Hybrid bus
A hybrid bus is a (line) omnibus and belongs to the class of hybrid electric vehicles . These are equipped with several drive systems. For example, they have an internal combustion engine with an electric generator or a fuel cell as a power generation unit , electric motor (s) and a traction battery .
principle
The term “ hybrid ” is derived from the Latin term hybrida of Greek origin and means something crossed, mixed or bundled. According to the UNO definition, a hybrid vehicle is a vehicle in which at least two energy converters and two energy storage systems built into the vehicle are available to drive it. Energy converters are, for example, electric, gasoline and diesel engines , energy storage systems are, for example, batteries or fuel tanks .
In contrast to duo buses , hybrid buses are independent of overhead lines ; the diesel engine provides a constant power supply, with the electricity generated flowing both into the electric motors that actually drive the axles and into the electricity storage. The waste heat from power generation can be used to air-condition the interior and the battery. Peaks in energy consumption - for example when starting up - are supplied from the power storage. As regards their type is generally, for example in modern fuel cell buses to serial hybrids , in which the internal combustion engine driving not just the vehicle but the full drive power is provided by electric motors which are therefore generally stronger than parallel hybrids are. As electric brakes, more powerful electric motors can feed more braking energy back into the battery through recuperation , which further reduces consumption when driving around town.
There are two fundamentally different hybrid propulsion technologies.
- With parallel hybrid technology, both types of drive access the drive train at the same time. The electric drive usually only has a supporting effect here. The combustion engine runs continuously. In addition to city buses , this technology is also used in regional buses , which have a higher average speed and a longer distance between stops.
- In serial hybrid technology, a generator is first driven by the combustion engine or electrical energy is generated using a fuel cell, which is temporarily stored in a traction battery . The combustion engine can be operated evenly in the optimal speed range. The fuel cell also only has to be regulated slowly, which increases the service life of the fuel cell stack. One or more electric motors drive the wheels. Driving is purely electric. This technology is used particularly in city buses, which also achieve a low average speed with short distances between stops and high traffic density, but have to start and brake more often.
Gyrobus and Hydrobus represent two historical, not pursued further development strands . Coupled with diesel engines, a few hybrid buses were developed on this basis.
Advantages and disadvantages
The aim of the system is in addition to a better driving dynamics, a reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant, noise and CO 2 - emissions . This can be achieved through better starting and acceleration characteristics with operation of the diesel engine in the optimum speed range and, on the other hand, through braking energy recovery (recuperation). This technology can save a lot of energy, especially in city traffic, as acceleration and braking are very frequent.
Disadvantages of the system are the space required and the weight of the additional technical equipment. If components are placed on the roof of the bus, as is the case with most test objects, this has to be reinforced and the driving dynamics of the bus have to be adapted to the increased center of gravity. At colder temperatures, due to the lower drive losses (waste heat), additional energy has to be used to heat the bus. Under these conditions, this reduces the efficiency advantage of the system.
Due to the disadvantages in terms of space requirements and weight, the hybrid drive is seen as a bridging technology until the further development of battery or fuel cell buses.
Manufacturers and models
Mercedes Benz
Probably the first hybrid bus was the Mercedes-Benz O 305 OE , which was in service in Stuttgart and Wesel from 1979 to 1984 .
In 1996 the Daimler-Benz company produced a pilot series ( MB O 405 GNDE ) as a low-floor bus with wheel hub drives. However, the development was stopped. Daimler Buses North America has already delivered over a thousand buses.
EvoBus is currently producing the Mercedes-Benz Citaro G BlueTec Hybrid. This is designed as a serial hybrid bus. The Mercedes-Benz Citaro FuelCELL-Hybrid is derived from this as the third version of the fuel cell bus from 2011 . In addition to the battery, the electrical energy for the traction motors is supplied by a fuel cell instead of a diesel engine with a generator. By storing braking energy in the batteries and operating the fuel cells independently of the load, consumption can be reduced. This allows the tank volume to be reduced to 35 kilograms, compared to 45 kilograms for a Citaro FuelCell. The batteries have a capacity of 27 kWh. The electric drive is transmitted via wheel hub motors with a total output of 120 kW. Ten 12 m Citaro FuelCell-Hybrid will be tested in Hamburg from 2011 in the regular service of the Hamburger Hochbahn . Around the world, 21 more of these city buses are to be tested in various other cities. EvoBus expects series production to begin between 2015 and 2020. The O 530 Citaro NGT is currently being produced with a gas drive and can be equipped with an electric hybrid module with recuperation .
