Phreodrilidae
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| Beddard , 1891 |
Phreodrilidae is the name of a family in saltwater or freshwater living oligochaetes (Oligochaeta) in the annelid class of clitellata (Clitellata) that in temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere are common.
features
The whitish-pink to red, a few centimeters long body of the Phreodrilidae has four rows of bristles , on the ventral side in bundles of two from the 2nd segment, which are either both forked and of equal thickness or a thicker bristle and a simple pointed thinner bristle, only hairy on the back Bristles with a single point from the 3rd segment.
The esophagus does not form any gizzards.
The ring-shaped clitellum of the hermaphrodite consists of a layer of cells and comprises about 4 segments, starting with the 12th or 13th segment. The animals have a pair of testes in the 11th segment and a pair of ovaries in the 12th segment as well as paired receptacula seminis that open outwards on the abdomen or back in the 13th segment. The pair of male genital openings is in the 12th segment, the pair of female genital openings in the furrow between the 12th and 13th segment. The egg funnels sit on the septum from the 12th to the 13th segment or lead into the vestibules of the receptacula seminis. Hanging penises or pseudo-pseudopenisses that can be turned out are usually present. Asexual reproduction is rare, if at all.
Distribution, habitat and way of life
The Phreodrilidae are widespread in the temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere ( New Zealand , Australia , South America , South Africa ). They are freshwater or coastal dwellers .
Systematics
In 1891, Frank Evers Beddard described the type species Phreodrilus subterraneus living in New Zealand at the same time as the genus Phreodrilus and the family Phreodrilidae. He chose the name Phreodrilus after the Greek word φρέαρ "well" and δρίλος "earthworm", while the Latin subterraneus means "underground".
According to the systematics of Oligochaeta from 1988 by Barrie GM Jamieson , the Phreodrilidae belong to the order Tubificida , but this taxon is no longer regarded as monophyletic based on work by Erséus and Källersjö from 2004. According to this, the Phreodrilidae together with the Naididae (including the former Tubificidae ), Haplotaxidae and Propappidae form a monophyletic taxon.
The Phreodrilidae comprise 2 subfamilies with the following 7 genera :
- Phreodrilinae Brinkhurst, 1991
- Antarctodrilus Brinkhurst, 1965
- Phreodrilus Beddard, 1891
- Phreodriloidinae Brinkhurst, 1991
- Astacopsidrilus Goddard, 1909
- Insulodrilus Brinkhurst, 1991
- Nesodrilus Pinder & Brinkhurst, 1997
- Phreodriloides Benham, 1907
- Schizodrilus Stout, 1958
literature
- Frank E. Beddard (1892): Anatomical Description of Two New Genera of Aquatic Oligochæta. Transactions of the Royal Society Edinburgh 36 (2), pp. 273-305 ( Download PDF ).
- Ralph O. Brinkhurst, M. Marchese (1987): A contribution to the taxonomy of the aquatic Oligochaeta (Haplotaxidae, Phreodrilidae, Tubificidae) of South America. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, pp. 3154-3165, here 3159.
- Hans-Adam Stolte: 3rd book. Oligochaeta. In: Heinrich Georg Bronn (Ed.): Dr. HG Bronn's classes and orders of the animal kingdom: Vermes. Academic publishing company Geest & Portig KG, Leipzig 1969. Family: Phreodrilidae , p. 1254.
- Christer Erséus, Mari Källersjö (2004): 18S rDNA phylogeny of Clitellata (Annelida). Zoologica Scripta 33 (2), pp. 187-196.
- Barrie GM Jamieson, Marco Ferraguti: Non-leech Clitellata. In: Greg Rouse, Fredrik Pleijel (Eds.): Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Annelida. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH) 2006. Chapter 8, pp. 235-392. Phreodrilidae p. 296.
Web links
- Phreodrilidae in: Lexicon of Biology , online edition.