Power-to-X

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Overview of various starting materials, processes and products of PtX applications. Power-to-Heat not shown

Power-to-X describes various technologies for storing or otherwise using surplus electricity in times of (future) oversupply of variable renewable energies such as solar energy , wind energy and hydropower . The designations P2X and P2Y are also common , with P denoting the temporary surpluses above the demand and X and Y the form of energy or the purpose into which the electrical energy is converted. The abbreviation PtX is also used analogously .

purpose

The technologies serve in particular to strengthen the networking of the electricity , heat and mobility sectors by means of sector coupling . In times when there are not enough renewable energies available, some of these technologies can be converted back into electricity . For others such as B. Power-to-heat, however, the replacement of fossil fuels is in the foreground elsewhere, so that the emission reduction here is indirect, e.g. B. on the heating sector.

For the conversion of the entire energy supply system to 100 percent renewable energies as part of the decarbonization required for climate protection reasons , Power-to-X technologies are required due to the fluctuation of certain renewable energies and to supply the heating and mobility sectors. The reason for this is that as the share of renewable energies continues to rise, there will be hours in the future when the feed-in exceeds the demand, while in the case of weak wind and solar power production, energy storage systems will have to step in to meet the demand.

The use of future green electricity surpluses to operate heat pump heating systems has the greatest environmental benefit in terms of greenhouse gas reduction and saving fossil fuels of all Power-to-X concepts and even before use for the operation of electric vehicles and direct electricity storage .

Classification

Power-to-X technologies can be classified according to both the forms of energy that are generated and the intended use. This also allows overlaps.

According to energy form

According to intended use

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Peter D. Lund et al., Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity . In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45, (2015), 785-807, doi: 10.1016 / j.rser.2015.01.057 .
  2. ↑ a b c Severin R. Foit et al .: Power-to-Syngas: An Enabling Technology for the Transition of the Energy System? In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition . tape 56 , no. 20 , 2017, p. 5402–5411 , doi : 10.1002 / anie.201607552 .
  3. ↑ Michael Sterner , Fabian Eckert, Martin Thema, et al. FENES (Research Center for Energy Networks and Energy Storage): Long-term storage in the energy transition : Decarbonisation of traffic and chemistry requires Power-to-X (gas, liquid, heat, chemicals). (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy . 2014, archived from the original on January 11, 2015 ; accessed on January 11, 2015 .
  4. ^ German Aerospace Center (DLR) and "cw" (www.energiezukunft.eu): Power-to-X - storage solutions for the energy transition . (No longer available online.) In: www.energiezukunft.eu. March 13, 2014, archived from the original on January 11, 2015 ; accessed on January 11, 2015 .
  5. ↑ Antje Wörner: Future storage and flexibility options through Power-to-X. (PDF) In: German Aerospace Center . March 12, 2014, accessed January 11, 2015 .
  6. ^ André Sternberg, André Bardow, Power-to-What? - Environmental assessment of energy storage systems . In: Energy and Environmental Science 8, (2015), 389-400, pp. 398f, doi: 10.1039 / c4ee03051f .
  7. ↑ Chemical plants could serve as electricity storage and buffer . Ingenieur.de. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  8. ↑ a b c André Sternberg, André Bardow, Power-to-What? - Environmental assessment of energy storage systems . In: Energy and Environmental Science 8, (2015), 389-400, pp. 398f, doi: 10.1039 / c4ee03051f .