Pipe whistle

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Pipe pipe from Crete (Mantoura)

A reed pipe , English reed pipe , is a traditional wind instrument with single-reed . Reeds are made from reed , stake or bamboo cane . Most of them were used by shepherds and farmers to pass the time, as signaling instruments or for dancing. The sound is piercing and slightly rasping.

Design

The sound of the reed pipes is produced by an idioglottes reed, i.e. the sound-producing tongue is created by an incision in a pipe. With a downward cut, the upper end of the tongue swings freely ( anaglott ), with an upward cut the lower end ( kataglott ). If the sound-producing tongue is cut directly into the melody tube, an instrument is created out of one piece ( integrated ). More often, however, an idioglottes reed with a smaller diameter is put on a sound tube, which can be replaced when it is used up ( not integrated ).

When blowing, the reed is held completely in the oral cavity. In the Mediterranean and the Middle East, the instruments are often played in circular breathing .

In addition to the simple basic shape, there are often doubled reed pipes, whereby either two reed pipes of the same type or a melody pipe and a drone pipe are connected to one another. They are usually unanimous, rarely in real polyphony ( polyphony played). Triple instruments can also be found in Sardinia.

If a (single or double) pipe pipe is combined with a bell, a horn pipe is created . Double instruments can have a wind capsule , such instruments often serve as playing tubes for bagpipes . Also, pumpkins can be used as an air reservoir. The transitions between the individual instrument types and names are often fluid.

Because of the sound generation with a single reed, the reed pipes (like the horn pipes ) are often referred to as "clarinets". The orchestral clarinet , however, is a more recent development, which has completely different properties than the reed pipes because of its complex key mechanism, the possibility of overblowing and the different timbre. Other names are “folk” or “natural clarinets” or “traditional chalumeaux ”. Scientifically, they can be described as "monoglotte euthyphones".

Origin and Distribution

Reeds are still widespread to this day, especially in the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe. They are believed to have originally been used across Europe. Its history can be traced back through the Middle Ages and the aulos of classical antiquity to ancient Egypt . Pipe pipes such as the mock trumpet , which was widespread in England at the end of the 17th century, were forerunners of the chalumeau and thus the clarinet.

Some pipe pipes

The following pipe pipes with one or more play tubes are still in use today (some of them revived):

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Becker, Heinz, On the history of the development of ancient and medieval reed instruments, Hamburg, 1966, p. 32f

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