Romanian grammar
The Romanian generally includes the same grammar and much of the phonology following other yet spoken Eastern Romance languages : Aromanian , Meglenorumänisch and Istrorumänisch .
Since Romanian belongs to the Romance language family, it has a lot in common with Italian , French and Spanish , for example - to name just the largest Romance languages. Because of its isolated location from the rest of Romania and its contact primarily with the surrounding Slavic languages , Romanian has on the one hand been able to retain some elements of Latin that have disappeared in the other standard Romance languages, and on the one hand it has developed its own language features, the other Romance languages are strange.
Nominal morphology
Romanian nouns have the gender category inherent in them; this category is arbitrary and cannot be changed. Nouns are also inflected: their declension includes
- 2 number categories (singular, plural),
- 2 categories of determination (definite, indefinite)
such as
- several case categories, the number of which is disputed.
Nouns can usually be diminished; such diminutive and diminutive forms are widespread in Romanian. Nouns form the head of the noun phrase in Romanian; with them the attributes which accompany them, in gender and number; on the other hand, case is marked on the entire noun phrase and not on the individual constituents of this noun phrase.
genus
In the Romanian language there is controversy over the number of grammatical genera ; In many places it can be read that Romanian, along with the Asturian language, was the only Romance language to retain the neuter category from the Latin language, while all other Romance languages only know masculine and feminine as gender categories. The Romanian neuter is not a group of nouns with its own morphological criteria, but only a group of nouns that always behave like masculine in the singular, but always like feminine in the plural - a characteristic that also Italians knows. That is why there is also the term ambigen ( Ambigenera ) in the specialist literature to distinguish these words from so-called "real" neuter as they exist in German or in the Slavic languages. For the Romanian language, the choice of the term neutral or ambigen is ultimately an ideological one, but in contrast to other languages the term ambigen is the clearer one. Furthermore, there are no separate neuter forms for adjectives either.
The nouns of the Romanian language are divided into the genders feminine, masculine and neuter / ambigenous. One can recognize the gender of a word relatively well by its indefinite form, which in the dictionary specifies the lemma:
- Masculine and neutral / ambiguous nouns usually end on a consonant, sometimes also on the vowels -u or -i .
- Feminine nouns often end in the vowels -ă or -a .
- Nouns that end in -e can be both masculine and feminine.
Examples:
- Masculine: bunic 'grandfather', om 'human', bou 'ox', copac 'tree', cheerful 'mountain'
- Feminine: bunică 'grandmother', vacă 'cow', femeie 'woman', carte 'book', cafea 'coffee'
- Neuter / ambigen: drum 'street', vis 'dream', cadou 'gift', exemplu 'example'.
In the case of nouns that designate people or animals, the gender is either masculine or feminine, with the gender being based on the natural gender of the named living being, regardless of which ending the noun has. For example, words like tată 'father' or popă 'priest' are masculine.
For native speakers, the method to find out which gender a noun belongs to is the so-called “one-two test”: The word is put in the singular and plural. The number words will have different endings. These endings can be used to tell with certainty which gender the noun belongs to:
- Masculine: un om, doi oameni 'one man, two men', un iepure, doi iepuri 'one rabbit, two rabbits'. If the numbers one and two are called un and doi , it is a masculine inflected noun.
- Neuter / ambigen: un corp, două corpuri 'one body, two bodies', un sertar, două sertare 'one drawer, two drawers'. In these cases the form of one is (un) masculine, while the number two (două) is feminine, which is a sure indicator that the noun behind it actually has the gender of the neuter.
- Feminine: o fată, două fete 'one girl, two girls', o pasăre, două păsări 'one bird, two birds'. Here both one (o) and two (două) are female.
number
The Romanian language has two numbers: singular and plural. The plural is indicated by the fact that the ending of the noun changes. Nouns that are in the plural can be recognized in most cases by the endings -i , -uri , -e or -le . There is scope for irregularities in this area of the noun as well, a few of these are listed below, it is also advisable to learn the plural of each individual noun.