MAN
As early as 1980, MAN developed a hybrid bus with a hydraulic drive that was similar to the principle of the gyrobus . However, it was only tested on a small scale and was not ready for series production. The energy generated by a diesel engine or fed in from a charging station is preserved in a bladder accumulator. The energy is extracted and stored by changing the pressure and volume. Contrary to what might be expected from the name, the liquid used was not water, but oil. At MAN , a double-decker bus was equipped with such a drive for test purposes, coupled with a diesel engine. Compared to the gyro drive, there was the advantage that there was no loss of energy in the idle state. The enormous mass of the hydraulic accumulators as well as the high manufacturing costs were reasons why little perspective was given to the development.
In mid-2007, a vehicle based on the MAN Lion's City with a hydrogen combustion engine was presented. These vehicles were in trial use at the Berlin transport company from July 2007. However, this field test did not go smoothly because the buses were not yet very reliable in comparison. At the beginning of 2009, only four of 14 buses were operational. Another pilot project started in August 2005 between Hallbergmoos and Munich Airport (bus 699). Currently (2012) there are no more projects with hydrogen combustion engines.
MAN has been manufacturing a hybrid bus, the MAN Lion's City Hybrid, since 2010 . The first of these vehicles was put into service in Munich .
Hess-Vossloh
Also in July 2007, the Hess lighTram Hybrid, the first double articulated hybrid bus, was presented and tested in Zug (Switzerland).
Since May 2011, five hybrid articulated buses of the type Swisshybrid from Hess / Vossloh-Kiepe have been in use at the Leipzig and Dresden transport companies as well as the Lübeck city traffic (car 495-499) .
Scania
Scania , part of the Volkswagen Group, added hybrid buses to its Citywide series in 2014 . According to the manufacturer, these are currently the only hybrid buses that can be operated with pure biodiesel (B 100).
Solaris
The Dresden Transport test a January 2007 Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid , which is used on the line 82 (now line 62). Other buses of the same type have been running since mid-2007 as the first hybrid bus type in Switzerland with the Lenzburg regional bus , with the Leipzig public transport company since autumn 2007 and with the Bochum-Gelsenkirchener Straßenbahnen AG since January 2008 .
On September 13, 2008, the first hybrid articulated bus with a closed diesel particulate filter from Solaris was presented to the Munich bus company Josef Ettenhuber in Ottobrunn . It was used in the regional bus service of the MVV . Together with the MVV, the Ettenhuber company tested the bus for its economic viability over a period of four years.
SOR
The Czech company SOR offers an articulated bus as a hybrid vehicle under the name SOR NBH 18 . The 18.75 m long low-floor bus has five doors that enable a rapid flow of passengers .
Van Hool
The Belgian family company Van Hool offers a selection of city and public service buses as hybrid buses (diesel / electric), from the 9 m midibus to the 24 m double articulated bus . A special feature is the Van Hool ExquiCity 24 diesel hybrid bus , which has been in service in the French city of Metz on the Mettis BRT line since 2013 and offers space for 150 passengers. In addition, hybrid fuel cell buses have been manufactured in various designs since 2004 .
Volvo
Volvo now only manufactures its 7900 city bus as a hybrid bus with parallel drive. The predecessor 7700 was initially also available with a normal diesel drive.
Volvo sold over 2000 hybrid buses between their 2010 launch and spring 2015. Most were two-axle 12-meter solo buses. The hybrid bus Volvo 7900 is available as a two-axle diesel hybrid bus, as a three-axle hybrid articulated bus and as an electric hybrid Volvo 7900 Electric Hybrid . Chassis with Volvo's hybrid bus powertrain were also supplied as the basis for British double-decker buses.
Wrightbus
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In 2006, the Northern Irish bus manufacturer Wrightbus delivered the first six copies of a single-deck hybrid bus for Go-Ahead in London. The hybrid drive has since been further developed and these buses are marketed as "Electrocity".
In 2007 Wright manufactured the first Gemini 2 HEV double-decker bus with serial hybrid technology from Siemens for use in London. In 2009, five more each followed for Arriva and First London . In addition to the Gemini 2 HEV, Wrightbus offers a double-decker bus with a serial hybrid drive based on the Volvo B5TLH floor pan, almost 200 of which are used by four different bus operators in London.
