Prévôt de Paris
The position of Prévôt de Paris (bailiff of Paris) was established in the 12th century and abolished in 1792 in the course of the French Revolution . It was an official of the king, in whose office a number of functions were combined to represent the government.
tasks
He originally stood up for the crown in legal disputes and also represented the king in judicial audiences in Châtelet , where he was entrusted with the administration of justice.
He was appointed by the "Président à mortier" with the words:
“Je vous installe dans la Charge de Prévôt de Paris, pour l'exercer dignement, et au consentement du Roi et du Public.
I entrust you with the office of Mayor of Paris to exercise it with dignity and in agreement with the King and the people ”
The Prévôt de Paris was responsible for supervising the administration of justice and had to ensure that the customs of the country were observed. Like the first judge in Paris, he had the right to attend meetings of the Estates General .
He confirmed the decisions made by the Parloir aux bourgeois (for example: Citizens' Office) and was in charge of the nobility, the armory, the police and the night watchmen of Paris. He was de facto the city's bailli . To support him, he was initially assigned an assistant to conduct correspondence. Soon, however, that was no longer enough, an institution was formed, in addition to a public prosecutor for the king, a lieutenant civil (civil lieutenant), two lawyers for the king, eight advisors, and a lieutenant criminal (detective lieutenant).
The ever-increasing variety of tasks made it necessary to hire investigators to support him in litigation and case law.
Several chambers were set up by the “Prévôté de Paris”:
- Le présidial (Presidium)
- the: Chambre de la prévôté au parc civil (Bailiwick of the public facilities)
- the: Chambre de police (Police Chamber)
- die: Chambre criminelle (criminal chamber)
- the: Chambre du prévôt de l'Île de France (Bailiwick Chamber of the Île de France )
- the: Chambre du procureur du Roi (Chamber of the Royal Prosecutor)
- die: Chambre du juge auditeur (Chamber of the Court Auditor)
As a uniform, the "Prévôté de Paris" wore a short robe with coat, a turn-down collar and hat with feathers. In addition a sword and an official staff, richly decorated with silver. He wore this dress at the royal meetings, where he took his place on the last steps of the throne below the chamberlains , and in the parliamentary hearings.
The official seat of the Prévôt de Paris was the Grand Châtelet .
Development over the years
Establishment
After the county of Paris fell to the crown after Hugo Capet took over the royal dignity, a Prévôt was appointed in the city at a time that can no longer be determined. However, it is proven that this office existed in 1060.
In 1200 Philip II ordered that the Prévôt de Paris had to take his oath to the rector of the university , as he was the guarantor of the same privileges. The respective Prévôts have this oath regularly up to the XVII. Century.
Reform of Louis IX.
Under the reign of the Blanka of Castile , the Prévôté de Paris was closed at the request of the citizens, which then happened to all other Prévôtés of the kingdom. Powers were transferred to two royal officials, one of whom had judicial powers while the other supervised financial matters.
After his return from the Sixth Crusade , Louis IX continued. an end to the abuses made possible by this decision. He abolished the viability of the post and installed Etienne Boileau in 1258, known for his integrity, skill and energy. At the same time, a new office was created, the "Gardien de la ville" (City Guard), who was responsible for the internal security of the city. He supervised the royal night watchmen and also supervised the trades. The first “Gardien de la ville” was Geoffroy de Courtray.
Further changes
In 1309 Philip IV granted the Prévôt de Paris a ceremonial escort who was clothed in chain mail and wore halberds .
After the uprising of the Maillotins and the subsequent abolition of the “Vogt of the Merchants”, Charles V wanted to upgrade the royal Vogt. To this end, he ordered in his orders of January 27, 1382 to move the town hall of Paris (as an institution) to the Prévôté de Paris. He made the Petit Châtelet the residence of the Prévôt so that he could always stay in the center of his place of work.
Louis XII. demanded in 1498 that the Vogt of Paris from now on should be a doctor in utroque jure (doctor of jurisprudence) so that the law no longer applies to the judiciary, but rather to the law.
Finally, the Prévôt de Paris' powers only diminished to take part in glamorous ceremonies. Although he was President of the Châtelet, he no longer had a decisive voice and was no longer directly involved in the judgments given on his behalf. A civil lieutenant once put it this way:
" Monsieur le prévôt de Paris a dit ...
... the so-called Monsieur le prévôt de Paris "
The last Prévôt de Paris was Anne Gabriel de Boulainvilliers in 1792 . The Marquis de Boulainvilliers held the titles: Prévôt de ville (bailiff), Prévôté et vicomté de Paris (bailiff and vice-count of Paris), & Conservateur des privilèges royaux de l'Université (keeper of the royal privileges of the university.)
