against the ARC would continue for peace to reach. Other members of the army feared that integration would reward disloyalty. On the day of the withdrawal on December 1, 2012, however, the Communications and Media Minister Lambert Mende Omalanga confirmed that President Kabila was now ready to negotiate after the withdrawal. Michael Amoah from the London School of Economics and Political Science suspected that the M23 would like (re) integration into the regular armed forces of the FARDC, on an equal footing with the other soldiers and stationed in the Goma region, while the Congolese government is reluctant to join regional restriction and would rather use the forces throughout the Congo.

Negotiations from December 2012

On December 7, 2012 negotiations between representatives of the M23, the government and other agencies in Kampala, Uganda, were to begin. However, the beginning was delayed with the arrival of the M23 representatives. While parts of the parliamentary opposition in the Congo are to be included in the negotiations, with two representatives taking part while observing them, other groups have declared that they will not accept them. The latter criticized that the negotiations were not based on any legal basis. The group femmes partisanes de la paix criticized the lack of representation of victims from the region, especially women.

Negotiations started on December 9th at the Munyonyo Conference Center under the leadership of the Ugandan Defense Minister and representative of the ICGLR Crispus Kiyonga . The delegation of the Congolese government was headed by Foreign Minister Raymond Tshibanda , while the M23 was headed by her Exécutif Secretary François Rucogoza . In the fifth round of negotiations on December 19, negotiations were broken off due to disagreement over the signing of a formal armistice, which the M23 made a basic requirement for further negotiations. However, the representatives of the Congolese government stated that such a ceasefire should be discussed at the level of the mécanisme conjoint de vérification de la frontière (Joint Facility for Border Control) established by the ICGLR in Goma in September . A seventh round of negotiations took place on December 21; Negotiations were then suspended, but should continue on January 4, 2013.

On January 4th, delegations from the Congolese government and the M23 actually arrived in Kampala. However, the M23's demand for a ceasefire was upheld and talks with the M23 were refused by the Congolese side. On January 8, in Kampala, Rucogoza declared a unilateral ceasefire and readiness to continue negotiations without the Congolese side having signed a ceasefire. This was followed by a continuation of the negotiations on January 11th.

On February 24, 2013, the daily newspaper reported Runiga Lugerero's criticism of the negotiations: of the 82 M23 demands in Kampala, only 3 were recognized as legitimate by the Congolese government.

International measures

Tanzania , Mozambique and South Africa intended to send 4,000 soldiers to eastern Congo within the framework of SADC by December 2012 at the latest, which might have been affiliated to MONUSCO . According to other plans that have existed since the end of January 2013 at the latest, MONUSCO should receive a 2500-strong "reaction force". What the plans had in common was a planned mandate that was supposed to enable an offensive fight against the M23. Since the end of November 2012 at the latest, there have been plans to equip MONUSCO with unarmed drones to monitor the situation, especially movements across national borders. Despite previous objections from Russia, China and Rwanda, the UN Security Council issued a letter on January 22nd expressing its approval of such a drone deployment. The day before, the Rwandan President Paul Kagame had announced his support for the project.

At a meeting at the African Union in Addis Ababa on February 24, 2013, the heads of state or their representatives from 11 states in the region, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda, as well as UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as witnesses , signed the Commission President of the African Union Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma and SADC President Armando Emílio Guebuza one related to the situation in eastern Congo framework Agreement, according to its own term for "peace, security and cooperation" ( "  accord-cadre pour la paix, la sécurité et la coopération  » ), with which the respective states declared that they would respect their borders and not support armed groups. The agreement is seen as a possible further initiation of the deployment of an intervention force to combat the M23 militarily. The purely intergovernmental agreement came about without involving the M23 or other armed or civil society groups. The journalist Dominic Johnson assessed this step in such a way that the negotiations in Kampala would have lost their value.

Split at the end of February 2013

On the night of February 24th to 25th 2013, fighting broke out in the city of Rutshuru between forces devoted to Sultani Makenga and those who were the "General" Baudoin Ngaruye of the ARC, the military arm of the M23, who is the second highest military after Makenga . were subject. The fighting claimed about ten dead. Ngaruye is considered a supporter of Bosco Ntaganda .

