Panama Congress
The Panama Congress took place in Panama City from June 22 to July 15, 1826 .
In him, Simón Bolívar, as the organizer of this Pan-American congress, pursued the idea of a supranational Hispano-American confederation. This was intended to secure the territorial integrity of the young Latin American states, which also envisaged the participation of Great Britain as a protective power. The reason for convening the Panama Congress was the fear of a reconquest of the Latin American countries by Spain with the support of the Holy Alliance .
procedure
Participants in the congress included representatives from Greater Colombia , Peru , the Central American Confederation and Mexico . Both the Paraguayan dictator Rodríguez de Francia and Haiti were not invited . The Bolivian and US representatives left too late and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata , Chile and Brazil refused to attend for various reasons. Great Britain and the Netherlands were present as observers.
The congress was preceded by a dispute between the organizers Bolívar and Santander over its expansion. While Bolívar only wanted to limit the Pan American Congress to Hispanic America without the liberated Río de la Plata , Santander invited Argentina as well as the United States of America and Brazil .
Properties of the aspired federation of states
The amalgamation of Latin America proposed by Bolívar at the conference should have the following characteristics:
- A Congreso Panamericano was to develop from the former Spanish colonies . The USA, Río de la Plata, Brazil and Haiti should not be allowed to enter.
- A joint army of at least 100,000 soldiers should be formed. It should also be used internally and in conflicts between the member states.
- The Congreso Panamericano should have its own seat.
- A common customs union should guarantee mutual preferential trade.
- The league should be founded on common interests, origins, language and religion and thus be exclusively Hispanic American.
- The Bolivian motto jus potentiae equilibrium should maintain the balance between the member states. There should be no supremacy of a single state over others.
The main goal was a centralized Hispanic American union with joint, strong military forces. Bolívar had already made this concept public, z. B. in the Carta de Jamaica .
In addition, support measures for Cuba and Puerto Rico , which were still colonies, the abolition of slavery, possible reactions to the Monroe Doctrine adopted by the USA three years earlier and the abolition of border tariffs were discussed.
Result
The result of the congress was a very limited treaty on union, league and perpetual confederation of the Latin American peoples , which was ultimately only ratified by Colombia , in which the participating states ensured their solidarity. Its main aim was to maintain the sovereignty and independence of all members through defensive and offensive measures. Most of the treaty regulates the organization and recruitment of the armed forces. Although Mexico was initially interested in the treaty, its excitement faded with the news that Peru and the Central American Confederation would not participate.
The complete absence of economic provisions in the treaty resulted from the attempt to avoid conflicts between the individual states striving to adopt protectionist models. As a result, the USA lost its interest in the unification. Great Britain refused to take on further commitments - for example in the fight against the Spanish colonial power in the Caribbean.
In the decades to come, the Pan-American Congress was held three more times: in Lima in 1848 , in Santiago de Chile in 1857, and finally again in Lima in 1865. The results were just as low as in Panama.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Germán A. de la Reza: Antecedentes de la integración latinoamericana. Los congresos de unión y confederación del siglo XIX. In: Revista de Historia de América, 127, 2000, pp. 95–116, here pp. 106–108.
- ↑ Jaime Sierra García: Bolívar, el panamericanismo, el modelo sociológico americano y el derecho , in: Estudios de Derecho , 128, Medellín 1997, pp. 255-273, here p. 258.
- ↑ Listed after: Jaime Sierra García: Bolívar, el panamericanismo, el modelo sociológico americano y el derecho. In: Estudios de Derecho , 128, Medellín 1997, pp. 255-273.
- ^ "Revolutions in Latin America: Paths to Independence 1760-1830" by Stefan Rinke
- ↑ Ramiro Xavier Vera-Fluixá: "Regional education approaches in Latin America and their comparison with the European Union" ( Memento of the original from March 17, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (pdf)