Examples:
- -i : pom - pomi 'tree' - 'trees', cal - cai 'horse' - 'horses', tată - tați 'father' - 'fathers', barcă - bărci 'boat' - 'boats'
- -uri : tren - trenuri 'train' - 'trains', treabă - treburi 'task' - 'tasks' or 'work' - 'work', cort - corturi 'tent' - 'tents'
- -e : pai - paie 'straw' - 'straws', masă - mese 'table' - 'tables', teatru - teatre 'theater' - 'theater'
- -le : stea - stele 'star' - 'stars', cafea - cafele 'coffee' - 'coffee', pijama - pijamale 'pajama' - 'pajamas'
Certainty (posted article)
A frequently noticed peculiarity of Romanian, as in the other Balkan languages and in the North Germanic languages , is not to put the definite article in front of the reference word, as in all other Romance languages, but after it, and to make it a word with the reference word merge. It is believed that the Romanian definite articles developed from the Latin demonstrative pronouns, which is also assumed in other Romance languages. Compare the following table:
| Masculine | Feminine | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative accusative |
Lat. illum → rum. -lu → -l , -le |
Lat. illi → rum. -l'i → -i |
Lat. illa → rum. -euă → -eau → -a |
Lat. illae → rum. -le |
| Genitive dative |
Lat. illui → rum. -lui |
Lat. illorum → rum. -lor |
Lat. illae → rum. -egg |
Lat. illorum → rum. -lor |
Examples:
- masculine nouns (without article - with a specific article in the nominative - with a specific article in the genitive):
- codru - codru l - codru lui 'forest' - 'the forest' - 'of the forest'
- copac - copac ul - copacu lui 'tree' - 'the tree' - 'the tree'
- frate - frate le - frate lui 'brother' - 'the brother' - 'the brother'
- tată - tată l - tată lui 'father' - 'the father' - 'the father'
- Neutral nouns (without article - with specific article - with specific article in the genitive):
- teatru - teatru l - teatru lui 'theater' - 'the theater' - 'of the theater'
- loc - loc ul - locu lui 'place' - 'the place' - 'the place'
- feminine nouns (without article - with specific article - with specific article in the genitive):
- casă - cas a - cas ei 'house' - 'the house' - 'the house'
- floare - floare a - floar ei 'flower' - 'the flower' - 'the flower'
- cutie - cuti a - cuti ei 'box' - 'the box' - 'the box'
- stea - stea ua - ste lei 'star' - 'the star' - 'the star'
case
The number of Romanian cases is controversial; In Romanian grammars it is always stated that the language has retained five of the six cases of Latin (it is controversial within Romance linguistics whether the Romanian case inflection is a continuation of the Latin relationship or a new formation). However, their variety of forms is severely limited: The forms of nominative and accusative are the same for all nouns and adjectives, only in the area of personal pronouns there are separate forms (see there). The Romanian genitive and dative are also the same for all nouns (so there is no need to present the two cases separately). Finally, for the vocative there are separate forms for many nouns and adjectives, but not for pronouns. In each case, a distinction must be made between the following forms:
- Nouns (nouns and adjectives) and indefinite articles : nominative (= accusative), genitive (= dative) and vocative
- Personal pronouns : nominative, dative (stressed and unstressed forms) and accusative (stressed and unstressed forms)
In addition, Romanian, like most Romance popular languages and dialects, has a prepositional accusative , which is usually set in the form of the preposition pe for animate direct objects (e.g. vǎd pe Iorgu 'ich see Georg' (literally: (I) see Georg)) and is therefore semantically motivated. In the case of inanimate objects, on the other hand, it does not appear: vǎd casa and not * vǎd pe casa 'I see the house'.
items
Definite article
The Romanian definite article is not placed in front of the reference word, but is always added at the end. More specifically this acts as Enklitikon who always adhere to the first word of a noun phrase is added, but always on its head refers (a noun). Of all the Romance languages, only Romanian has this property, which it shares with some non-Romance languages such as Bulgarian or Albanian . The table below shows the derivation of the modern definite article from Latin:
| Masculine | Feminine | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative accusative |
Lat. acc. illum → Rum. -lu → -l, -le |
Lat. nom. illī → Rum. -l'i → -i |
Lat. acc. illam → Rum. -euă → -eau → -a |
Lat. nom. illae → Rum. -le |
| Genitive dative |
Lat. dat. illui → Rum. -lui |
Lat. gen. illōrum → Rum. -lor |
L. dat. Illī → Rum. -Ei |
L. gen. Illōrum → Rum. -Lor |
The definite articulated form of a simple noun is formed by appending the article to the inarticulate form of the noun. This can be illustrated using the example of a few nouns:
- loc - loc ul ( neutr. , nom . acc. , place - the place)
- frate - frate le ( masc . , nom . acc. , brother - the brother)
- codru - codru l ( mask. , nom.-acc. , forest - the forest)
- floare - floare a ( fem. , nom.-acc. , flower - the flower)
In plural:
- locuri - locuri le ( neutr. , nom.-acc. , places - the places)
- frați - frați i ( mas . , nom.-acc. , brothers - the brothers)
- codri - codri i ( mask. , nom.-acc. , forests - the forests)
- flori - flori le ( fem. , nom.-acc. , flowers - the flowers)
In some cases, phonetic changes also take place. Mostly with feminine nouns the ending -ă or -e is assimilated to the definite article:
- cutie - cuti a ( fem. , nom . acc. , box - the box)
- casă - cas a ( fem. , nom.-acc. , house - the house)
For some nouns, the phonetic changes are more complex. In the genitive dative, the inarticulate forms are rarely used; more common are the indefinite forms:
- stea - stea ua - (unei) stele - stele i ( fem. , Gen.-Dat. , star - the star - ( one ) star - the star)
The specific article is always appended to the first word of a noun group. This is usually a noun, but in some cases it can be another part of speech:
- câine le bun - bun ul câine (both means 'the good dog')
Elimination of the specific article
Under certain circumstances, Romanian does not use the definite article despite the definiteness of a noun. This happens if the noun is on its own and is in the accusative. For example:
- mă duc în parc 'I'm going to the park' instead of * mă duc în parc ul .
