Auckland Volcanic Field

Auckland Volcanic Field
	The Isthmus of Auckland with its extinct Volcanoes ; by Ferdinand von Hochstetter 1959
Highest peak	Rangitoto ( 260 m )
location	Auckland Region , New Zealand
Coordinates	36 ° 54 ′ S , 174 ° 52 ′ E Coordinates: 36 ° 54 ′ S , 174 ° 52 ′ E
Type	Volcanic field
rock	basalt
Age of the rock	550-250,000 years
surface	360 km²
particularities	monogenic volcanic field

Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

The Isthmus of Auckland , a map of the Auckland Volcanic Field by Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829–1884) and August Petermann (1822–1878) from 1863

The Auckland Volcanic Field is an up to 250,000 year old monogenetic volcanic field in the city of Auckland in New Zealand , on which 53 formerly active volcanoes are located according to the latest findings from 2011. Previously, 49 volcanoes were assumed.

geography

The Auckland Volcanic Field extends over an area of around 360 km ² and a length of around 30 km over part of the urban area of Auckland , starting from the Takapuna district in the north of the city to the former city of Manukau City in the south, including both Islands Rangitoto Iceland and Browns Iceland in the Hauraki Gulf and the island Puketutu Iceland in the Manukau Harbor .

The largest and highest volcano in the Auckland Volcanic Field , the Rangitoto with a height of 260 m . In the urban area of Auckland applies with 196 m of Mount Eden as the highest volcano.

Emergence

The elliptical volcanic field was created in an anomaly of the earth's mantle at a depth of around 70 to 90 km below Auckland . The first eruptions took place around 250,000 years ago. Most of the volcanoes in Auckland Volcanic Field are small in nature and do not extend more than 150 m. They were created by small eruptions that only lasted a few months or a few years. The volcanoes of the Auckland Volcanic Field are classified as monogenetic, which means that they only erupted once through a magma chamber and then cooled down.

The only exception here was the Rangitoto , which occurred in two eruptions that occurred around 1400 and 1450 AD and were the last and largest eruptions that the volcanic field experienced. They created the Rangitoto as the largest volcano in the field. Its material ejection was estimated at around two cubic kilometers, which makes up around 60% of the total erupted material in the entire volcanic field.

Of the 49 volcanoes that were previously known, we know that 19 of them erupted in the last 20,000 years. The eruptions of 21 volcanoes are between 20,000 and 100,000 years ago and only nine volcanoes have their eruptions before this period.

Geological explorations

The first geological research and mapping took place from December 1858 to the end of February 1859 by the German-Austrian geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter , accompanied by the German geologist Julius von Haast . Hochstetter, exempted from the rest of the Novara expedition for geological investigations in New Zealand , stayed in New Zealand from December 23, 1858 to October 2, 1859. Together with Julius von Haast and Charles Heaphy , he undertook an expedition to the coal deposits south of Auckland and the volcanic fields of Auckland in the first three months , before venturing to the Taupo Volcanic Zone in the interior of the North Island.

In his geological investigations of the volcanic fields of Auckland he counted " ... no less than sixty-one extinct eruption points within a radius of only ten English miles from Auckland ... " (around 16 km). Since the map material made available to him by the land surveying office of the provincial government on a scale of 1 inch = 1 nautical mile did not contain any terrain drawings and was therefore imperfect, Hochstetter displayed the geological formations as well as the terrain in the newly created map. Two of his maps have become known since the publication of his work in the works New Zealand and Geological-topographical Atlas of New Zealand (both from 1863). The map from the New Zealand plant is designed as a cut-out map , simply and clearly drawn, with simple coloring of the coastlines. The map from the Geological-Topographical Atlas of New Zealand, on the other hand, is colored two-dimensionally, with detailed representations of the lava flows and, overall, somewhat more detailed in their representations. Hochstetter differed in his explanation in the volcanic rocks in the basaltic contained tuffs and olivine .

Hochstetter described the volcanic region as follows:

“They are volcanoes on the smallest scale, cones only 300 to 600 feet above sea level; the tallest of them, Rangitoto, rising at the entrance to Auckland Harbor, reaches 900 feet. But they are true models of volcanic cone and crater formation, which offer a wide field of geognostic observation and thoroughly refute Leopold von Buch's theory of elevation craters, which is still so often recorded in Germany. "

- Hochstetter :

In his work New Zealand , Hochstetter not only went into the individual larger volcanoes, but also described the use of basalts as building material, as they were used in Auckland, or the original determination of individual volcanic mountains by the Māori or earlier tribes of the Māori , in which they held festivals and rituals in the craters of the mountains, or used them as a fortress, as was still evident at the time on Mount Eden and Mount Smart as examples.

