Bosco Ntaganda

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Bosco Ntaganda (born November 5, 1973 in Kiningi , Virunga , Rwanda ) is a former high-ranking militia leader of the Tutsi / Banyamulenge in the hard-fought province of North Kivu in eastern Congo . Because of the human rights crimes for which he is allegedly responsible, he was also known under the nickname "Terminator" or "Terminator Tango".

There was an international arrest warrant against him, which he faced on March 18, 2013 in the US embassy in Rwanda. He was then transferred to the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague. On July 8, 2019, he was found guilty of all 18 counts of crimes against humanity , including civilian massacre , rape , sexual slavery and the use of child soldiers . In November 2019, he received a 30-year prison sentence for this, which is not yet final because he has appealed .

Life

origin

Ntaganda came from a Tutsi family and grew up in Rwanda. As a youth, he fled to the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Zaire ) during the ethnic unrest in Rwanda that preceded the genocide in Rwanda . From the age of 17, he joined various armed regular and irregular groups in Rwanda and the Congo.

Rwanda

In Rwanda, Ntaganda fought in the Forces Rwandaises de Défense of the Tutsi under Paul Kagame , who took over the government in Rwanda in 1994.

Congo

Ntaganda was involved in the First Congo War (1996–1997) and Second Congo War (1998–2003). At the end of 2002, Ntaganda became one of Thomas Lubanga's deputies in the Forces patriotiques pour la Liberation du Congo (FPLC). The FPLC was the armed militia of the political movement Union des Patriotes Congolais . Composed of Hema nomads, the FPLC fought against the settled Lendu in the Ituri region in the northeast of the country . The FPLC was accused of massacring civilians, recruiting child soldiers and displacing over 100,000 people in the region from 2002 to 2003.

In January 2009 he became chief of staff of the CNDP militia, which consists mainly of Tutsi, and quickly ensured the removal of its notorious leader Laurent Nkunda . That same year, the CNDP made peace with the Congolese government and was incorporated into the Congolese Armed Forces (FARDC) . He served with the rank of general in the FARDC and lived in Goma until April 2012 .

Rwanda

In 2012, however, the reconciliation with the Congolese central government broke down again, and from April the Congolese government intensified its efforts to transfer him to the international criminal court. In April Ntaganda deserted and undertook independent operations with around 300–600 supporters. On May 6, the establishment of the March 23 ( M23 ) Movement under the command of Sultani Makenga , consisting mainly of former CNDP members, was announced. In the next few months she was able to gain control of parts of North Kivu for a longer period of time . According to the UN, Ntaganda was involved in the recruitment of the movement and took a leadership role in it. The M23, however, always denied a connection with Ntaganda. The relationship between Ntaganda and Makenga was considered problematic as Makenga was loyal to the deposed Laurent Nkunda from Ntaganda .

Escape and indictment

At the end of February to mid-March 2013 there were fights between the faction of Sultani Makenga and a faction that was considered to be closely related to Ntaganda, which also included the political president of the M23, Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero . Sultani Makenga deposed him on February 27 - he accused him of cooperating with Ntaganda. Fighting broke out in the Rutshuru area, with several dozen dead. Makenga won the conflict, so that on March 16, several hundred supporters of the defeated faction fled across the border to Rwanda. Bosco Ntangenda, who traded in weapons and gold , among other things , went or fled in March 2013 in Kigali to the US embassy there, with the request for transfer to the ICC.

ICC arrest warrant and legal proceedings

Ntaganda was wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) on an arrest warrant (unpublished until April 28, 2008 ) for war crimes committed in 2002 and 2003 .

Specifically, he was accused of recruiting child soldiers under the age of 15, several murders and rapes. In 2012, his former superior, Lubanga, was convicted of the same crimes by the International Criminal Court in The Hague.

On March 18, 2013, Ntaganda surrendered at the US embassy in Kigali . He asked Ambassador Donald W. Koran to be referred to the International Criminal Court , which happened four days later. His extradition was interpreted by some analysts as an act of self-protection, since Ntaganda was about to lose the power struggle within the M23 rebel group.

