Beijing dialect
As Beijing dialect ( Chinese 北京話 / 北京话 , pinyin Běijīnghuà even 北京方言 , Běijīng Fangyan ) or Beijing Mandarin ( 北京官話 / 北京官话 , Běijīng Guanhua ) is in and around Beijing spoken regional variant of the Chinese language called.
The Beijing dialect is the basis of the standardized standard Chinese (see Mandarin ), which is the official language in the People's Republic of China , the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Singapore and is spoken by over 880 million people there. However, Beijing dialect and standard Chinese are not identical. Some linguistic features allow native speakers to distinguish a Beijing from a non-Beijing based on their pronunciation or choice of words.
distribution
The term Beijing dialect linguistically refers to the dialect that is spoken in Beijing and the immediate vicinity. In contrast, the term Beijing Mandarin , which is preferred by linguists, also includes other similar dialects in northern China .
The dialect of the city of Chengde , about 300 km north of Beijing, is linguistically so close to the Beijing dialect that it can be described as a variant of the Beijing Mandarin . Other dialects that can be seen as part of Beijing Mandarin are the dialects from Hailar in Inner Mongolia and Karamay in Xinjiang . Also in the city of Shenzhen and the province of Guangdong is Beijing Mandarin becoming the lingua franca. The reason is that more and more Han Chinese are immigrating there and the Beijing Mandarin has established itself as the common language , otherwise the variety of dialects would be too great.
Phonology
Phonologically speaking, Mandarin and Beijing Mandarin are almost identical. The phonology of Mandarin can be found on the Standard Chinese page . However, there are some striking differences. Probably the most noticeable difference is the widespread use of rhotic vowels. All rhotic vowels are the result of ér / -ɹ / - 兒 / - 儿 , a final syllable of nouns, except for a few words that are pronounced / ɑɹ /. This language habit can also be observed in Mandarin, but not nearly as often as in Beijing Mandarin . This expression is also known under the term Érhuà ( 兒 化 / 儿 化 ) or “ r-suffix ”.
In addition, some syllables are "swallowed" in Beijing Mandarin , but this is considered very colloquial and is therefore not common in Mandarin. This phenomenon of Lenition can be observed in the following examples:
- the sounds zh ch sh / tʂ tʂʰ ʂ / can become r / ɻ / , so 不 知道 , bùzhīdào becomes bùrīdào (I don't know)
- the sounds jqx / tɕ tɕʰ ɕ / can become y / j / , so 赶紧 去 , gǎnjǐnqù becomes gǎnyǐnqù (go quickly)
Further special features can be found in the table:
| Pinyin | Mandarin | Beijing Mandarin |
|---|---|---|
| on | [on] | [æɨ̃] |
| ian | [iɛn] | [iɛɨ̃] |
| en | [ən] | [əɨ̃] |
| in | [in] | [iəɨ̃] |
| ün | [yn] | [yɨ̃] |
| nec | [ɑŋ] | [ɑɯ̃] |
| closely | [ɤŋ] | [ɤɯ̃] |
| ing | [in] | [iɤɯ̃] |
| ong | [ʊŋ] | [ʊɯ̃] |
In Beijing Mandarin there is a tendency to pronounce the tones more pronounced than in Mandarin. In Mandarin there are four tones: high tone, rising tone, low-falling-rising tone and the falling tone. In Beijing Mandarin , the first two tones are pronounced a little higher, the third is more pronounced and the fourth is lower.
Lexicon (vocabulary)
Some differences between the Peking dialect and standard Chinese can also be found in the area of the lexicon (vocabulary), not least in the area of the basic vocabulary. For example, “today” means 今天 , jīntiān in standard Chinese , but 今兒 / 今儿 , jīn'r in Peking dialect .
literature
- Peng Zongping 彭宗平: Beijinghua Erhuaci Yanjiu 北京 话儿 化 词 研究 . 原 北京 广播 学院 出版社 Yuan Beijing Guangbo Xueyuan Chubanshe, Beijing 2005, ISBN 7-81085-528-X .