This change is purely formal, as the definiteness of the noun is still guaranteed. As soon as the noun is no longer alone (e.g. after inserting an adjective), the specific article is used again:
- mă duc în parc ul verde 'I'm going to the green park'.
There are similar rules in Albanian.
Indefinite article
In contrast to the definite article, the Romanian indefinite article, which is also derived from Latin, always comes before its reference word.
| Masculine | Feminine | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative accusative |
Lat. unum → Rome. U.N |
Lat. ne scio → Rome. nişte |
Lat. unam → Rome. O |
Lat. ne scio → Rome. nişte |
| Genitive dative |
Lat. unius → Rome. unui |
Lat. unorum → Rome. unor |
Lat. unae → Rome. unei |
Lat. unorum → Rome. unor |
Examples:
- Masculine:
- Nominative / accusative: Singular un copil 'a child' - plural niște copii '(some) children'
- Genitive / dative: Singular unui copil 'of a child, a child' - plural unor copii '(some) children, (some) children'
- neuter
- Nominative / accusative: Singular un loc 'a place' - plural niște locuri '(some) places'
- Genitive / dative: Singular unui loc 'of a place, a place' - plural unor locuri '(some) places, (some) places'
- Feminine
- Nominative / accusative: Singular o masă ‚a table '- plural niște mese ‚ (some) tables'
- Genitive / dative: Singular unei mese 'one table, one table' - plural unor mese '(some) tables, (some) tables'
It should also be noted that the indefinite article of the plural does not exist in the German language, which is why the translation can be made with several possible words, but mostly one can translate in context.
Possessive article
There are situations in the Romanian language in which a so-called genitive article is required. For example, if you want to talk about the map of China, you write hartă a Chinei, the genitive article in this case is a . The table below shows the writing styles of this article:
| Masculine | neuter | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | al | a | |
| Plural | ai | ale | |
The possessive article also has genitive or dative forms; however, these are formed exclusively with the possessive pronoun. The forms are: alui (m. Sg.), Alei (f. Sg.) And alor (plural m. And f.). These forms - especially those in the singular - are rarely used. Most of the time the sentences are rearranged so that one can do without them.
Overview of the nominal paradigm
Overall, the paradigm of a Romanian noun includes the following forms:
| Masculine lup "wolf" |
Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definitely | indefinite | definitely | |
| Nominative | un lup | lupul | (nişte) lupi | lupii |
| Genitive and Dative | unui lup | lupului | unor lupi | lupilor |
| (prepositional) accusative | (pe) un lup | (pe) lupul | (pe) (niște) lupi | (pe) lupii |
There is also the singular and plural vocative: lupule! '(O) Wolf!', Lupilor! '(O) Wolves!'
Adjectives
The adjectives in the Romance languages indicate the nature of things. They always appear as the determinants of nouns, pronouns, numbers or a copula, so that they only have the position of an attribute within the sentence.
Inflections of adjectives
Most adjectives show four forms, two each in singular and plural or for masculine and feminine. The typical endings are easily recognizable from the example word bun 'gut':
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | bun | bun-i | |
| Feminine | bun-ă | bun-e | |
The ending -i , like in the plural of nouns, is not a full vowel ending; only the preceding consonant is palatalized and thus spoken "softer".
In the adjective inflection there are also typical Romanian sound changes, such as s > ș or the vowel splitting o > oa; Example frumos 'beautiful':
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | frumos | frumoși | |
| Feminine | frumoasă | frumoase | |
The forms of an adjective that appear in the singular are called terminații . The forms that the adjective takes in the inflected state, of which there are four per adjective, are called forme flexionare . The adjective verde 'green', on the other hand, has a form that occurs in the singular; in the feminine it is identical to the masculine. The number of forme flexionare is numbered here at two.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | verde | dispensed | |
| Feminine | verde | dispensed | |
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | oranj | oranj | |
| Feminine | oranj | oranj | |
The adjective oranj is a word borrowed from another language. It only has one shape and always has the same ending. These types of adjectives are called invariable, other adjectives that change their ending are called variable .
