Player Efficiency Rating

The Player Efficiency Rating , often abbreviated PER , is an extended statistic used in basketball . The idea for this comes from John Hollinger, an NBA expert from the US sports broadcaster ESPN . From all positive and negative statistics of basketball, depending on the duration of the game, a general key figure for the "strength" of a player is calculated (Hollinger: "The PER sums up all a player's positive accomplishments, subtracts the negative accomplishments, and returns a per-minute rating of a player's performance. " ).

formula

Hollinger first calculates the “unadjusted PER” (uPER), which means “unadjusted player effectiveness”.

Calculation of the uPER value

${\ displaystyle \ uPER = {\ frac {1} {Min}} * \ left (3P + {\ frac {2} {3}} * AST + (2-factor * {\ frac {tmAST} {tmFG}}) * FG + FT * 0.5 * (1+ (1 - {\ frac {tmAST} {tmFG}}) + {\ frac {2} {3}} * {\ frac {tmAST} {tmFG}}) - VOP * TO -VOP * DRBP * (FGA-FG) -VOP * 0.44 * (0.44+ (0.56 * DRBP)) * (FTA-FT) + VOP * (1-DRBP) * (TRB-ORB) + VOP * DRBP * ORB + VOP * STL + VOP * DRBP * BLK-PF * ({\ frac {lgFT} {lgPF}} - 0.44 * {\ frac {lgFTA} {lgPF}} * VOP) \ right)}$

In which

${\ displaystyle \ factor = {\ frac {2} {3}} - (0.5 * {\ frac {lgAST} {lgFG}}) / (2 * {\ frac {lgFG} {lgFT}})}$ ,

${\ displaystyle \ VOP = {\ frac {lgPTS} {lgFGA-lgORB + lgTO + 0.44 * lgFTA}}}$ ,

${\ displaystyle \ DRBP = {\ frac {lgTRB-lgORB} {lgTRB}}}$ .

variables

Single player : min = game minutes; 3P = three point throws ; AST = assists ; BLK = block ; FG = successful throw attempts; FGA = total throw attempts; FT = successful free throws ; FTA = total free throws; PF = foul; ORB = offensive rebound ; TO = turnover / ball losses; TRB = total rebounds; STL = steals
Player's team : tmAST = total assists of the team; tmFG = successful throwing attempts by the team
League-wide variables : (recognizable by the prefix "lg-", such as "lgFT" = successful free throws throughout the league)

Calculation of the PER value

When the uPER is calculated, it has to be adjusted for "Team Pace". This describes how often a team gets the ball in 48 minutes and expresses whether a team has played atypically offensively or defensively relative to its competitors:

${\ displaystyle \ PER = [uPER * (lgPace / tmPace)] * (15 / lguPER)}$

Description of the sub-formulas

Because the above formula is not intuitive, an explanation follows. Put simply, the PER formula can be broken down into several parts. First the uPER is calculated:

${\ displaystyle \ uPER = {\ frac {1} {Min}} * (A-B + CD)}$ ${\ displaystyle \ uPER = {\ frac {1} {Min}} * (A-B + CD)}$
- where min is the number of minutes played
- where A expresses the positive, weighted effect of points and assists
- where B incorporates the negative, weighted effect of ball losses
- where C expresses the positive, weighted effect of rebounds, steals and blocks
- where D includes the negative, weighted effect of fouls

Because Hollinger takes into account that it is more difficult to score points, rebounds, assists etc. in a defensively oriented, slow-playing team than in a strong offensive run and gun team, he adjusts uPER using the "team pace", a measure of how often a team is in possession of the ball per game.

restrictions

When calculating PER, various basketball statistics were not measured from the beginning of the NBA (1949). For example, defensive statistics such as steals and blocks have only been measured since 1973, ball losses (turnover) have only been recorded since 1977, and only since 1979 has there been a three-point throw in the NBA. Therefore, statistically complete PER values can only be calculated from 1979 onwards.

rating

The NBA has been using PER as the official statistic to rate players for years. An average player achieves a PER value of around 15, top players 20-25 and higher. Hollinger himself puts the importance of the key figure into perspective, because defensive performance is assessed exclusively through blocks and steals, which, however , disadvantages strong man-to-man defenders such as Bruce Bowen - who hardly distracts throws, but regularly forces his opponents to throws outside their comfort zone (Hollinger: "I free admits that two of the defensive statistics it [PER] incorporates - blocks and steals - can produce a distorted picture of a player's value ... For example, Bruce Bowen, widely regarded as one of the best defenders in the NBA, has routinely posted single-digit PERs. " ).

Records

The highest PER value ever measured in the NBA for a season was - depending on the definition - measured by Wilt Chamberlain (31.84, 1962/63 season) and Michael Jordan (31.71, 1988/89 season). Because Chamberlain played before 1979, his PER calculation lacks many key figures such as steals, blocks, ball losses, offensive rebounds, etc. His 31.84 are officially listed as a PER record by the NBA. Jordan holds the career PER record at 27.84 in 15 NBA seasons.

Yinka Dare set a negative PER record in the 1993/94 season when he recorded a miss, a rebound, a loss of the ball and two fouls in three minutes of play, which corresponds to a PER of −33.9.

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