Phylogeography

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The Phylogeography analyzed and describing phylogenetic and geographical origin of individual genetic lines of a taxon (group of organisms). It is a research area at the interface of biogeography , population genetics and phylogenetics and connects these disciplines via the methodical approach of molecular ecology . Phylogeography can also be described as a sub-area of population biology . It has produced well-founded insights into the evolutionary biology of numerous species, including humans, and can also build bridges between insights from palaeontology and molecular-genetic biology.

History and methodology

The term "phylogeography" was introduced in 1987 by John C. Avise and colleagues at the University of Georgia (USA). However, a much earlier work by Avise can be considered as the first phylogeographic study. An overview of the early development is given by him in The history and purview of phylogeography: a personal reflection , a textbook-like summary in Phylogeography: the history and formation of species .

The early phylogeographic surveys were judged negatively in part because of their more descriptive nature and the lack of statistical evidence. The nested clade analysis , which goes back to Alan Templeton and which made it possible to differentiate the processes behind the geographic and genetic distances, made it possible to differentiate mathematically and statistically , making significant methodological progress possible.

Significance for animals, plants, species protection

In the course of time, phylogeographic investigations were carried out on numerous animal, plant and microbial systems and the connections to the respective species protection were also discussed. Examples: mammals, amphibians, fish, crabs, cnidarians (jellyfish) and plants.

Significance for human evolution

The phylogeographic research direction became popular through the hypothesis of a “ mitochondrial Eve ” (initially methodologically inadequately justified) , the genetic “primal mother” of modern humans , who lived in Africa around 100-200,000 years ago, based on the analysis of the mitochondrial genome . A more in-depth study in this regard was that of AR Templeton, who, on the basis of the analysis of ten different genes, demonstrated that at least two larger expansions took place following the Homo erectus expansion out of Africa (see Out-of-Africa theory ) have to. Further insights into human history emerged, as well as parasites (viruses, lice), which are connected to humans, were phylogeographically examined (e.g.).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Avise, JC, Arnold, J., Ball, RM, Bermingham, E., Lamb, T., Neigel, JE, Reeb, CA, Saunders, NC (1987): Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 489-522
  2. ↑ Avise, J., Giblin-Davidson, C., Laerm, J., Patton, JC, Lansman, RA (1979): Mitochondrial DNA clones and matriarchal phylogeny within and among geographic populations of the pocket gopher, Geomys pinetis . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 6694-6698
  3. ↑ Avise, JC (1998): The history and purview of phylogeography: a personal reflection. Mol. Ecol. 7: 371-379
  4. ^ Avise, JC (2000): Phylogeography: the history and formation of species. Harvard University press ISBN 0-674-66638-0
  5. ↑ Templeton, AR (1998): Nested clade analyzes of phylogeographic data: testing hypotheses about gene flow and population history. Molecular Ecology 7: 381-397
  6. ↑ Da Silva, MNF, Patton, JL (1998): Molecular phylogeography and the evolution and conservation of Amazonian mammals. Molecular Ecology 7: 475-486
  7. ^ Schneider, CJ, M. Cunningham, Moritz, C. (1998): Comparative phylogeography and the history of endemic vertebrates in the Wet Tropics rainforests of Australia. Molecular Ecology 7: 487-498
  8. ↑ Kozak, KH, Russell, AB, Larson, A. (2006): Gene lineages and eastern North American paleodrainage basins: phylogeography and speciation in salamanders of the Eurycea bislineata species complex. Molecular Ecology 15: 191-207
  9. ↑ Riginos, C. (2005): Cryptic vicariance in Gulf of California fishes parallels vicariant patterns found in Baja California mammals and reptiles. Evolution 59: 2678-2690
  10. ↑ Buhay, JE, Crandall, KA (2005): Subterranean phylogeography of freshwater crayfishes shows extensive gene flow and surprisingly large population sizes. Molecular Ecology 14: 4259-4273
  11. ↑ Schroth, W., Jarms, G., Streit, B., Schierwater, B. (2002): Speciation and phylogeography in the cosmopolitan marine moon jelly Aurelia sp. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2: 1
  12. ↑ Schaal, BA, Hayworth, DA, Olsen, KM, Rauscher, JT, Smith, WA (1998): Phylogeographic studies in plants: problems and prospects. Molecular Ecology 7: 465-474
  13. ↑ Schönswetter, P., Tribsch, A., Schneeweiss, GM, Niklfeld, H. (2003): Disjunctions in relict alpine plants: phylogeography of Androsace brevis and A. wulfeniana (Primulaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 437-446
  14. ↑ Cann, RL, Stoneking, M., Wilson, AC (1987): Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325: 31-36
  15. ^ Templeton, AR (2002): Out of Africa again and again. Nature , Volume 416, pp. 45-51
  16. ↑ Holmes, EC (2004): The phylogeography of human viruses. Molecular Ecology 13: 745-756