Partido Justicialista
| Partido Justicialista | |
|---|---|
|
|
| Party leader | José Luis Gioja |
| founding | 1947 |
| Place of foundation | Buenos Aires |
| Headquarters | Matheu 130, Buenos Aires |
| Alignment | peronistic |
| Colours) | Light Blue |
| Number of members | 3,671,092 (2011) |
| Website | www.pj.org.ar |
The Partido Justicialista ( PJ , literally “judicialist party”; from Spanish justicia , “justice”; in German, however, usually referred to as the Peronist party ) is an Argentine people 's party with about 3.7 million members, which is about 9% of the total population of the country corresponds, and is the main organ of the political current of Peronism .
Alberto Ángel Fernández , President of Argentina since 2019 , is a member of the Partido Justicialista. Before that, the party posed from 1946 to 1955 and 1973/74 with its founder Juan Perón , from 1974 to 1976 with Isabel Martínez de Perón ("Isabelita"), from 1989 to 1999 with Carlos Menem , from 2003 to 2007 with Néstor Kirchner and von 2007 to 2015 with Cristina Fernández de Kirchner the president.
history
Emergence and power gain (1945–1955)
The Peronist Party developed out of a support movement for Juan Domingo Perón , then Minister for Social Affairs in Edelmiro Julián Farrell's government and the most promising candidate for his government for the presidential elections. His candidacy in 1946 was supported by three parties: the Partido Laborista (Labor Party), the Junta Renovadora , a split from the Unión Cívica Radical , and the conservative Partido Independiente . Perón achieved an absolute majority with 56% of the vote.
After the takeover of power, the three parties were united under the name Partido Único de la Revolución (Spanish for "Unity Party of the Revolution"), which was shortly afterwards briefly changed to Partido Peronista and finally to the current name Partido Justicialista . The Peronists remained in power between 1946 and 1955. The unified trade union Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) was the most important pillar of the party structure . By removing opposition members from the CGT, Perón succeeded in reducing the influence of communism and anarchism , which until then had dominated the union confederations.
Still, the Peronist Party was more of a workers' party. The middle and upper classes were traditionally more inclined to the Unión Cívica Radical . Despite various attempts, it was never possible to develop a uniform Peronist ideology. During Perón's reign, however, the various currents could be kept under control.
Prohibition and Perón's third presidency (1955–1976)
After the coup d'état in 1955, which led to the overthrow of the Perón government, the PFY was initially banned and Perón himself fled into exile. The two democratically elected presidents Arturo Frondizi (1958–62) and Arturo Umberto Illia (1963–66), both radicals ( UCR ), temporarily lifted the ban in order to restore the rule of law. Both 1962 and 1965 the PFY was able to win a clear majority in various elections, which led to the removal of both presidents by the anti-peronist military. While this allowed redemocratization in 1963, the Peronist victory in the parliamentary elections in 1965 indirectly led to the Revolución Argentina , as the military dictatorship between 1966 and 1973 was called, which was strictly anti- peronist .
At the end of the 1960s, the party split into numerous rival wings with left and right fringe groups, from whose left wing the urban guerrilla organization Montoneros emerged in the early 1970s and was responsible for numerous attacks. After the failure of the military dictatorship, Perón was able to take part again in elections, which he won, after the brief presidency of the left-wing Peronist Héctor Cámpora in 1973. During his reign, the paramilitary organization Alianza Anticomunista Argentina emerged from the extreme party right . After Perón's death in 1974 and María Estela Martínez de Perón's assumption of office, the right and left wings became radicalized, which led to conditions similar to civil war.
Neuperonism (after 1976)
After the coup in 1976, the PJ was not dissolved during the Argentine military dictatorship , but like the other parties, it was forbidden from any political activity until 1983. This marked the end of the Peronist Party (which at that time no longer existed as a unified organization) in its old form. The radical wings remained important until 1978, when they were wiped out by the state terrorist methods of the military government and sank into insignificance.
In 1981 the party merged with the UCR and some smaller parties to form a democratic movement called Multipartidaria . Because of their pressure and the lost Falklands War in 1982, the re-establishment of democracy was achieved. The first free elections were lost, however, the UCR won under Raúl Alfonsín . After this defeat, a younger generation of politicians prevailed in the mid-1980s, forcing democratic elections from the grassroots to the top and loosening ties with the CGT trade union federation. One of the protagonists of this new direction of Peronism, so-called Neoperonism , was the governor of La Rioja Province , Carlos Menem , who won the elections in 1989 amid a severe economic crisis and was able to hold power until 1999. Menem ensured an ideological realignment that integrated parts of the old, national-populist ideology as well as elements from liberalism . However, not the entire party followed this pattern, so that another split began. The parties Nueva Dirigencia and Acción por la República were initially founded as spin-offs , but they did not achieve any significant electoral successes.
After losing the 1999 election to the UCR, the party's importance increased again from 2001, when the population at the UCR government became increasingly dissatisfied with the beginning of the Argentina crisis . After the resignation of Fernando de la Rúa , power first came to Eduardo Duhalde , whose reign can only be seen as an administration of the crisis. During this time, the conflicts between the party wings came to a head. As a result, three Peronist candidates ran for the 2003 presidential election: Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , a national populist , Carlos Menem , who was betting on a return to monetarism, and Néstor Kirchner , a social democrat, who ultimately won the election. His wife Cristina Fernández de Kirchner won the 2007 presidential election.
Until 2008, the party was characterized by the wing battles between the different directions. Several times it was considered to officially split the party, but this has so far been rejected by the leaders for strategic reasons. The Frente para la Victoria , founded in 2003 and a loose electoral alliance of Kirchner's supporters, was able to gain influence in the following years in the PJ. After Kirchner took over the chairmanship in 2008, the situation stabilized again.
After the Frente para la Victoria lost the parliamentary election in June 2009, Kirchner gave the party chairmanship to the Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires , Daniel Scioli . In March 2010 Kirchner took over the chairmanship of the party again. After Kirchner's death in October 2010, the party chairmanship again went to Scioli on an interim basis. It was not until May 2014 that Eduardo Fellner , governor of the Jujuy Province , was elected as a new party leader.
In general, the European policy scheme cannot be applied in Argentina, as the PFY in particular combines different political orientations under one roof.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Afiliados ( Memento of the original from June 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 679 kB), information sheet on membership in political parties, 1st semester 2011. Official website of the Argentine federal justice system
- ↑ Kirchner deja la presidencia del PJ; lo reemplaza Scioli, que no asumirá su banca , La Nación , June 29, 2009
- ↑ Kirchner retoma el mando del Partido Justicialista ocho meses después de su renuncia ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Yahoo news, March 11, 2010
- ↑ Eduardo Fellner instó a apoyar al Gobierno y tildó a la oposición como un "rejunte de voluntades" , La Nación, May 9, 2014.
