realism
| Realism - related terms | |
|---|---|
| Realism (philosophy) | Essentialism , Moderate Realism , Constructive Realism , Critical Realism , Hypothetical Realism , Modal Realism , Naive Realism , Neural Realism , Speculative Realism |
| Scientific realism | Entity realism , model-dependent realism , structural realism |
| Realism in law, politics and economics | Legal Realism , Constitutional Realism , Realism (International Relations) , Metallism |
| Socialist realism | Style in literature, painting, music, art, architecture |
| Realism (literature) | Bourgeois Realism , Heroic Realism , Magical Realism |
| Realism (art) | American Realism , photorealism , hyperrealism , Capitalist Realism , Magic Realism , Fantastic Realism |
| Poetic Realism (film) | Epoch in European film |
Realism (from the Latin realis 'really' ) is a term used to express the relationship between people and reality .
In the everyday, colloquial sense, one speaks of realism in contrast to idealism : Realism is a conception of life that "takes things and people as they are, instead of [...] seeing in them only more or less imperfect manifestations of an ideal" . Realism recognizes the imperfect and seeks or accepts ways to cope with it.
In the variant of political realism , realism can be meant as the opposite of optimism , because if pessimistic expectations are met, it leads to better solutions than optimism. - The Duden calls this conception of realism "sense of reality".
Sciences
philosophy
In philosophy, when it comes to realism, the main questions are whether there is any reality at all, whether it exists independently of humans and how it is recognized and described. Philosophical realism represents the existence of a reality in all its variants, but only naive realism is of the opinion that it is as we perceive it.
The universal realism was a standpoint in a long-running late medieval dispute as to whether the general or the individual were real ( problem of universals ). In contrast to the criticism of idealistic generalizations, this realism held the general to be real, while the individual was only temporary. The view that there is a reality that is independent of man and that is in principle recognizable has recently been represented by Critical Realism and Scientific Realism .
Natural sciences
In the natural sciences, the central question is whether theories explain a reality that exists independently of these theories. The scientific realism sees evidence of this reality in the confirmation of theories because such confirmation could not be a miracle ( Miracle argument ). The structures realism assumes that reality, the approximate theories, consists only of structures. An entity realism that puts the experiment above the theories argues against a “theory realism” . A model-dependent realism takes the view that reality is observer- dependent .
law Sciences
In the legal sciences, one speaks of legal realism or constitutional realism when neither moral nor written principles are seen as ideals, but rather the law should be based exclusively on experience .
Arts and Culture
In art and culture, the term realism mostly expresses the turning towards an "unpleasant" reality that is avoided by higher social classes or by dominant artistic styles. Everyday life, problems or technology come into focus.
epoch
In this sense there is realism as an epoch in literature (and less often than an epoch in the visual arts ) that is settled roughly in the second third of the 19th century. This period follows on from Romanticism (which is set a little later across Europe than German Romanticism ) and turns into naturalism in literature and theater.
In German literature one speaks of the bourgeois realism of social novels up to the end of the 19th century. Because realism turns to the vernacular , there are many language-specific variants such as verism in Italy or Russian realism . In France, realism and naturalism are difficult to distinguish from one another. Such epoch boundaries are often considered dubious and outdated today, but can still be found in many historical representations.
attitude
Many variants of cultural realism in the 20th century that were directed against aestheticism around 1900 or against abstract art are also understood as ideological attitudes . American realism was the name of a movement in the visual arts in the USA that turned to “simple” subjects such as granaries or sporting events. Heroic realism was the name of a pessimistic trend in German literature between the world wars. The poetic realism in European film dealt with the social problems of the world economic crisis .
The socialist realism combined the devotion to ordinary people and seemingly banal subjects with the conviction that reality can be known beyond doubt with the help of science. As a political program it was prescribed to the cultural workers of the Soviet Union 1932-1991. Formalism was seen as the enemy of this realism . Some western art styles called realism reacted to this doctrine, such as the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism or Capitalist Realism .
technology
In the visual arts of the 20th century, the term realism is also used in connection with the influence of techniques or media of representation. The visual realism of the 19th century had already dealt with the history and development of photography . Magical realism and fantastic realism were the names of styles in painting that emerged in the early days of film and took up its possibilities of dissolving or montage. The photorealism of Pop Art adopts photographic modes of representation in painting, while hyperrealism deliberately exaggerates details.
literature
- Arnim Regenbogen , Uwe Meyer (Ed.): Dictionary of philosophical terms. Meiner, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 978-3-7873-2500-9 , pp. 549-551, urn : nbn: de: 101: 1-201703104667 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Realism . In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition. Volume 16, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1908, p. 648 .
- ↑ Realism. In: Duden online , accessed on January 9, 2018 (Memento in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ See thematic booklet Epochen (= communications of the German Association of Germanists. 49 vol., Booklet 3). Göttingen 2002, ISSN 0012-1061 and ISSN 0418-9426 .