On February 27, 2013, Sultani Makenga declared President Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero deposed. He accused Lugerero of political ineptitude and embezzlement, as well as collaborating with Ntaganda. Ngaruye is on Runiga Lugerero's side. Runiga Lugerero, for his part, declared Makenga deposed.

On March 1, fighting broke out again between the two factions of the M23, claiming an estimated dozen lives. At that time the Makengas faction controlled the previous seat of the civil administration of the M23, Bunagana . The Runigas and Ngaruye faction controlled areas further south, closer to Goma, including the city of Kibumba , where Ntaganda was rumored to have stayed at the time, rumors denied by the military. The M23 withdrew from the major cities of Rutshuru and Kiwanja . Other armed groups, presumably the FDLR , the Maï-Maï Shetani and the Nyatura (or the Mouvement populaire d'autodéfense (MPA) identified with the latter ) took advantage of this situation and invaded the area previously controlled by the M23 in front. This led to numerous looting by forces of such armed groups against the civilian population of Rutshuru. There were large movements of refugees from Rutshuru and Bunagana, from there in particular towards the nearby Ugandan border. According to estimates by the Ugandan Red Cross , around 4000 refugees fled to Uganda on February 28th alone. As a result of the abandonment of M23 locations, ten dead in fighting between Maï-Maï Shetani and MPA.

From the evening of March 1, the FARDC government army also invaded Rutshuru territory in order to expand its sphere of influence over the abandoned M23 posts. Two days later, however, the FARDC largely withdrew and the M23 was able to expand again.

The Makengas faction ultimately won the conflict. On March 16, several 600–700 supporters of the defeated faction, including Ngaruye and Runiga Lugerero, expelled from Kibumba by Makenga's faction, fled across the border into Rwanda. Runiga Lugerero was arrested in Rwanda that same day. Le Soir published a report that Bosco Ntaganda may also have crossed the border that day. On March 18, Ntaganda went to the US embassy in Rwanda and asked for a transfer to the International Criminal Court .

Confrontation in May 2013

On March 28, 2013, the UN Security Council decided in resolution 2098 to set up a brigade with an offensive mandate consisting of 3,069 soldiers within MONUSCO . This should be able to take active action against rebel groups in the east of the Congo - alone or with the Congolese government army FARDC . This was understood as a consequence of the Addis Ababa Agreement and particularly directed against the March 23rd Movement. According to a report from April 1, M23 President Bisimwa commented that the UN would support the “  option de la guerre  ” (German: “Option of war”). At the beginning of April, the M23 called on the local population to protest against the establishment of the brigade - quite unsuccessfully according to Congolese media reports. In the event of an attack by the MONUSCO, she declared that she would offer resistance and not make any distinction between the soldiers of the newly established brigade and other soldiers of the MONUSCO. On May 1, René Abandi, M23 negotiator, declared the negotiations in Kampala over with reference to the planned new brigade. President Bisimwa declared a ceasefire as a prerequisite for resumption of negotiations. After the commander of the brigade, James Mwakibolwa, arrived in Goma on April 23, the first Tanzanian soldiers followed by May 10. The brigade should also consist of soldiers from South Africa and Malawi .

For the first time since the withdrawal from Goma, fighting broke out again on the morning of May 20th between the government army FARDC and the M23. The FARDC accused the M23 of having attacked their position near Mutaho - about 10 km north of Goma - the attack had been prepared for a long time , according to Information Minister Lambert Mende . Bisimwa, on the other hand, stated that the M23 wanted to drive the FDLR out of the place, which had been occupying it for a few days. They were then attacked by the FARDC. The daily newspaper reported on a representation by the M23 that the FDLR, together with the FARDC, had occupied a well near Mutaho previously used by M23 members. According to a statement by Mendes, 15 members of the M23 died as a result of the fighting that day, with 21 more injured, and 4 members of the FARDC, with 6 more injured. The M23 denied these numbers, only two members of the M23 and others of the FARDC were injured and two of the FARDC were killed. According to a report on Radio Okapi on May 21, the governor of North Kivus Julien Paluku suspected that the fighting was a strategy of UN Secretary General Ban Ki following the Addis Ababa agreement and the resolution to set up the reaction force -moon , whose visit to the Congo together with World Bank President Jim Yong Kim was expected on May 22nd in Kinshasa and May 23rd in Goma, questioned and wanted to demonstrate that the government had an «  option militaire  » (German: "Military option"). The BBC spoke of at least 20 dead on May 23.

