Rhodococcus equi

Rhodococcus equi
Systematics
Department :	Actinobacteria
Order :	Actinomycetales
Subordination :	Corynebacterineae
Family :	Nocardiaceae
Genre :	Rhodococcus
Type :	Rhodococcus equi
Scientific name
	Rhodococcus equi
	( Magnusson 1923) ; Goodfellow & Alderson 1977

Rhodococcus equi is a gram-positive , coconut rod. The bacterium usually occurs as an environmental germ in dusty, dry soils and can infect up to 60 percent on farms (of horses and goats). The previously high mortality rate of the infection had decreased to around 12 percent by 2009, presumably through better monitoring of the foals and antibiotic treatment. The most common symptoms today are mild neutrophilic leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia with excessive fibrinogen formation . It has been known since 2008 that R. equi can infestboth domestic pigs and wild boars . R. equi is the most common cause of respiratory diseases infoals. The pathogen can also be transmitted to humans. Itcan cause fatal lung infections ( pneumonia ),especially in severely immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients. Wound infections, osteomyelitis and abscesses can also be caused by Rhodococcus equi in humans.

Rhodococcus equi belongs to the group of facultative intracellular pathogens, so it can multiply on nutrient media (e.g. brain heart infusion) as well as in immune eating cells (macrophages) of the host. A central virulence factor is the bacterial virulence-associated protein A (VapA), which, together with long, mycolic acid-containing surface glycolipids, blocks phagosome maturation. Thus, the fusion of phagosomes containing bacteria with the lysosomes as digestive compartments of the immune eater cells does not occur and the bacteria can multiply.

For antibiotic therapy in infections with Rhodococcus equi , vancomycin combined with rifampicin , or alternatively imipenem with rifampicin, can be used for four to eight weeks, if possible followed by oral administration of ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin .

Synonyms

Other species names are wrongly used for Rhodococcus equi . In addition to Corynebacterium equi , synonyms such as Bacillus hoagii , Corynebacterium purulentus , Mycobacterium equi , Mycobacterium restrictum , Nocardia restricta and Proactinomyces restrictus are common.

Hosts

Horses
Sheep
Pigs (domestic, wild)
Goats
(severely immunocompromised) people

Individual evidence

↑ Monika Venner and Erich Klug: The Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: diagnosis, therapy, prophylaxis In: Pferde spiegel number 4, 2005. Pages 155–158 PDF ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Kristine von Bargen and Albert Haas (2009): Molecular and infection biology of the horse pathogen Rhodococcus equi . In: FEMS Microbiol Rev , Volume 33, Pages 870-891, PMID 19453748
↑ Makrai, L. et al. (2008): Isolation and characterization of Rhodococcus equi from submaxillary lymph nodes of wild boars (Sus scrofa). In: Vet Microbiol. PMID 18499361 doi : 10.1016 / j.vetmic.2008.04.009
^ Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich, 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , p. 266.
↑ Mary Hondalus and David Mosser (1994): Survival and replication of Rhodococcus equi in macrophages . In: Infect Immun , Volume 62, pages 4167-4175
↑ Shruti Jain, Barry R. Bloom and Mary Hondalus (2003): Deletion of vapA encoding Virulence Associated Protein A attenuates the intracellular actinomycete Rhodococcus equi , Mol Microbiol , Volume 50, Pages 115-128, PMID 14507368
↑ Kristine von Bargen, Marco Polidori, Ulrike Becken, Gitta Huth, John F. Prescott and Albert Haas (2009): Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein A is required for diversion of phagosome biogenesis but not for cytotoxicity , In: Infection and Immunity , Volume 77, pages 5676-5681, PMID 19797071
↑ Tobias Sydor, Kristine von Bargen, Fong-Fu Hsu, Gitta Huth, Otto Holst, Jens Wohlmann, Ulrike Becken, Tobias Dykstra, Kristina Söhl, Buko Lindner, John F. Prescott, Ulrich E. Schaible, Olaf Utermöhlen and Albert Haas ( 2013): Diversion of phagosome trafficking by pathogenic Rhodococcus equi depends on mycolic acid chain length In: Cell Microbiol , Volume 15, Pages 458-473, PMID 23078612
^ Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich, 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , p. 266.

[1] Monika Venner and Erich Klug: The Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: diagnosis, therapy, prophylaxis In: Pferde spiegel number 4, 2005. Pages 155–158 PDF ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2

[2] Kristine von Bargen and Albert Haas (2009): Molecular and infection biology of the horse pathogen Rhodococcus equi . In: FEMS Microbiol Rev , Volume 33, Pages 870-891, PMID 19453748

[3] Makrai, L. et al. (2008): Isolation and characterization of Rhodococcus equi from submaxillary lymph nodes of wild boars (Sus scrofa). In: Vet Microbiol. PMID 18499361 doi : 10.1016 / j.vetmic.2008.04.009

[4] Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich, 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , p. 266.

[5] Mary Hondalus and David Mosser (1994): Survival and replication of Rhodococcus equi in macrophages . In: Infect Immun , Volume 62, pages 4167-4175

[6] Shruti Jain, Barry R. Bloom and Mary Hondalus (2003): Deletion of vapA encoding Virulence Associated Protein A attenuates the intracellular actinomycete Rhodococcus equi , Mol Microbiol , Volume 50, Pages 115-128, PMID 14507368

[7] Kristine von Bargen, Marco Polidori, Ulrike Becken, Gitta Huth, John F. Prescott and Albert Haas (2009): Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein A is required for diversion of phagosome biogenesis but not for cytotoxicity , In: Infection and Immunity , Volume 77, pages 5676-5681, PMID 19797071

[8] Tobias Sydor, Kristine von Bargen, Fong-Fu Hsu, Gitta Huth, Otto Holst, Jens Wohlmann, Ulrike Becken, Tobias Dykstra, Kristina Söhl, Buko Lindner, John F. Prescott, Ulrich E. Schaible, Olaf Utermöhlen and Albert Haas ( 2013): Diversion of phagosome trafficking by pathogenic Rhodococcus equi depends on mycolic acid chain length In: Cell Microbiol , Volume 15, Pages 458-473, PMID 23078612

[9] Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich, 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , p. 266.