Porta Mugionia

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The Porta Mugionia , also called porta Mugonia, porta Mugionis, porta Mucionis and porta Palati , was one of the gates of the Palatine Rome , the Roma quadrata .

Lore

The earliest mention of the porta Mucionis can be found in Marcus Terentius Varro , who mentions it in his work On the Latin Language as one of the gates in the Palatine wall. He derives the name from mugitus ("the roar"), the sound made by the cattle being driven to the pastures in front of the old city. It appears as porta Mugionis around 300 AD in Nonius Marcellus , who quotes Varros De vita populi Romani . Sextus Pompeius Festus calls it porta Mugionia and traces the name back to a certain Mugio, because he was entrusted with guarding the gate. Finally, Solinus offers the form porta Mugonia in the 4th century . The Greek form of the name Μυκωνίδες πύλαι handed down to Dionysius of Halicarnassus in his late 1st century BC. Chr. Wrote Roman antiquities. Dionysius also gives more information about the location of the gate. Accordingly, it was located near the Palatine Temple for Jupiter Stator built by Romulus and led from the Via Sacra to the Palatine Hill . Also Ovid connects him porta Palati called Gate to the Temple of Jupiter Stator. Like the gate, called vetus porta Palatii (“the old gate of the Palatine”) by Livy and located by Solinus at the highest point of via Nova , the temple was, according to Livy, on Via Nova. However, Plutarch states that the temple was at the beginning of the Via Sacra if one wanted to go up to the Palatine Hill.

Localization

Based on the topographical information in the written tradition, it is assumed that the gate was located where Via Nova and Via Sacra intersected or at least came closest. Since the statue of Cloelia stood opposite the temple of Jupiter Stator, but also summa Sacra Via , on the highest point of Via Sacra, it is assumed that the gate is located in the area of ​​the Arch of Titus on Velia . Because the place where the Via Sacra crossed the Velia, according to ancient evidence and the existing terrain profile, was its highest point.

Filippo Coarelli deviated significantly from this mostly accepted localization by assuming a location for the Porta Mugionia between the so-called Temple of Romulus and the Temple of Venus and Roma . Based on Notitia and Curiosum of the regional catalog of the city of Rome for Regio IV templum Pacis , which lists the temple between that of Venus and Roma as well as the Maxentius basilica , he interpreted the temple of Romulus as the temple of Jupiter stator, which leads to the corresponding localization of the Porta Mugionia led. This was contradicted independently by Ferdinando Castagnoli and particularly emphatically by Adam Ziolkowski.

In the early 1990s, Andrea Carandini excavated structures south of the Via Sacra and east of the domus publica , once the official residence of the Pontifex Maximus , which he interpreted as the remains of the Romulan Wall and the Porta Mugionia. However, this approach also met with skepticism. Recent excavations in 2012 south of the Via Sacra and at the beginning of the ascent to the so-called clivus Palatinus , in an area that had not yet been archaeologically examined, uncovered a podium that is considered a new candidate for the location of the Temple of Jupiter, in that case, however, the location of Porta Mugionia as it emerged after the excavations in the 1990s would confirm.

Aside from this vague localization, the location of the gate is as little known as the question of its history can be answered. Filippo Coarelli suggested identifying the gate depicted on the Haterier relief as porta Mugionia . It would have been renewed after the Neronian fire of 64 . Lawrence Richardson sees in the mentions of the gate from the Augustan era only the indication of a toponym , which was not based on any existing object.

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Varro, De lingua Latina 5, 164 : Praeterea intra muros video portas dici in Palatio Mucionis a mugitu, quod ea pecus in buceta tum ante antiquum oppidum exigebant.
  2. ↑ Nonius Marcellus 12.51: Ancum in Palatio ad portam Mugionis secundum viam sub sinistra.
  3. ↑ Festus 131 L : Mugionia porta Romae dicta est a Mugio quodam, qui eidem tuendae praefuit .
  4. ↑ Solinus 1:24: Tarquinius Priscus ad Mugoniam portam supra summam Novam viam.
  5. ↑ Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2,50,3.
  6. ↑ Ovid, Tristia 3,1,31: Inde petens dextram: Porta est, ait, ista Palati: / Hic Stator, hoc olim condita Roma loco est.
  7. ↑ Livy 1,12,3.
  8. ↑ Solinus 1:24.
  9. ↑ Livy 1,41,4.
  10. ↑ Plutarch, Cicero 16.3.
  11. ↑ Pliny , Naturalis historia 34:13.
  12. ↑ Livy 2:13, 11.
  13. ↑ Descriptio XIIII regionum urbis Romae ; to the catalog of regions: Arvast Nordh: Libellus de Regionibus Urbis Romae. Gleerup, Lund 1949.
  14. ^ Filippo Coarelli: Foro Romano. Volume 1: Periodo arcaico. Quasar, Rome 1983, pp. 26-33 with Fig. 6; ders .: Iuppiter Stator, Aedes Fanum, Templum. In: Eva Margareta Steinby (Ed.): Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae . Volume 3. Quasar, Rome 1996, pp. 155-157.
  15. ^ Ferdinando Castagnoli: Ibam Forte Via Sacra (Hor. Sat. I, 9, 1). In: Quaderni di topografia antica. Volume 10, 1988, pp. 99-114
  16. ^ Adam Ziolkowski: The Sacra Via and the Temple of Iuppiter Stator. In: Opuscula Romana. Volume 17, 1989, pp. 225-239; ders .: The Sacra Via Twenty Years After (= Journal of Juristic Papyrology. Supplement 3). Warsaw 2004, pp. 65–84.
  17. ↑ Andrea Carandini, Paolo Carafa and others: Roma. Pendici settentrionali del Palatino. Lo scavo delle mura. In: Bollettino di Archeologia. Volume 16-18, 1992, pp. 111-138, here: p. 136; last: Andrea Carandini: Palatino, Velia e Sacra Via. Paesaggi urbani attraverso il tempo. In: Workshop di archeologia classica. Issue 1, 2004, here: pp. 32–42.
  18. ↑ Nicola Terre NATO: Murus Romulus. In: Eva Margareta Steinby (Ed.): Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae . Volume 3. Quasar, Rome 1996, pp. 315-317.
  19. ↑ Andrea Carandini, Paolo Carafa and others: Iuppiter Stator. In Palatio ritrovato? In: Archeologia Viva. Issue 158, March – April 2013, pp. 28–37; Paolo Carafa, Daniela Bruno: Il Palatino messo a punto. In: Archeologia Classica. Volume 64, 2013, pp. 719-786.
  20. ^ Filippo Coarelli: Foro Romano. Volume 1: Periodo arcaico. Quasar, Rome 1983, p. 34.
  21. ^ Lawrence Richardson: A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1992, p. 304 Porta Mugionia .