At that time, the Prévôte had more than 1,550 agents.
List of Prévôts de Paris
Since Etienne Boileau and the reform by Louis IX:
- Étienne Boileau (1258)
- Jean de Champbaudon (1258-1260)
- Pierre Gontier (1260)
- Etienne Boileau (1260-1270)
- Regnaut Barbou (1270-1275)
- Jehan Le Saunier (1275-1276)
- Maré de Morées (1277-12 ..)
- Henri d'Hyerres (1277-12 ..)
- Eudes le Roux (1277-12 ..)
- Guy Du Mes (1277-1281)
- Gilles de Compiègne (1281-1285)
- Oudard le la Neuville (1285-1287)
- Renaud le Cras (1287-1288)
- Pierre Saimel (1288-1289)
- Jean de Montigny (1289–1291)
- Jean de Marle (1291–1291) ( Marle (family) )
- Guillaume d'Hangest (1291-1296)
- Jean de Saint-Léonard (1296-1297)
- Robert Mauger (1297-1298)
- Guillaume Thiboust (1298-1300)
- Pierre Jumeau (1300-1304)
- Pierre de Dicy (1304-1308)
- Firmin Coquerel (1308-1310)
- Jean Ploibant (1310-1316)
- Henri Tapperel (1316-1320)
- Jean de Milon (1331)
- Jean Bernier (1362-1366)
- Hugues Aubriot (1367-1381)
- Audouin Chauveron (1381-1389)
- Jehan de Foleville (1389-1401)
- Guillaume de Tignonville (1401–1408)
- Pierre des Essarts (1408–1410)
- Bruneau de Saint-Clair (1410-1411)
- Pierre des Essarts (1411-1413)
- Robert de La Heuze, called Le Borgne (1413)
- Tanneguy III du Chastel (1413-1418)
- Guy de Bar (1418-1419)
- Gilles de Clamecy (1419-1421)
- Pierre de Marigny (May 1421 – July 1421)
- Jean de La Baume (1421-1422)
- Pierre Le Treason (1422-1422)
- Simon Morhier (1422-1432)
- Gilles de Clamecy (1432-1436)
- Ambroise de Loré (1436–1446)
- Jean d'Estouteville (1446–1446), resigned for his brother Robert
- Robert d'Estouteville (1446-1465)
- Jacques de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1461–1465)
- Robert d'Estouteville (1465-1479)
- Jacques d'Estouteville (1479–1509)
- Gabriel d'Allègre (1512–1523)
- Jean de La Barre (1523-1533)
- Jean d'Estouteville (1533-1540)
- Antoine Duprat (1540–1553)
- Antoine Duprat (1553–1592), son of the previous one
- Charles de Neuville (1592–1593)
- Jacques d'Aumont (1593-1611)
- Claude de Bullion (1616)
- Louis Seguier de Saint-Brisson (1616–1653)
- Pierre Seguier de Saint-Brisson (1653-1670)
- Armand de Camboust (1670–1685) † 1702
- Charles-Denis de Bullion (1685-1721)
- Gabriel-Jérôme de Bullion (1721–1752), son of the previous one
- Louis Alexandre Catherine Duport (1691–1774)
- Alexandre de Ségur (1755–1766)
- Anne Gabriel de Boulainvilliers (1766–1792)
literature
- Le Châtelet de Paris, son organization, ses privilèges (CA Desmaze)
- Histoire de l'administration de la police de Paris (HA Fregier)
- Répertoire méthodologique et alphabétique de législation (MD Dalloz)
- Dictionnaire historique de la ville de Paris (Pierre-Thomas-Nicolas Hurtaut et Magny)
- Heurs et Malheurs des Prévôts de Paris (Jean Marie DURAND - L'Harmattan 2008)
- Manuscrits de dom Lenoir, dépouillés par Bertrand Pâris, volume 21 n ° 3962 (Lettres de Charles VI of September 18, 1413).
See also
Footnotes
- ^ The "Office de président à mortier" was one of the most important judicial organs of the Ancien Régime
- ^ Jacques Le Goff, Saint Louis , Paris, Gallimard, January 1996, ISBN 2070733696 , p. 234.
- ↑ Archives Nationales J / 732 n ° 77
- ↑ Archives NationalesJ / 157 n ° 30 à 51
- ↑ Archives Nationales J / 732 n ° 101 bis
- ↑ Archives Nationales J / 732 113
- ^ Archives Nationales J / 732 n ° 116
- ^ Archives municipale de Lille, pièce aux titres, 121/2212.
- ^ Jean Favier "Les contribuables parisiens à la fin de la guerre de cent ans" Editeur: Librairie Droz, ISBN 978-2-600-03363-3 , consulté le = 13 mars 2010