Bomb detonations in the course of the confrontation hit houses inhabited by civilians in Mutaho and the Mugunga residential area , some with injuries, and the Ndosho residential area was also hit. A six-year-old died as a result of the fighting. In contrast to previous situations, those seeking protection were denied access to the UN base in Munigi . The American Catholic Africa Faith & Justice Network reported four deaths and seventeen civilians injured as a result of the bombings of Mugungas and Ndoshos, which it attributed to the M23. UN Colonel Kosh Premanku argued that wrong aiming by M23 forces implied detonations in Mugunga and Ndosho.

On May 21, Ban Ki-moon commented on the events in Mozambique by saying that the emergency force had to be mobilized as quickly as possible. On the evening of May 22nd, he met President Kabila, whom he said he asked to resume negotiations with the M23. Also on that evening, after the fighting had intensified again in the morning according to Radio Okapi, the M23 declared a temporary and unilateral ceasefire, the spokesman Amani Kabasha named as the target, the upcoming visit to Ban Ki for the next day -moons in Goma and to enable renegotiations. This eased the situation in the following days. During the visit to Goma on May 23, Ban Ki-moon announced the operational readiness of the reaction force within one to two months and described them as “ designed to bring added stability and protect civilians ” (German: “designed to bring about additional stability and to protect civilians protect").

Fight on July 6th and 10th, 2013

On July 6 , some young people armed with edged weapons attacked M23 rebels in Kibati , about 10 km north of Goma . The M23 blamed cooperating FARDC and Maï-Maï for the attacks , other sources attributed the attack to the Nyatura .

In the early morning of July 10, fighters from the M23 killed Soki , the commander of the FDLR-Soki , a splinter group of the FDLR (an M23 source also connects Soki with the FDLR-RUD ). The reason given was a robbery in which about 100 cattle were stolen in Kitagoma the previous evening . Seven other Sokis fighters were also killed, according to M23.

On the same day about 50 young people armed with machetes and lances approached an M23 position near Kanyarucina , whereupon they were shot at by the M23. Thereupon forces of MONUSCO intervened to separate the two parties.

Fight with the FARDC starting July 14, 2013

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Negotiations from September 10, 2013

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Fight from October 25, 2013 and declaration of the end of the riots in November 2013

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On November 5, 2013, the M23 declared that they wanted to give up the uprisings and admitted defeat. According to the government, the last insurgents were driven from their positions in Chanzu and Runyonyi by the armed forces and the MONUSCO intervention force .

literature

Web links

Commons : Movement March 23rd  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ RDC: la rébellion du M23 devient l'Armée révolutionnaire du Congo. romandie.com, October 21, 2012, accessed November 28, 2012 .
  2. ↑ CONFERENCE DE PRESSE DU M23 A BUNAGANA. Mouvement du 23-Mars, October 20, 2012, archived from the original on November 30, 2012 ; Retrieved November 28, 2012 .
  3. ↑ a b Simone Schlindwein: mass exodus and looting. Die Tageszeitung , March 1, 2013, accessed on March 2, 2013 .
  4. ↑ a b Dominic Johnson : M23 rebels split. the daily newspaper , February 28, 2013, accessed on March 2, 2013 .
  5. ↑ Nord-Kivu: des déserteurs des FARDC créent un mouvement politico-militaire dénommé M23. Radio Okapi , May 9, 2012, accessed March 23, 2013 .
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