Electric vehicle

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Electric locomotive
Trouvé Tricycle, Paris - first electric vehicle for road traffic, 1881
Charles Page's battery-powered locomotive (1851)

An electric vehicle is a means of transport that is powered by electrical energy . This can mean road vehicles ( motor vehicles ), rail vehicles , watercraft or aircraft . Electric vehicles are supplied with drive energy in the form of electrical energy. This is stored in traction batteries in the vehicle or, if necessary, permanently supplied from the outside (e.g. busbar , overhead line , induction). The abbreviation BEV ( Battery Electric Vehicle ) is used internationally for battery-powered vehicles .

In hybrid vehicles , the electric drive is combined with another drive and the vehicles are also supplied with other energy sources, so they are not considered electric vehicles. A pedelec (a bicycle in which the driver is supported by an electric drive ) is a human-electric hybrid vehicle and is counted as a hybrid vehicle.

The use of electric vehicles is called electromobility .

history

The electric motor was after the steam engine , the second automatic Engine for vehicles. The combustion engine was only added later as a third type of drive . In the 1830s, Robert Anderson is said to have built an "electric cart". The first electric vehicles for rail transport were tested or operated in 1842 by Robert Davidson (1804-1894) on the Edinburgh - Glasgow route , in 1851 by Charles Grafton Page (1812-1868) near Washington, DC and in 1879 by Werner Siemens in Berlin .

The first three-wheeled electric vehicle for the road, the Trouvé Tricycle , was built by Gustave Trouvé in Paris in 1881. It is often confused with the Ayrton & Perry Electric Tricycle built a little later . While the Trouvé Tricycle still had the pedal drive (and thus represents a moped in the narrow sense ), the Ayrton & Perry Electric Tricycle could only be operated purely electrically.

The Flocken electric car , which was developed in 1888 by the Coburg manufacturer Andreas Flocken , is the first four-wheeled electric vehicle . This first "real" electric car was created by integrating an electric drive into a carriage. The carriage wheels were replaced around a decade later by wheels with rubber tires, which have remained the usual tires for electric cars to this day.

Types and names

Four-wheeled light motor vehicle up to 350 kg (L6e): Golf cart MT 1200 Streetline
Light four-wheeled motor vehicle up to 400 or 550 kg (L7e): Renault Twizy
Articulated electric
bus from ASEAG , battery bus
Electric truck e-Force One

In Germany, the names for electric vehicles are poorly systematized and not clear. Vehicle types are listed here according to the directory of the German Federal Motor Transport Authority .

Motor vehicles

Section 54 (5) lit. According to the 1960 Road Traffic Act , an externally chargeable motor vehicle with a drive train that contains at least one non-peripheral electric motor as an energy converter with an electrically chargeable energy storage system that can be charged externally is referred to as an electric vehicle.

  • Motorcycles (L) - this includes two-, three-wheel and light four-wheel vehicles
    • Small motorcycle (L1e, L2e): registration-free motorcycle with insurance number
    • Light vehicles (L6e): registration-free motorcycle with insurance number
    • Motorcycle (L3e, L4e): A motorcycle with an official registration number
    • Three-wheeled motor vehicles (L5e): a motorcycle with an official registration number
    • Light four-wheeled motor vehicles (L7e): a motorcycle with an official registration number
(this type of vehicle is listed as motorcycles in the registration statistics of the Federal Motor Transport Authority )

Rail vehicles

Watercraft

Electric truck FRAMO e180 280

Aircraft

Other electric vehicles

literature

  • Franz W. Peren, Nicola Sundermann, Beate Wittop: The electric car and its market. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 978-3-593-35700-3 .
  • Heike Proff, Matthias Brand, Kurt Mehnert, J. Alexander Schmidt, Dieter Schramm (eds.): Electric vehicles for the cities of tomorrow: interdisciplinary design and testing in the DesignStudio NRW , Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-08457 -8 .
  • Philipp Richard Rainer Nobis: Development and application of a model for the analysis of grid stability in residential areas with electric vehicles, home storage systems and PV systems , supervisor: Ulrich Wagner. Reviewer: Ulrich Wagner; Christoph Weber University Library of the Technical University of Munich 2016, DNB 1110015178 (Dissertation Technical University of Munich 2016 full text online PDF, free of charge, 164 pages, 11,695,170 bytes).

Web links

Commons : Electric Vehicles  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Electric vehicle  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. 2007–2011 Achmed AW Khammas In: Book of Synergy .
  2. Directory for the systematisation of vehicles 2012
  3. KBA: Methodological explanations for statistics, as of June 2012
  4. http://www.bestattungwien.at/eportal2/ep/programView.do?pageTypeId=75857&channelId=-54064&programId=74431&contentId=77403&contentTypeId=1001 History of Bestattung Wien, accessed June 5, 2016