Wrightbus also produces the New Routemaster (also NB4L), another double-decker hybrid bus. The series ordered by Transport for London (TfL) - in the meantime 1000 wagons - will be made available to the operating companies identified through tenders . In 2013, New Routemasters were already operating on four lines.
Alexander Dennis
The British company Alexander Dennis Ltd. (ADL) has been producing hybrid buses in all sizes in Scotland since 2008, from midibuses (Enviro 200 H) to three-axle double-decker buses (Enviro 500 H). The ADL Enviro 400 H with the serial drive is the most popular hybrid double-decker, it is available in different lengths as a two-axle bus. The large Enviro 500 H double-deckers in particular are also produced for markets outside the UK, as well as Hong Kong and Australia as a left-hand drive version for North America and Europe as tour buses .
Optare
The English subsidiary of Ashok Leyland produces the low-entry Optare Tempo bus , which has also been available in a hybrid version since 2008.
BredaMenarinibus
In Italy, the company BredaMenarinibus offers the 12-tonne hybrid bus BredaMenarinibus M 240 El for 88 to 97 passengers.
King Long
The Chinese company King Long , the world's second largest bus manufacturer, had already sold more than 3,500 hybrid buses by 2016. In 2014, it presented the E 12 hybrid bus at the IAA Commercial Vehicles . The vehicle has the usual length of 12 m for city buses and has a 6-speed automatic transmission . Several vehicles of this diesel-electric type, which is designed for a speed of 100 km / h , have been in service in the Spanish capital Madrid since 2015 .
distribution
Hybrid buses at German transport companies
A total of 204 hybrid buses operate with German transport companies (as of May 13, 2012). The largest operator with 18 vehicles was the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe, followed by Bogestra with 15. In the most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, most of them were represented in one state with 81 hybrid buses, followed by Saxony with 46.
Fifteen Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrids operate on BoGeStra. The DVB employ a Solaris Urbino 18 hybrid bus, three Hess BGH-N2C Vossloh Kiepe hybrid buses and eight Mercedes-Benz Citaro G BlueTec Hybrid buses. The Hamburger Hochbahn has been using hybrid buses since 2010. At the subsidiaries of HHA Jasper and Süderelbebus GmbH (SBG), Volvo 7700 and 7900 have been or are used, and VHH have also been using Volvo 7900 since December 2013. A Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid is in use at LVB . The MVG in Munich employs two hybrid buses, a Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid and a MAN Lion's City Hybrid. The MVG in Mainz has been using a Mercedes-Benz Citaro G on a trial basis since May 23, 2012. In September 2010, the SSB expanded their fleet by three Mercedes-Benz Citaro G BlueTec hybrids. Two more should follow in 2010.
Krefeld Stadtwerke SWK use four Mercedes-Benz hybrid buses and plan to use four hybrid refuse collection vehicles for 2011. There are two MAN Lion's City Hybrids in the KVB fleet . In March 2011, three Citea SLF120 Hybrids were also delivered to HEAG mobibus in Darmstadt. The five Citaro G hybrid articulated buses from Rostocker Straßenbahn AG were exchanged for conventional Citaro Gs due to unsatisfactory availability.
In 2013 the RSV from Reutlingen received a hybrid bus from MAN, which runs on Line 8 and is also planning Line 7 as a pilot line.
The Wolfsburg-based traffic GmbH has taken on July 16, 2014 three MAN hybrid buses in operation.
The Tübingen city traffic TüBus had bought various used hybrid buses in 2017, also from the Hamburger Hochbahn .
The Augsburger Verkehrsgesellschaft purchased several new natural gas buses in 2018, 6 of them as hybrids.
Hybrid buses at Swiss transport companies
Various Swiss transport companies (BVB, TL, STI, BSU, SBW, TPG, PAG) used a Mercedes Citaro G Blue Tex and a Hess Swiss Hybrid on a trial basis in regular service in 2011/12. The fuel savings averaged less than ten percent, in Winterthur no savings were recorded due to the short distance between stops and the comparatively slow traffic. In contrast, a noticeably lower level of noise pollution was registered. In terms of consumption, the “Citaro” with a lithium-ion battery performed slightly better than the “Hess” with supercaps .
Since October 2012, seven Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid (No. 341–347) have been operating in La Chaux-de-Fonds , which are to gradually replace the current trolleybuses .
Seven Mercedes-Benz Citaro C2 hybrid buses have been operating in Burgdorf since November 2018. They replace older Solaris and VanHool buses.
