One Tree Hill (New Zealand)

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One Tree Hill
One Tree Hill, Auckland.jpg
height 183  m
location Auckland , New Zealand
Coordinates 36 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  S , 174 ° 46 ′ 59 ″  E Coordinates: 36 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  S , 174 ° 46 ′ 59 ″  E
Map of One Tree Hill
Type Cinder cone
Last eruption 20,000 - 30,000 years ago
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One Tree Hill ( The Hill einbäumige ) or "Maungakiekie" in the language of the Māori is the peak of a volcano on the North Island of New Zealand in the big city Auckland lies. It is an important memorial for both Māori and other New Zealanders.

The mountain was called "One Tree Hill" because there used to be only one tree on the top. Today the hill is treeless. The Maori name means "mountain of the Kiekie", a climbing plant that only occurs in New Zealand . The view from the top of One Tree Hill is very popular.

The Auckland Volcanic Field is a volcanic area with 49 volcanoes that have erupted in the last 150,000 years. This is One Tree Hill one of the largest volcanoes, its peak has emerged meters high and with an outbreak before 20,000-30,000 years 183rd The lava flow flowed 1.5 miles to the coast. Lava rock was created in the shape of a cinder cone . The total amount was 325,000 cubic meters. Cinder blocks were still excavated until 1957, a total of around 25,000 cubic meters were mined.

The hill in Māori history

Māori settled New Zealand probably from the 12th century, and the greater area of ​​today's Auckland was a popular settlement area due to its fertile soil and proximity to water. The Māori name for Auckland, Tāmaki-makau-rau, in German “desired by many”, may attest to this. A Pā was built on the hill from the 15th century , which was the largest in New Zealand with 5,000 inhabitants. The buildable area was expanded through earthworks and terrace construction.

Terraced construction by the Māori in the 17th century

At the beginning of the 18th century, Kiwi Tamaki, a chief of the Ngā Marama, ruled the area. Under his leadership, One Tree Hill is said to have been practically invulnerable, and tariffs were imposed on travel from north to south. At this time Kiwi Tamaki was so convinced of his own defensive strength that he decided to defeat an enemy Iwi , the north-living Ngāti Whātua to attack. However, Kiwi Tamaki lost his life in a retaliatory battle. Then Ngāti Whātua took over One Tree Hill and its surroundings.

In 1825, the well-fortified One Tree Hill was attacked by Ngāpuhi . This time the Ngāti Whātua could not defend themselves against the attack and were forced to give up One Tree Hill. Until 1845, when the land around the hill was sold to a European trader, the nearly destroyed residential castle on One Tree Hill remained vacant.

Cornwall Park

Cornwall Park

Cornwall Park, which surrounds the mountain, is named after the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York , who later became King George V and Queen Mary of the United Kingdom .

The site "Mount Prospect Estate" was sold to John Logan Campbell and his business partner William Brown in 1853 . You named it "One Tree Hill" back then. Although Campbell did not live there himself, he let the farm work. After twenty years, Campbell broke off the partnership with Brown and became the sole owner of the One Tree Hill Estate.

John Logan Campbell became Mayor of Auckland in 1901 on a visit by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York. He gave ownership of the park to the couple. Since then, all park affairs have been handled by trustees.

The landscape architecture was designed and implemented by Austin Strong based on the example of the Golden Gate Park in San Francisco . Both parks have very large open spaces and trees arranged in groups. The official opening took place in 1903 in front of the "Huia Lodge", which is now an information point.

The tree

One Tree Hill has a reputation as a holy place according to the following story: At the end of the 15th century, part of a tribe of the Māori, the Ngāti Awa, migrated south. During the migration movement, the chief had a son while they lived in the area temporarily. Traditionally, the umbilical cord was cut off and buried. However, instead of a stone knife, a sharpened branch of the native totara tree was used. The umbilical cord was buried on the top and the branch planted over it. This offshoot took root and grew into a huge tree that was considered sacred because of its origin.

When the European settlers arrived and founded the city of Auckland , there was supposedly a single tree on the mountain, but now a Pohutukawa . This was used as a landmark. John Logan Campbell called the mountain "One Tree Hill".

Attempts were made to plant native trees in the 1870s and several pine trees to protect them from the wind. However, all of the trees but two pines died. One of them was felled around 1960.

However, the pine is not a native tree of New Zealand, has always been an affront for Māori and is representative of their cultural oppression. The jaw was therefore damaged several times, most recently in 2000 so severely that it finally had to be felled. Since then, the mountain peak has been treeless, only the obelisk stands. There are plans to replant the "No Tree Hill".

The obelisk

obelisk

The obelisk was completed in 1940, exactly one hundred years after the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, and is intended to commemorate it. The obelisk was not unveiled during World War II as it is against the Māori customs to celebrate during wartime.

gallery

  • One Tree Hill with the tree still in place at the time, in the mid-1990s

  • Crater on One Tree Hill Summit

  • View of Auckland

  • Rangitoto Island from the One Tree Hill summit

  • Cornwall Park

See also

Web links

Commons : One Tree Hill  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b One Tree Hill Domain (Maungakiekie) . Auckland Council , archived from the original on February 4, 2012 ; accessed on January 13, 2016 (English, original website no longer available).
  2. ^ [1] Explore Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand - Northern New Zealand
  3. ↑ a b Moon, P. (2007). The Struggle for Tamaki Makaurau: the Maori Occupation of Auckland to 1820. Auckland, New Zealand: David Ling Publishing Limited
  4. ↑ a b c Simmons, DR (1987). Maori Auckland. Auckland, New Zealand: Bush Press
  5. ↑ In the Shadow of Maungakiekie: a history of One Tree Hill and it's Environs from pre-Maori times to 1989. Auckland, New Zealand One Tree Hill Borough Council
  6. ^ [2] Cornwall Park website
  7. ^ Wynyard, MH, 1903. The History of One Tree Hill - the volcanic mountain known to the Maori people as "Maungakiekie". Auckland: Wilson & Horton Ltd, Printers
  8. ^ Wynyard, RCJ, 1959. The story of Maungakiekie: the ancient Maori fortress, and now One Tree Hill: a favorite lung of Auckland City. Auckland: Wilson & Horton Ltd, Printers
  9. ↑ a b Stone, RCJ, 2007. "Logan Campbell's Auckland - tales from the Early Years". Auckland: Auckland University Press