Refining steel

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Refined steel or fermentation steel is an early form of today's steel and was the raw material for forged products. The manufacturing process is called fermentation and includes various forging techniques .

From that of the iron time until the invention of puddling used smelting furnace is determined by the smelting of iron ore and charcoal a Stahlluppe from Renneisen recovered. However, due to the numerous inclusions of slag , the porous (sponge-like) structure and the very strong fluctuations in the carbon content, this basic material is unsuitable for direct processing. A processing ( refining ) of the race iron is needed. This is achieved by forging and folding the iron several times, followed by fire welding . In contrast to the production of Damascus steel , the folding does not serve to create a layer structure (pattern) of two steels or non-ferrous metals (e.g. Mokume-Gane ) with different properties, but only to homogenize the material. After this refinement, the inclusions are removed and the carbon content is largely uniform. The material is now called refining steel and can be used for further processing into a wide variety of forged products.

The quality of the refined steel is more dependent on the preliminary products and the skills of the craftsmen than the steel produced industrially in blast furnaces , since today's processes allow the proportion of alloying elements and the purity of the material to be controlled much better. Refining steel has lost its industrial importance today.

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Only blacksmiths - art blacksmiths or cutlers - who still work in the traditional way and also value the use of the appropriate historical materials, still use refined steel for their work today. In some cases, good refining steel has better properties than modern steel with the same composition. Due to the structure, which is usually more strongly oriented in one direction, the notched impact strength is higher in the transverse direction and lower in the longitudinal direction, which is particularly desirable in the manufacture of knives or handguns . In today's industrial steel production, attempts are made to suppress this anisotropy for further homogenization, for example by cross-rolling sheets.