Whipworm infestation in the dog

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Life cycle of T. vulpis

Whipworm infestation in dogs ( trichuriasis ), the infection with whipworms , is a parasitosis in dogs that generally results in mild to moderate diarrhea. The disease is detected by microscopic examination of a fecal sample for eggs. The treatment is carried out with nematode-effective anthelmintics .

Pathogen

Eggs of T. trichiura (left) and T. vulpis (right)

The most common whipworm the dog is Trichuris vulpis . It is 4–8 cm long, has a long thin front and a thickened rear end. The eggs are lemon-shaped, 80 × 40 µm in size, brownish, thick-skinned and have thickenings ("pole pods") at the poles. They are not fearful when they lay their eggs. Infection occurs through ingestion of the eggs embryonating in the outside world (containing larva I). They slip in the duodenum and jejunum and penetrate their mucous membrane. After about 10 days they colonize the large intestine. The prepatency is relatively long at 9-10 weeks.

T. vulpis parasitized - unlike the other dogs roundworms - the blind and colon . They penetrate like a tunnel into the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa and feed on tissue fluid , epithelium and blood . The direct blood loss is only very small.

distribution

T. vulpis is distributed worldwide. In Germany around 4% of domestic dogs are infected, in Austria 3.1%. In the Czech Republic a prevalence of around 1% was determined, in Greece of 9.6%. In a study on domestic dogs in Serbia, however, T. vulpis was the most common intestinal parasite and was found in 47% of the animals examined.

In the northeastern United States, 15% of domestic dogs were infected. In Nigeria, it was found in only 0.5% of the animals in one study, in another study it was significantly more common, in Gabon 50% of the domestic dogs were infected. In Brazil the infestation rate was 7%, in Thailand 20.5%. In Australia, T. vulpis was the most common roundworm in adult dogs, with a prevalence of 41%.

The incidence of infestation in the red fox is 0.5%.

Clinical picture

The disease-causing effect of T. vulpis is moderate. Affected dogs show diarrhea that is bloody and, if the course is less severe, with mucus. Obsession is common. The animals lose weight, young animals lag behind in growth. With severe infestation, typhlitis and colitis with abdominal pain, vomiting, reluctance to eat, dehydration and anemia can develop. In extreme cases, derailment of the serum electrolytes with hyponatremia and hyperkalaemia can occur.

A reliable diagnosis can only be made via detection in the faeces using the flotation method.

therapy

Treatment is carried out with anthelmintics such as febantel , fenbendazole , flubendazole , mebendazole , milbemycin oxime , moxidectin and pyrantel .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Nadja Ruckstuhl et al .: Symptoms and course of disease in dogs with Trichuris vulpis infection. In: Kleintierpraxis 47 (2002), pp. 19–26.
  2. ^ A b Peter F. Suter and Reto Neiger: Trichuriasis, whipworm infestation (Trichuris vulpis, whipworms) . In: Peter F. Suter and Barbara Kohn (eds.): Internship at the dog clinic . Paul Parey, 10th ed. 2006, pp. 718-719. ISBN 978-3-8304-4141-0
  3. ↑ D. Barutzki and R. Schaper: Endoparasites in dogs and cats in Germany 1999-2002. In: Parasitol Res. 90 (2003), Suppl. 3, pp. 148-150. PMID 12928886
  4. ↑ Heinrich Prosl: How many worms does the dog have. Helminthological discussions 2006, Vienna. ( PdF ( Memento from June 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ))
  5. ^ S. Dubná et al .: The prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs from Prague, rural areas, and shelters of the Czech Republic. In: Vet. Parasitol. 145 (2007), pp. 120-128. PMID 17169492
  6. ↑ M. Papazahariadou et al: Gastrointestinal parasites of shepherd and hunting dogs in the Serres Prefecture, Northern Greece. In: Vet Parasitol. 148 (2007), pp. 170-173 PMID 17573197
  7. ^ A. Nikolić et al .: High prevalence of intestinal zoonotic parasites in dogs from Belgrade, Serbia. In: Acta Vet Hung. 56 (2008), pp. 335-340. PMID 18828485
  8. ↑ BL Blagburn et al .: Prevalence of canine parasites based on fecal flotation. In: Compend. Cont. Educ. Pract. Vet. 18 (1996), pp. 483-509.
  9. ↑ OA Sowemimo and SO Asaolu: Epidemiology of intestinal helminth parasites of dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria. In: J Helminthol. 82 (2008), pp. 89-93. PMID 18053301
  10. ↑ US Ugbomoiko et al .: Parasites of importance for human health in Nigerian dogs: high prevalence and limited knowledge of pet owners. In: BMC Vet. Res. 4 (2008), p. 49. PMID 19068110
  11. ↑ B. Davoust et al .: Epidemiological survey on gastro-intestinal and blood-borne helminths of dogs in north-east Gabon. In: Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 75 (2008), pp. 359-364. PMID 19294992
  12. ^ S. Katagiri et al .: Prevalence of dog intestinal parasites and risk perception of zoonotic infection by dog ​​owners in São Paulo State, Brazil. In: Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008), pp. 406-413. PMID 18811905
  13. ↑ T. Inpankaew: Canine parasitic zoonoses in Bangkok temples. In: Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 38 (2007), pp. 247-255. PMID 17539273
  14. ^ RT Blake and DJ Overend: The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and other parasites in urban pound dogs in north-eastern Victoria. In: Aust. Vet. J. 58: 111-114 (1982). PMID 7115227
  15. ↑ DT Richards et al .: Epidemiological studies on intestinal helminth parasites of rural and urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the United Kingdom. In: Vet Parasitol. 59: 39-51 (1995). PMID 7571336
  16. ^ I. Saeed et al .: Helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Denmark. In: Vet. Parasitol. 139 (2006), pp. 168-179. PMID 16580775