With his records, descriptions and mappings, Hochstetter set standards for geological investigations in New Zealand at the time and has been revered for his work ever since.

In 1964 and 1992 the investigations (drilling and excavations) by the geologists Ernest Johnstone Searle and Les O. Kermode led to the realization that the number of 61 volcanoes that Hochstetter had determined could not be maintained. Some swamp-like areas have been classified as non-volcanic and some volcanic cores should have the same origins according to the new findings. In the 1990s, the number of volcanoes reported to the public in Auckland Volcanic Field was reduced to 48, and in 1994 by two other geologists Ian EM Smith and SR Allen because of their division of Mount Wellington and Purchas Hill into two volcanoes 49 to be increased.

In 2011, Hochstetter's tuff crater was examined again in a field study in Manukau City . The geologists of the Geoscience Society of New Zealand (GSNZ) discovered four maar craters, three of which were previously unknown. Since then, 53 craters have preoccupied the public.

Possible future volcanic eruptions

Geologists assume that volcanic eruptions in the Auckland Volcanic Field are possible at any time.

The city of Auckland points out on its website that due to the geological conditions, it is assumed that the old extinct volcanoes cannot erupt again, but that eruptions are possible at any other point in the volcanic field. In such a case, it is expected that the rising magma will come into contact with seawater , which experience has shown in the event of an eruption to first lead to a phreatomagmatic explosion . 73% of all volcanoes in Auckland Volcanic Field were of this type. Such an explosion would form a large crater that could then fill with seawater. Further eruptions could then form a volcanic cone, with corresponding lava flows on the slopes. Many of the existing volcanoes have corresponding rivers up to 10 km in length.

The probability of a volcanic eruption in Auckland Volcanic Field is given as 1: 1000 per year. Statisticians say that with an average life expectancy of around 80 years for children born in 2008, there is an 8% chance that they will experience a volcanic eruption in Auckland .

Of course, the larger volcanoes further away, such as Ruapehu , White Island and others, can have a significant impact on the greater Auckland area. For all these cases, the population of Auckland is prepared and made aware of possible consequences, and rules of conduct are imparted.

UNESCO world heritage

On 30 March 2007 the New Zealand handed Department of Conservation for the World Heritage -Vorschlagsliste in UNESCO , the Auckland Volcanic Field one as a suggestion. However, there have been no further activities since then.

