Polish positivism

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The Polish positivism refers to a literary and artistic movement as a socio-cultural movement and Poland in the second half of the 19th century. It went hand in hand with the Polish movement, whose opposition was directed against the Russian, Prussian and Austrian division of Poland . It covers the period from the January uprising (1863–1864) to the beginning of the 1890s and is closely linked to the socio-political events of that time.

background

Poland had been Russified and Germanized after the January uprising ; Administrative officials, teachers and police officers were Russians, German Prussians and Austrians. The use of the Polish language in newspapers, books and schools was prohibited. Galicia was an exception . The positivists organized Polish language classes and founded the “flying universities”, where social, scientific and medical topics were discussed in secret gatherings.

After the January uprising against the Russian occupation forces in 1863/1864 was bloodily suppressed, the conviction spread among the Poles that foreign rule in Poland could not be defeated by a military conflict, but by organic work and constructive patriotism, which one Countercurrent to the previous ideals of the struggle for freedom, which were shaped during the Romantic era. Inspired by the main work "Positive Philosophy" by the French philosopher Auguste Comte , they saw the more appropriate way through the solidarity of all social classes, the Polish national consciousness and the Polish population through the broader access of all citizens to education, economic upswing and improvement of living conditions to strengthen. They called themselves "positivists". Other postulates of Polish positivism included the formation of a new society on a capitalist, secular basis, the emancipation of women, the assimilation of the Jews and counteracting the Germanization that was the result of Bismarck's politics (“ Kulturkampf ”).

This proves that positivism, as a European movement, was not limited to epistemology , but also included socio-political aspects and thus adapted itself in very different ways to the environment of a national society and culture, regardless of the international networks through which the spread worked. This can also be seen in the case of the if, then mostly only known from Lenin's materialism and empiricriticism , positivism in Russian philosophy.

This group of Polish positivists also includes the scientist Marie Curie , who from 1886 to 1889 organized illegal courses for village children during her work as private tutor and governess, during which she taught the Polish language, history and algebra and thus the ideals of positivism Act implemented.

Polish literature of positivism

In the literature of Polish positivism, small epic forms such as short stories, short stories or sketches dominate. The writers saw in literature primarily an instrument to present selected problems of a social or moral nature.

Warsaw Positivism

The most important Positivist writers (Orzeszkowa, Prus, Świętochowski, Sienkiewicz, Faleński, Sygietyński) were active in the Russian division and in Warsaw as a literary center. In his novels, which are faithful to realism, Bolesław Prus in particular set a monument to the era of Warsaw positivism . Above all, the novel “Lalka” should be mentioned here, in which Prus describes the career and case of the fictional Warsaw entrepreneur Stanisław Wokulski. Another representative of Warsaw positivism, Henryk Sienkiewicz , received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1905.

Authors of Polish Positivism

literature

  • Witold Kosny: Hope of the vanquished . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1984, ISBN 3-518-04586-5 .
  • Grażyna Borkowska: Pozytywiści i inni . Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warsaw 1996, ISBN 83-01-12097-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Polish women's prose from positivism to the present day.
  2. ↑ Polyvalence of Positivism, Contextuality. Call for Papers: Positivism, Power, Enlightenment. Politicization of the scientific worldview. ( Memento of the original from December 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.filozofia.uw.edu.pl
  3. ↑ Maja Soboleva: Aleksandr Bogdanov and the philosophical discourse in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. On the history of Russian positivism. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim et al. 2007, ISBN 978-3-487-13373-7 ( studies and materials on the history of philosophy 75),[http: //IABotdeadurl.invalid/http: //www.olms.de/pcgi/a.cgi? ausgabe = index & T = 1261325117700% 7Bhaupt_olms% 3Dhttp% 3A% 2F% 2Fwww.olms.de% 2Fartikel_14473.ahtml% 3FT % 3D1261325117700% 7D @ 1  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ]. @ 2Template: Dead Link / www.olms.de  
  4. ^ The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Year 2011 . Retrieved April 24, 2011.
  5. ^ Polish Literature - Positivism (Pozytywizm): 1863–1890.