Tubificida
Tubificida | ||||||||||||
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name of the subclass | ||||||||||||
Tubificata | ||||||||||||
Jamieson , 1988 | ||||||||||||
Scientific name of the order | ||||||||||||
Tubificida | ||||||||||||
Jamieson , 1988 |
Tubificida is the name of an order in the subclass of belt worms (Clitellata), which includes both freshwater and sometimes saltwater annelids such as the families Naididae and Tubificidae ( mud tubers ) as well as species living on land in the soil, including the Enchytraeidae . Most of them are detritus eaters and substrate eaters .
features
The Tubificida have typical original features of the paraphyletic few bristles such as regular segmentation, a fully developed coelom septate according to segments and acting as a hydroskeleton as well as a primary closed blood vessel system .
The tubificida have a pair of testes in only one segment and a pair of ovaries in the following segment . Correspondingly, the pair of the male lies in front of the female genital orifices, and the spermatic duct leads through the segment following the testicle-bearing segment to the outside (plesiopor). The sperm have no connective and a very short acrosome .
Distribution, habitat and way of life
The Tubificida are distributed worldwide. The majority of the species are freshwater creatures , but there are some marine species, and terrestrial species predominate in the Enchytraeidae family. A large part of the Tubificida are substrate eaters or detritus eaters , which feed on the ingested organic matter and the microorganisms living there.
Systematics
The taxon Tubificida was set up in 1988 by Barrie GM Jamieson as part of a revision of the systematics of Oligochaeta as the only order of the subclass Tubificata that was set up at the same time in the class of belt worms. This view could be confirmed by later molecular genetic studies by Jamieson et al. 2002 cannot be confirmed or refuted. The work of Erséus and Källersjö 2004 speak but who taxa Tubificida as well as the Haplotaxida dissolve in their previous scope, for the white worms with the confirmed as monophyletic group Crassiclitellata are more closely related than with the other Tubificida, in turn, together with the Well worms (Haplotaxidae) are to be regarded as a monophyletic group (the Naididae including former Tubificidae as well as Phreodrilidae , Haplotaxidae and Propappidae were examined in the group ).
According to Barrie GM Jamieson 1988, the order Tubificida comprises the following families :
- Tubificidae Vejdovský , 1876 (fresh water, salt water; worldwide; today included under Naididae)
- Naididae Ehrenberg , 1828 (salt water, fresh water; worldwide)
- Enchytraeidae Vejdovský , 1879 (mostly ground dwellers, some in salt water or fresh water; worldwide)
- Capilloventridae Harman & Loden, 1984 (freshwater; Australia)
- Phreodrilidae Beddard , 1891 (salt water, fresh water; temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere)
- Dorydrilidae Cook , 1971 (freshwater; Europe)
- Opistocystidae Černosvitov , 1936 (freshwater; North America and South America)
The monophyletic group mentioned by Erséus and Källersjö 2004, including the genus Tubifex, includes at least the following families , excluding the Enchytraeidae :
- Naididae Ehrenberg , 1828 (including former Tubificidae ; salt water, fresh water; worldwide)
- Phreodrilidae Beddard , 1891 (salt water, fresh water; temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere)
- Haplotaxidae Michaelsen , 1900 (freshwater; worldwide)
- Propappidae Coates , 1986 (freshwater; Eurasia)
literature
- Barrie GM Jamieson (1988): On the phylogeny and higher classification of the Oligochaeta. Cladistics 4, pp. 367-410.
- Barrie GM Jamieson, Simon Tillier, Annie Tillier, Jean-Lou Justine, Edmund Ling, Sam James, Keith McDonald, Andrew F. Hugall (2002): Phylogeny of the Megascolecidae and Crassiclitellata (Annelida, Oligochaeta): combined versus partitioned analysis using nuclear (28S) and mitochondrial (12S, 16S) rDNA. Zoozystema 24 (4), pp. 707-734.
- Christer Erséus, Mari Källersjö (2004): 18S rDNA phylogeny of Clitellata (Annelida). Zoologica Scripta 33 (2), pp. 187-196.