List of volcanoes in Auckland Volcanic Field

Crater of Mount Eden with the skyline of Auckland

Postcard from Mount Albert

	volcano	Māori name	height	Crater ø	Age	District / place	Coordinates	comment
1	Pupuke Moana	Pupuke Moana		1-1.37 km	200,000-260,000 years	Takapuna	36 ° 46 ′ 49 "N 174 ° 45 ′ 59" E-36.780277777778 174.76638888889	Tuff ring with irregular crater lake ( Lake Pupuke )
2	Tank farm	Te Kopua o Matakamokamo		425-555 m		Northcote	36 ° 48′08 ″ N 174 ° 45′13 ″ E-36.802222222222 174.75361111111	Tuff ring with crater
3	Onepoto	Te Kopua o Matakerepo		490-600 m	> 248,000 years	Northcote	36 ° 48 ′ 30 ″ N 174 ° 45 ′ 04 ″ E-36.808333333333 174.75111111111	Tuff ring with crater
4th	Mount Victoria	Takarunga	87 m			Devonport	36 ° 49 ′ 36 "N 174 ° 47 ′ 57" E-36.826666666667 174.79916666667	Volcanic cone, not a crater
5	Mount Cambria	Takararo				Devonport	36 ° 49'07 "N 174 ° 47'56" E-36.818611111111 174.79888888889	crater
6th	North Head	Maungauika	61 m			Devonport	36 ° 49 ′ 40 "N 174 ° 48 ′ 44" E-36.827777777778 174.81222222222	Volcanic cone, not a crater
7th	Rangitoto	Rangitoto	260 m	~ 150 m	504 u. 552 years	Rangitoto Island	36 ° 47'09 "N 174 ° 51'35" E-36.785833333333 174.85972222222	Crater, two eruptions
8th	Motukorea	Motukorea	57 m	125-160 m		Browns Island	36 ° 49 ′ 45 "N 174 ° 53 ′ 42" E-36.829166666667 174.895	crater
9	Albert Park					Parnell	36 ° 51'06 "N 174 ° 46'03" E-36.851666666667 174.7675	Park landscape, volcano no longer recognizable
10	domain	Pukekawa			> 60,000 years	Auckland Domain	36 ° 51 ′ 43 "N 174 ° 46 ′ 26" E-36.861944444444 174.77388888889	Park landscape, volcano no longer recognizable
11	Mount Eden	Maungawhau	196 m	135-145 m	28,000 years	Mt. Eden	36 ° 52 ′ 38 "N 174 ° 45 ′ 51" E-36.877222222222 174.76416666667	crater
12	Te Pou Hawaiki	Te Pou Hawaiki
13	Mount Albert	Te ai ka roa a raka			> 30,000 years	Mt. Albert	36 ° 53 ′ 26 "N 174 ° 43 ′ 12" E-36.890555555556 174.72	Crater, soccer field and parkland in the crater
14th	Mount Roskill	Puketapapa	110 m			Mt. Roskill	36 ° 54 ′ 46 "N 174 ° 44 ′ 14" E-36.912777777778 174.73722222222	Volcanic cone, not a crater
15th	Three Kings	Te Tatua a Riukiuta			28,500 years	Three Kings	36 ° 54 ′ 11 "N 174 ° 45 ′ 17" E-36.903055555556 174.75472222222	Tuff ring with volcanic cone, no crater
16	One Tree Hill	Maungakiekie		122-150 m		One Tree Hill	36 ° 54'00 "N 174 ° 46'54" E-36.9 174.78166666667	Volcanic cone and crater
17th	Mount St. John	Te Kopuke	126 m	150-155 m	> 28,500 years		36 ° 53'00 "N 174 ° 46'47" E-36.883333333333 174.77972222222	crater
18th	Mount Hobson	Ohinerangi		~ 100 m			36 ° 52 ′ 41 ″ N 174 ° 47 ′ 13 ″ E-36.878055555556 174.78694444444	deformed volcanic cones and deformed craters through landscaping
19th	Little Rangitoto	Maungarahiri					36 ° 52 ′ 32 "N 174 ° 48 ′ 36" E-36.875555555556 174.81	Park landscape, volcano no longer recognizable
20th	Orakei Basin	Orakei		~ 740 m	> 85,500 years		36 ° 52'02 "N 174 ° 48'47" E-36.867222222222 174.81305555556	Tuff ring with crater lake
21st	Saint Heliers	Whakamuhu			> 45,000 years		36 ° 51'00 "N 174 ° 52'03" E-36.85 174.8675	Tuff ring with crater, sports facility in the crater (Glover Park)
22nd	Tailor Hill	Taurere			32,000-34,000 years		36 ° 51 ′ 53 "N 174 ° 52 ′ 12" E-36.864722222222 174.87	deformed volcanic cone