On February 10, 2014, the International Criminal Court opened the preliminary proceedings against Ntaganda. The main trial began on September 2, 2015. Charges are war crimes in 13 cases, including recruitment of child soldiers, crimes against humanity in five cases, including rape and sexual slavery. He is said to have committed the deeds as deputy chief of staff of the FPLC. On July 8, 2019, Ntaganda, who dismissed all charges, was found guilty on all 18 counts. On November 7, 2019, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ BBC News - Profile: Bosco Ntaganda the Congolese 'Terminator', May 15, 2012
  2. ↑ a b Dominic Johnson : Dollars, gold pieces and a general. In: the daily newspaper . February 8, 2011, accessed February 10, 2011 .
  3. ↑ a b c Penny Dale: Bosco Ntaganda - the Congolese 'Terminator'. BBC News, July 8, 2019, accessed November 6, 2019 .
  4. ↑ The "Terminator" escapes in the US embassy , accessed on March 18, 2013.
  5. ↑ War crimes in the Congo: rebel chief Bosco Ntaganda guilty of all charges. Spiegel Online, July 8, 2019, accessed July 8, 2019 .
  6. ↑ a b War crimes in the Congo: Rebel chief Ntaganda has to be imprisoned for 30 years. Spiegel Online, November 7, 2019, accessed November 7, 2019 .
  7. ↑ a b Fight against impunity: Proceedings against rebel leader Bosco Ntaganda postponed. Konrad Adenauer Foundation, August 2013, archived from the original on April 19, 2014 ; Retrieved April 19, 2014 .
  8. ↑ Kabila demands arrest of wanted warlord. In: FAZ . April 12, 2012, accessed April 16, 2014 .
  9. ↑ List of individuals and entities subject to the measures imposed by paragraphs 13 and 15 of Security Council resolution 1596 (2005) (PDF file; 105 kB) by the United Nations Security Council
  10. ↑ Simone Schlindwein: Vengeance campaign against the scouts. In: the daily newspaper . January 19, 2012, accessed January 24, 2012 .
  11. ↑ Thomas Scheen: The Lord over the murdering children. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2012 .
  12. ↑ Bosco 'Terminator' Ntaganda takes over DR Congo towns. BBC , April 30, 2012, accessed March 23, 2013 .
  13. ↑ CNDP Quits FARDC as Joseph Kabila Asks Paul Kagame to Arrest General Ntaganda. AfroAmerica Network April 4, 2012, archived from the original April 16, 2012 ; Retrieved March 23, 2013 .
  14. ↑ Nord-Kivu: des déserteurs des FARDC créent un mouvement politico-militaire dénommé M23. Radio Okapi , May 9, 2012, accessed March 23, 2013 .
  15. ↑ Bosco Ntaganda. UN News Center , March 19, 2013, accessed March 23, 2013 .
  16. ↑ Bosco Ntaganda: 'Terminator' chief of DR Congo mutiny ( Memento from April 11, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  17. ↑ Dominic Johnson : M23 founds a kind of government. August 18, 2012, accessed March 23, 2013 .
  18. ^ Jason Stearns: From CNDP to M23 . The evolution of an armed movement in eastern Congo. Rift Valley Institute , 2012, ISBN 978-1-907431-05-0 , pp. 40, 68 ( online [PDF; 3.5 MB ]).
  19. ↑ Philipp Sandner: Rebel chief Ntaganda transferred to The Hague. Deutsche Welle , March 22, 2013, accessed on March 23, 2013 .
  20. ↑ North Kivu: les hommes de Makenga délogent Bosco Ntaganda et ses combattants de Kibumba. Radio Okapi , March 16, 2013, accessed March 18, 2013 .
  21. ↑ Andrea Boehm: Bosco Ntaganda: Ntaganda knows unfavorable things about high Congolese military . In: The time . March 19, 2013, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed July 8, 2019]).
  22. ↑ Mandat d'arrêt ICC-01 / 04-02 / 06. (PDF) Chambre Préliminaire 1, August 22, 2006, accessed on March 18, 2013 .
  23. ^ Arrest warrant of the International Criminal Court ( Memento from October 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Bosco Ntaganda: Wanted Congolese 'in US mission in Rwanda'
  25. ^ Tagesschau.de : Rwanda: Congo rebel chief escapes in the US embassy ( memento from March 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) from March 18, 2013
  26. ^ Rebel leader Ntaganda handed over to ICC ORF, March 22, 2013
  27. ^ World Criminal Court opened proceedings against ex-rebel chief of the Congo
  28. ^ "Terminator" before the Last Judgment
  29. ↑ "Terminator" guilty on all counts . In: tagesschau.de, July 8, 2019 (accessed July 8, 2019).
personal data
SURNAME Ntaganda, Bosco
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Congolese militia leader
DATE OF BIRTH 5th November 1973
PLACE OF BIRTH Kiningi , Virunga , Rwanda