Sultani Makenga

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Sultani Makenga

Sultani Makenga (born December 25, 1973 in Rutshuru , Democratic Republic of the Congo ) is a Congolese warlord and leader of the March 23 (M23) movement.

Life

During the Third Congo War , Sultani Makenga was one of the military leaders of the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP) led by Laurent Nkunda . As part of a peace treaty dated March 23, 2009, the group was recognized as a political party and its armed forces were integrated into the Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (Congolese armed forces).

Some of these armed forces, which broke away from the government army in 2012, formed the March 23rd Movement in Eastern Congo . The group, led by Colonel Makenga, named itself after the date of the peace treaty of March 23, 2009 and called for the agreement to be reinstated and accused the Kinshasa government of provocation, discrimination and ill-treatment. According to estimates, more than 1,000 soldiers are said to have joined the new group in the first few weeks. From April 24, fighting began between the M23 and the Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo. On May 6, a CNDP announcement was made announcing the establishment of the M23 and the assumption of command and authority over all officers by Colonel Sultani Makenga. The M23 allied itself with other rebel organizations such as the Nduma Defense for Goma (NDC) and the Forces de défense congolaise (FDC), which also began attacks on FARDC troops. Rival rebel groups such as the FDLR, APCLS and Maï-Maï -Yakutumba also used the FARDC's troop relocations to take up positions abandoned by the armed forces. The relationship between Makenga and Bosco Ntaganda , the successor of Nkunda, who, according to the UN, was involved in the establishment of the M23 and held a leadership role there, was difficult. The reason for this was Makenga's loyalty to Laurent Nkunda , who was ousted by Ntaganda.

Makenga had its headquarters in the border town of Bunagana . In July 2012, the rebels, led by Sultani Makenga, took some places north of the provincial capital Goma . Negotiations offered by Makengas were rejected by President Joseph Kabila's government. However, a de facto ceasefire has existed since then.

On August 17, 2012, the M23 rebels decided on a new political structure, with departments corresponding to the ministries of a government cabinet. Bishop Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero became president and Makenga became commander-in-chief of the military.

On November 20, the rebels, led by Sultani Makengas and the Rwandan general Emmanuel Ruvusha, captured the provincial capital of Goma. The Congolese army was defeated in a five-day offensive. The 1400 soldiers of the UN peacekeeping force of the Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo (MONUSCO) stationed in Goma let the rebels pass unhindered. This was justified with a limited mandate. The United Nations accuses the rebels of serious human rights violations in the captured city. a. Women and children have been abducted. On the same day, the UN Security Council unanimously passed resolution 2076, in which u. a. the rebels were called to withdraw from Goma, to disarm and to dissolve. In addition, a travel ban was imposed on the rebel leadership and their assets were frozen.

At the end of February to mid-March 2013, after fighting within the M23, between the Makengas faction and the Ntaganda and Lugerero faction over the stance on the Addis-Ababa Agreement . On the night of February 24-25 , 2013, fighting broke out in the city of Rutshuru between Makenga's troops and the troops of the second highest military leader of the M23 “General” Baudoin Ngaruye , a supporter of Ntaganda. The fighting claimed about ten dead.

On February 27, 2013, Sultani Makenga declared Lugerero deposed. He accused Lugerero of political incompetence, embezzlement and cooperation with Ntaganda. Ngaruye was on Lugerero's side. For his part, Lugerero declared Makenga deposed. Fighting broke out in the Rutshuru area, with several dozen dead. Makenga won the conflict, so that on March 16, several hundred supporters of the defeated faction fled across the border to Rwanda. Bosco Ntangenda, who traded in weapons and gold , among other things , went or fled in March 2013 in Kigali to the US embassy there, with the request for transfer to the ICC.

On November 7, 2013, after the M23 had been defeated by the Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo with the support of UN troops, Makenga surrendered with hundreds of M23 fighters in the Mgahinga National Park in Uganda .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Interim report of the Group of Experts on the DRC submitted in accordance with paragraph 4 of Security Council resolution 2021 (2011)
  2. ↑ http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/05/09/nord-kivu-des-deserteurs-des-fardc-creent-mouvement-politico-militaire-denomme-m23/}
  3. ^ Jason Stearns: From CNDP to M23 . The evolution of an armed movement in eastern Congo. Rift Valley Institute , 2012, ISBN 978-1-907431-05-0 , pp. 40, 68 ( online [PDF; 3.5 MB ]).
  4. ↑ Philipp Sandner: Rebel chief Ntaganda transferred to The Hague. Deutsche Welle , March 22, 2013, accessed on March 23, 2013 .
  5. ↑ Bosco Ntaganda. UN News Center , March 19, 2013, accessed March 23, 2013 .
  6. ↑ Bosco Ntaganda: 'Terminator' chief of DR Congo mutiny ( Memento from April 11, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  7. ↑ Perras, Arne: Profile: Sultani Makenga . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , November 21, 2012, p. 4.
  8. ↑ Dominic Johnson : M23 founds a kind of government. August 18, 2012, accessed March 23, 2013 .
  9. ^ Theile, Charlotte; Kock, Felicitas: Fights in the Congo - Conflict in the blind spot at Süddeutsche.de, November 22, 2012 (accessed November 24, 2012).
  10. ↑ a b Melanie Gouby: Congo rebel group splits over firing of president. Sarasota Herald-Tribune , February 28, 2013, accessed March 2, 2013 .
  11. ↑ DRC: affrontements entre deux factions du M23 à Rutshuru, 8 morts. Radio Okapi, February 25, 2013, accessed March 2, 2013 .
  12. ↑ Dominic Johnson : The Addis Agreement first brings war instead of peace. the daily newspaper , February 25, 2013, accessed on March 2, 2013 .
  13. ^ Bunagana: la population fuit les combats entre les miliciens du M23 et ceux de Bosco Ntanganda. Radio Okapi, March 1, 2013, accessed March 2, 2013 .
  14. ↑ DRC: Sultani Makenga destitue Jean-Marie Runiga de la direction du politique M23. Radio Okapi, February 28, 2013, accessed March 2, 2013 .
  15. ↑ Dominic Johnson : M23 rebels split. the daily newspaper , February 28, 2013, accessed on March 2, 2013 .
  16. ↑ Simone Schlindwein: mass exodus and looting. Die Tageszeitung , March 1, 2013, accessed on March 2, 2013 .
  17. ↑ North Kivu: les hommes de Makenga délogent Bosco Ntaganda et ses combattants de Kibumba. Radio Okapi , March 16, 2013, accessed March 18, 2013 .
  18. ↑ Andrea Boehm: Bosco Ntaganda: Ntaganda knows unfavorable things about high Congolese military . In: The time . March 19, 2013, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed July 8, 2019]).
  19. ↑ Congo M23 rebel chief 'surrenders' . In: BBC News . November 7, 2013 ( bbc.com [accessed March 26, 2020]).
personal data
SURNAME Makenga, Sultani
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Congolese warlord
DATE OF BIRTH December 25, 1973
PLACE OF BIRTH Rutshuru , Democratic Republic of the Congo