23	Mount Wellington	Maungarei	135 m		10,000 years		36 ° 53 ′ 30 "N 174 ° 50 ′ 49" E-36.891666666667 174.84694444444	Volcanic cone, not a crater
24	Purchas Hill	Te Tauoma			11,000 years
25th	Panmure Basin	Te Kopua Kai a Hiku		640-995 m	31,500-32,500 years		36 ° 54 ′ 18 "N 174 ° 50 ′ 59" E-36.905 174.84972222222	Tuff ring with crater lake
26th	Mount Smart	Rarotonga		640-995 m	31,500-32,500 years		36 ° 55 ′ 06 ″ N 174 ° 48 ′ 45 ″ E-36.918333333333 174.8125	The Mt. Smart Stadium was built into the crater
27	Hopua	Te Hopua a Rangi			> 29,000 years
28	Mount Richmond	Otahuhu	40 m	50-60 m	32,000-34,000 years	Otahuhu	36 ° 55 ′ 56 "N 174 ° 50 ′ 23" E-36.932222222222 174.83972222222	crater
29	McLennan Hills	Te Apunga o Tainui			42,500-55,000 years
30th	Robertson Hill					East Tamaki	36 ° 56 ′ 57 "N 174 ° 50 ′ 31" E-36.949166666667 174.84194444444	Sturges Park
31	Highbrook Park	Pukekiwiriki					36 ° 56 ′ 41 ″ N 174 ° 51 ′ 59 ″ E-36.944722222222 174.86638888889	semicircular crater in the estuary of a river, partly designed as a park landscape
32	Hampton Park		20 m	45-50 m	26,500-55,000 years		36 ° 57 ′ 04 "N 174 ° 53 ′ 44" E-36.951111111111 174.89555555556	irregular crater
33	Otara Hill	Te Puke o Taramainuku
34	Green Hill	Matanginui			20,000 years
35	Styaks Swamp
36	Pigeon Mountain	O Huiarangi	55 m				36 ° 53 ′ 21 ″ N 174 ° 54 ′ 07 ″ E-36.889166666667 174.90194444444	Volcanic cone, not a crater
37	Mount Mangere	Te Pane a Mataaho	106 m	300-360 m	22,000-35,000 years	Mangere	36 ° 56 ′ 59 "N 174 ° 46 ′ 59" E-36.949722222222 174.78305555556	The volcano has two craters, the smaller one being 128–146 m
38	Mangere Lagoon					Mangere	36 ° 57 ′ 24 "N 174 ° 46 ′ 43" E-36.956666666667 174.77861111111	Tuff ring with crater lake
39	Puketutu	Te Motu a Hiaroa		60-85 m	30,000-34,000 years	Puketutu Island	36 ° 57 ′ 58 "N 174 ° 44 ′ 52" E-36.966111111111 174.74777777778	Volcanic cone and crater
40	Mount Gabriel	Waitomokia				Mangere
41	Pukeiti	Puketapapakanga a Hape		32-39 m		Mangere	36 ° 59'02 "N 174 ° 45'26" E-36.983888888889 174.75722222222
42	Otuataua	Otuataua		165-180 m		Mangere	36 ° 59 ′ 09 ″ N 174 ° 45 ′ 15 ″ E-36.985833333333 174.75416666667
43	Mount Ellets	Maungataketake		350-545 m		Mangere	36 ° 59 ′ 41 "N 174 ° 44 ′ 51" E-36.994722222222 174.7475	Crater, used as a quarry
44	Pukaki Lagoon	Te Pukaki Tapu o Poutukeka		560-670 m	> 65,000 years	Manukau City	36 ° 58 ′ 58 "N 174 ° 48 ′ 37" E-36.982777777778 174.81027777778	Tuff ring with crater
45	Crater Hill			720-870 m	32,000-34,000 years	Manukau City	36 ° 59 ′ 11 "N 174 ° 49 ′ 38" E-36.986388888889 174.82722222222	Tuff ring with irregular crater and small crater lake
46	Kohuora	Kohuora			> 32,000 years	Manukau City	36 ° 58 ′ 38 "N 174 ° 50 ′ 31" E-36.977222222222 174.84194444444	Park landscape, volcano no longer recognizable
47	Mount McLaughlin	Matukutureia		170-310 m	~ 110,000 years	Clendon Park	37 ° 00 ′ 26 "N 174 ° 51 ′ 30" E-37.007222222222 174.85833333333	Unevenly shaped crater lake, volcano under Matakarua or Matukutururu known
48	Mount Wiri	Te Manurewa o Temapahore			27,000-33,000 years	Clendon Park	37 ° 00 ′ 49 "N 174 ° 50 ′ 46" E-37.013611111111 174.84611111111	Volcanic cone, quarry next to the volcanic cone
49	Ash Hill				32,000 years	Clendon Park	36 ° 58 ′ 38 "N 174 ° 50 ′ 31" E-36.977222222222 174.84194444444

