Pearl rim dwarf tensioner
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Pearl-edge dwarf fly ( Idaea moniliata ) |
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| Idaea moniliata | ||||||||||||
| ( Denis & Schiffermüller , 1763) |
The Perlrand-Zwergspanner ( Idaea moniliata ), also called yellowish dry grass-Kleinspanner , is a butterfly ( moth ) from the family of the Spanner (Geometridae).
features
The moths have a wingspan of 16 to 20 mm, in southern Europe the specimens are usually somewhat smaller on average. The basic color varies from gray-brown, light brown to brown, from which the dark brown markings stand out very clearly. The drawing consists of an inner cross line, a central band, an outer cross line and a hem line; all transverse lines are relatively narrow and slightly wavy and even slightly serrated in some places. The front and rear wings are also dusted brown to different degrees. As a result, some specimens appear almost dark brown. In some specimens, the hem line can move a little away from the actual hem edge and include a row of dots between itself and the hem edge. In some specimens, the actual edge of the hem is again drawn in dark, so that in such specimens a double line with an enclosed row of dots is formed. The fringes are covered with dark dots, alternately colored light / dark or overall a little darker than the basic color. Discal spots are present, but not very clearly developed. They can almost disappear in the dark over-dusting. In the border area there are six to seven, mostly with a dark border, e.g. T. rounded, z. Sometimes also irregular spots in the basic color (or even a little lighter than this). They can be elongated or pointed towards the outer edge.
The yellow egg is a little flattened.
The caterpillar is relatively slim, the diameter decreases slightly towards the front end. The segments are strongly constricted, and the surface is covered with fine, darker warts. It is light brown, dark brown to almost black in color. The four middle segments each have a diamond mark, which can be dark or light. The ventral side is usually drawn light. The relatively small head is sunk deeply at the top.
The elongated pupa is light yellow in color, the surface is shiny. Towards the rear end the basic color changes to slightly reddish, towards the front end it changes to slightly greenish.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The pearl-edge dwarf moth occurs mainly in southern Europe, with a few occurrences in central Europe. The distribution area extends from central Spain over Catalonia, the Pyrenees to the southern half of France. From there on via Italy (except for the Po Valley and Sicily), the Alps, Austria, Hungary, large parts of the Balkan Peninsula to Asia Minor, the Middle East, the Caucasus region and Northern Iran. To the north of the Black Sea, it extends from Romania over the central parts of Ukraine, an isolated occurrence in the Crimea , the southernmost tip of Belarus , through central Russia to the Urals. From there on to Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and the Central Asian Mountains. The species is absent in the southernmost parts of Europe (e.g. southern Spain, Sicily, Crete), in Central Europe there are a few mostly isolated occurrences north of the Alps, such as in southwest Germany and some eastern federal states (Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Brandenburg) as well Czech Republic, southern Poland and Slovakia.
The Perlrand-Zwergspanner is xerothermophil, ie it prefers dry and very warm habitats, such as. B. the transitions from dry grass to rows of hedges, dry steppes, heathland, warm rocky slopes and other sun-exposed areas. In the north of the distribution area the species occurs from 0 to about 600 m above sea level; in the Alps it rises to 1500 m. In southern Europe and Asia it has even been detected at altitudes of 2200 m.
Phenology and way of life
The moths fly slightly differently from mid-June to the end of August. In the south, the moths appear a month earlier. Under favorable conditions, an incomplete second generation can also be formed there. The moths are nocturnal. During the day they hide in the vegetation, but can be scared off. At night they come to artificial light sources, and they also get the bait.
Little is known about the caterpillars. The following food plants are mentioned: forget-me-nots ( Myosotis ), vetches ( Vicia ), violets ( Viola ), common dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale ), dandelion ( Leontodon ) and borage ( Borago ). However, this information relates e.g. T. on breeding conditions. Under breeding conditions, the caterpillars mainly ate young leaves and the petals of the flowers. The caterpillars overwinter.
Systematics
The species was first described in 1775 by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller under the name Geometra moniliata . Later there were descriptions as Phalaena omicata Fabricius, 1794 and Phalaena (Geometra) pluripunctata Scharfenberg, 1805, which are therefore more recent synonyms , and probably also under Phalaena Geometra pentalineata Villers, 1789. The identity of the latter name is not yet clear.
Danger
The species is classified as "endangered" (category 2) in Germany. In Bavaria and Saxony, where the species used to be, it has now become extinct. In Brandenburg it is threatened with extinction.
swell
Individual evidence
literature
- Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 5/1: Spanner. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1955, DNB 450378403 .
- Günter Ebert (Hrsg.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 8, Nachtfalter VI (Spanner (Geometridae) 1st part), Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-800-13497-7
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
- Axel Hausmann: The Geometrid moths of Europe, 2nd Sterrhinae. In A. Hausmann (Ed.): The Geometrid Moths of Europe 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2004. ISBN 87-88757-37-4
Web links
- Fauna Europaea
- www.lepiforum.de Taxonomy and photos
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa (English)
- Chris Jonko - European Butterflies