Hybrid buses operated by French transport companies
The committee responsible for public transport in Île-de-France, Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (short name STIF), decided in December 2013 to initiate extensive campaigns to initiate the transition to more environmentally friendly buses. In the medium term, the vehicle fleet will consist only of hybrid vehicles, buses with natural gas drives and battery buses .
In the years 2014/2015 alone, 300 million euros were invested for this purpose , which will benefit the RATP and the private companies that are part of the OPTILE business association and participate in local public transport. In 2016, the fleet will contain 740 hybrid buses and 200 natural gas buses. That is more than 10% of the vehicle fleet.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hybrid bus test: MVG draws interim balance - vehicles suitable for practical use, but not ready for series production : newstix.de , November 30, 2011
- ↑ Daimler Buses North America: Orion VII Hybrid Product Overview ( Memento from July 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), on: orionbus.com (Engl.)
- ↑ Rycon blog post from August 23, 2011: Why the fuel cell bus is not a hydrogen bus . Retrieved August 22, 2012
- ↑ Large- scale test in Hamburg - new fuel cell bus from Mercedes uses 50% less hydrogen. ( Memento of December 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) on: ATZ online , November 19, 2009, accessed August 22, 2012
- ↑ No pollutants . In: Regionalverkehr , issue 6/2009
- ↑ Mercedes Citaro Fuel Cell Hybrid: high-tech bus for clean public transport . Spiegel online , November 16, 2009
- ↑ The Citaro NGT. With new hybrid technology. September 1, 2017, archived from the original on November 10, 2019 ; accessed on November 10, 2019 (technical data).
- ↑ The Hydro-Bus . In: Motor year 1982 , transpress VEB Verlag for Transport, Berlin, pp. 85–87.
- ↑ a b Klaus Kurpjuweit: Trial with hydrogen buses fizzled out . In: Der Tagesspiegel of March 8, 2009, accessed on December 13, 2009
- ↑ Munich takes over the first MAN Lion's City Hybrid. auto.de , May 25, 2010
- ↑ Five new hybrid buses to the Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe , on: vossloh-kiepe.com , May 2011
- ↑ Sustainable city and coach solutions ( memento of the original from October 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Volkswagen AG press release of September 24, 2014, accessed on October 5, 2014
- ↑ Most environmentally friendly bus in the Munich area . ( Memento of the original from December 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Press release from Ettenhuber, September 15, 2008
- ↑ SOR NBH 18 ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , SOR Libchavy website , accessed October 26, 2014
- ^ Public transport hybrid diesel-electric Internet site of the manufacturer, accessed on October 3, 2014
- ↑ Van Hool public transport (PDF; 4.39 MB) company brochure, accessed on October 12, 2014
- ↑ Volvo sells over 2000 hybrid buses. In: Omnibusrevue of April 28, 2014, accessed on July 20, 2015
- ↑ Dirk Sombrutzki: Next Stop Piccadilly Circus · The bus traffic in London . In: Omnibus-Nachrichten , Issue 4–13, ISSN 1432-3923 , p. 24
- ↑ King Long Hybrid Intercity Buses Won High Acclaim in Madrid Press release of August 3, 2016. Accessed November 5, 2016.
- ↑ Magazine: Overview of the use of hybrid buses , on: stadtbus2.de on May 13, 2012, accessed on June 21, 2012
- ^ The hybrid bus fleet of DVB AG , on dvb.de.
- ↑ 600,000 euro guinea pig: First hybrid bus from the Mainz transport company . ( Memento from December 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: Allgemeine Zeitung Mainz , May 23, 2012
- ↑ Mercedes-Benz press report: Three Mercedes-Benz Citaro G BlueTec® hybrid buses now in use on Stuttgart trams ( Memento from January 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ "Clean Fleet" for Krefeld . (Hybrid and electric vehicles from Stadtwerke Krefeld)
- ↑ Citea Low Floor hybrid , on: vdlbuscoach.com
- ↑ WVG: Quiet hybrid buses drive on Wolfsburg's streets! waz-online.de July 17, 2014, accessed May 15, 2017
- ↑ SWA Augsburg: New swa buses: USB charging sockets and hybrid drive. October 1, 2019, accessed on October 9, 2019 (German).
- ↑ Tram No. 113 / 02-04-2013 , ISSN 1422-5344 , page 13
- ↑ Tram No. 113 / 02. – 04.2013, ISSN 1422-5344 , pages 57/58
- ↑ STIF press release , updated on July 16, 2015, accessed on July 20, 2015 (French)