50 ^*	Grafton					Grafton	36 ° 51 ′ 39 "N 174 ° 45 ′ 59" E-36.860833333333 174.76638888889	Tuff ring, located in the heavily built-up district of Grafton, volcano no longer recognizable
51 ^*	Cemetery Crater			250 m		Manukau City	36 ° 57 ′ 19 "N 174 ° 48 ′ 48" E-36.955277777778 174.81333333333	Manukau Memorial Gardens , volcano no longer recognizable
52 ^*	Boggust Park Crater			300-400 m			36 ° 57 ′ 19 "N 174 ° 48 ′ 48" E-36.955277777778 174.81333333333	Park, volcano no longer recognizable
53 ^*	Puhinui Craters			80-120 m 95-123 m			37 ° 00 ′ 38 "N 174 ° 50 ′ 14" E-37.010555555556 174.83722222222 37 ° 00 ′ 52 "N 174 ° 49 ′ 59" E-37.014722222222 174.83305555556	Puhinui Pond Crater and Puninui Areana Crater

Source: IESE Report 1-2009.02 from June 2009 and GSNZ Newsletter No. 5 from November 2011

The volcanoes in positions 50 to 53 were only discovered in 2011.

literature

Ferdinand von Hochstetter: New Zealand . Gotta'scher Verlag, Stuttgart 1863.
Ferdinand von Hochstetter, August Petermann: Geological-topographical atlas of New Zealand in 6 sheets . Justus Perthes, Gotha 1863.
Ferdinand von Hochstetter: Collected travel reports from the frigate “Novara” circumnavigated the world from 1857 to 1859 . Eduard Hölzel, Vienna 1885.

Bruce W. Hayward, Jill A. Kenny, Huge R. Grenfell : More Volcanoes recognized in Auckland Volcanic Field . In: Geoscience Society of New Zealand (ed.): Newsletter . No. 5 , November 2011, ISSN 1179-7983 (English, online [PDF; 7.0 MB ; accessed on April 19, 2016]).
Jan M. Lindsay : Volcanoes in the big smoke: A review of hazard and risk in the Auckland Volcanic Field . In: Taylor & Francis Group (Eds.): Geologically Active . London 2010, ISBN 978-0-415-60034-7 (English, online [PDF; 2.9 MB ; accessed on April 18, 2016]).
Jan Lindsay, Graham Leonard : Age of the Auckland Volcanic Field . In: IESE Institute of Earth Science and Engineering Aotearoa (Ed.): IESE Report . tape 1-2009.02 . Auckland 2009, ISBN 978-0-473-15416-5 (English, online [PDF; 2.9 MB ; accessed on April 19, 2016]).
IEM Smith, SR Allen : Volcanic hazards at the Auckland volcanic field . In: Ministry of Civil Defense (Ed.): Volcanic hazards information series . 5 . Wellington 1993, p. 34 (English, online [accessed April 20, 2016]).

Web links

Commons : Auckland volcanic field - collection of images, videos and audio files

Auckland Volcanic Field . In: GeoNet . Earthquake Commission & GNS Science,accessed April 20, 2016.
Auckland Volcanic Field . GNS Science, January 19, 2010,accessed April 20, 2016.
Auckland Volcanic Field Geology . GNS Science, January 25, 2010,accessed April 20, 2016.

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b ^c ^d ^e Hayward, Kenny, Grenfell : More Volcanoes recognized in Auckland Volcanic Field . 2011, p. 11-16 .
^ Auckland Volcanic Field . In: GeoNet . Earthquake Commission & GNS Science , accessed April 20, 2016 .
↑ ^a ^b Lindsay : Volcanoes in the big smoke . 2010, p. 63-64 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Auckland Volcanic Field Geology . GNS Science , January 25, 2010, accessed April 20, 2016 .
^ Rangitoto Volcano . (PDF; 548 kB) GNS Science , accessed on April 18, 2016 (English).
↑ Hochstetter: New Zealand . 1863, p. 15 .
^ Hochstetter: Collected travel reports from the frigate "Novara" circumnavigated the world from 1857 to 1859 . 1885, p. 333 .
^ Mike Johnston, Sascha Nolden : Travels of Hochstetter and Haast in New Zealand, 1858-60 . In: Geoscience Society of New Zealand (ed.): Newsletter . No. 5 , November 2011, ISSN 1179-7983 , p. 6–10 (English, online PDF 7.0 MB [accessed April 19, 2016]).
^ Hochstetter: Collected travel reports from the frigate "Novara" circumnavigated the world from 1857 to 1859 . 1885, p. 334 .
↑ Hochstetter: New Zealand . 1863, p. 16 .
^ Ferdinand von Hochstetter: The Isthmus of Auckland in New Zealand . In: A. Petermann (Hrsg.): Mittheilungen from Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt about important new researches on the total area of geography . tape 8 , no. 3 . Justus Perthes, Gotha 1962, p. 81–82 (quoted on page 82).
↑ Hochstetter: New Zealand . 1863, p. 90 .
↑ Hochstetter: New Zealand . 1863, p. 99-100 .
^ CA Fleming : Hochstetter, Christian Gottlieb Ferdinand von . In: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture & Heritage , October 30, 2012, accessed April 20, 2016 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Natural hazards and emergencies - Volcanic hazards . Auckland Council , accessed April 24, 2016 .
^ Pamphlets for the public and emergency managers . International Volcanic Health Hazard Network , accessed April 24, 2016 .
^ Auckland Volcanic Field . UNESCO , March 30, 2007, accessed April 20, 2016 .
^ Lindsay, Leonard : Age of the Auckland Volcanic Field . 2009, p. 4 .
^ Lindsay, Leonard : Age of the Auckland Volcanic Field . 2009, p. 29-30 .

[GSNZ_Newsletter_S11-16-1] A ^b ^c ^d ^e Hayward, Kenny, Grenfell : More Volcanoes recognized in Auckland Volcanic Field . 2011, p. 11-16 .

[GeoNet_Auckland_Volcanic_Field-2] Auckland Volcanic Field . In: GeoNet . Earthquake Commission & GNS Science , accessed April 20, 2016 .

[Lindsay_S63-64-3] Lindsay : Volcanoes in the big smoke . 2010, p. 63-64 .

[GNS_Science_Auckland_Volcanic_Field_Geology-4] Auckland Volcanic Field Geology . GNS Science , January 25, 2010, accessed April 20, 2016 .

[GNS_Fact_Sheet-5] Rangitoto Volcano . (PDF; 548 kB) GNS Science , accessed on April 18, 2016 (English).

[Hochstetter_Neu_Seeland_S15-6] Hochstetter: New Zealand . 1863, p. 15 .

[Hochstetter_Reisebericht_S333-7] Hochstetter: Collected travel reports from the frigate "Novara" circumnavigated the world from 1857 to 1859 . 1885, p. 333 .

[GSNZ_Newsletter_S6-10-8] Mike Johnston, Sascha Nolden : Travels of Hochstetter and Haast in New Zealand, 1858-60 . In: Geoscience Society of New Zealand (ed.): Newsletter . No. 5 , November 2011, ISSN 1179-7983 , p. 6–10 (English, online PDF 7.0 MB [accessed April 19, 2016]).

[Hochstetter_Reisebericht_S334-9] Hochstetter: Collected travel reports from the frigate "Novara" circumnavigated the world from 1857 to 1859 . 1885, p. 334 .

[Hochstetter_Neu_Seeland_S16-10] Hochstetter: New Zealand . 1863, p. 16 .

[Petermanns_Geographische_Mitteilungen_S81-82-11] Ferdinand von Hochstetter: The Isthmus of Auckland in New Zealand . In: A. Petermann (Hrsg.): Mittheilungen from Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt about important new researches on the total area of geography . tape 8 , no. 3 . Justus Perthes, Gotha 1962, p. 81–82 (quoted on page 82).

[Hochstetter_Neu_Seeland_S90-12] Hochstetter: New Zealand . 1863, p. 90 .

[Hochstetter_Neu_Seeland_S99-100-13] Hochstetter: New Zealand . 1863, p. 99-100 .

[DNZB_Hochstetter-14] CA Fleming : Hochstetter, Christian Gottlieb Ferdinand von . In: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture & Heritage , October 30, 2012, accessed April 20, 2016 .

[Auckland_Council_Volcanic_Hazards-15] Natural hazards and emergencies - Volcanic hazards . Auckland Council , accessed April 24, 2016 .

[International_Volcanic_Health_Hazard_Network-16] Pamphlets for the public and emergency managers . International Volcanic Health Hazard Network , accessed April 24, 2016 .

[UNESCO_Tentative_List-17] Auckland Volcanic Field . UNESCO , March 30, 2007, accessed April 20, 2016 .

[IESE_Report_S4-18] Lindsay, Leonard : Age of the Auckland Volcanic Field . 2009, p. 4 .

[IESE_Report_S29-30-19] Lindsay, Leonard : Age of the Auckland Volcanic Field . 2009, p. 29-30 .