Article with adjective
The usual order when combining a noun with an adjective is noun + adjective, although in Romanian the position adjective + noun is allowed and emphatically reflects the meaning of the adjective. The definite or indefinite article is always prefixed or appended to the first constituent.
Examples of the combination of noun + adjective:
un student bun 'a good student' studentul bun 'the good student' unui student bun 'a good student' studentului bun 'the good student'
Examples of the combination of adjective + noun:
un bun student 'a good student' bunul student 'the good student' unui bun student 'a good student' bunului student 'the good student'
Syntactic functions
The syntactic functions of these adjectives can be:
- Attribute, if it explains a noun, pronoun or number in more detail ( Băiatul blond este aici. - The blond boy is here.)
- Adjectival addition when it explains a copula in more detail ( Băiatul este blond. - The boy is blond.)
Rank of comparisons
An adjective can also have a rank of comparison.
- Positive: frumos ' beautiful
- Intensified positive: foarte frumos ' very nice
- Comparative:
- positive comparative: mai frumos ' nicer
- negative comparative: mai puțin frumos ‚less beautiful
- the comparison particles are decât or ca : mai frumos decât ‚more beautiful than
- if the second part of the comparison is a measure, de is used: durează mai mult de opt ore , it takes more than eight hours
- Equative: la fel de frumos (or tot așa de frumos , tot atât de frumos ) ‚just as beautiful
- the comparison particles are ca (și) , cât (și) or (pre) cum : la fel de frumos ca , just as beautiful as
- Superlative:
- of superiority: cel mai frumos ' the most beautiful, the most beautiful
- of inferiority: cel mai puțin frumos ‚the least beautiful
- Elative : prea frumos ' too beautiful
Personal pronouns
The personal pronouns are used in three different cases: nominative, dative and accusative. For the latter two cases, there are accented and unstressed forms.
There are eight different personal pronouns ( pronume personale ) in the Romanian language; A distinction is made between three persons in two numbers (singular, plural) and for the third person in two genera (masculine, feminine); Here is an overview of all forms of these eight pronouns in all three cases:
| Personal pronouns of the Romanian |
Nominative | accusative | dative | reflexive | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (optional) | stressed | unstressed | unstressed (clitical) |
stressed | unstressed | unstressed (clitical) |
accusative | dative | |||
| Singular | 1st person | eu | (pe) mine | mă | m- | mie | îmi | -mi | mă, m- | îmi | |
| 2nd person | do | (pe) tine | te | --- | ție | îți | -ți | te | îți | ||
| 3rd person | m. | el | (pe) el | îl | l-, -l | lui | îi | -i | se, s- | își | |
| f. | ea | (pe) ea | O | -O | egg | îi | -i | se, s- | își | ||
| Plural | 1st person | noi | (pe) noi | no | --- | nouă | no, ni | ni- | no | no | |
| 2nd person | voi | (pe) voi | vă | v- | vouă | vă, vi | v-, vi- | vă, v- | vă | ||
| 3rd person | m. | egg | (pe) egg | îi | -i | lor | le, li | --- | se | își | |
| f. | ele | (pe) ele | le | --- | lor | le | --- | se | își | ||
Remarks:
- In Romanian you can do without the subject pronouns (in the nominative), since the inflected verb provides information about gender and the number of what is meant; they are therefore considered to be optional and are only set if you want to emphasize the respective subject.
- The pronoun ele is only used when the group one is talking about is invariably feminine. If there are also masculine elements, you have to use ei . The personal pronouns in the vocative are identical to those in the nominative.
- The stressed form of the accusative or dative is only used when it occurs after the verb. If the personal pronoun appears before the verb in each case , then you have to use the unstressed form. For some unstressed forms there are also clitic variants that can be added to the preceding or following word.
- For the sake of completeness, the reflexive forms required of some verbs are also listed. They are identical to the unstressed personal pronouns except in the 3rd person singular and plural.
Verbs
The Romanian language knows several classes of verbs, which differ according to their respective conjugation. All verbs are inflected by person and number; in addition, they are used to express the modus and tense flexively (i.e. by conjugation). For the last-mentioned categories, however, there are sometimes also analytical, i.e. circumscribing constructions that use auxiliary verbs or particles.
Conjugation classes
There are two major conjugation classes in Romanian. The systemic difference between the two is that in main class I the forms of the present indicative of the 3rd person plural always coincide with those of the 3rd person singular, in main class II, however, with those of the 1st person singular. The verbs with the infinitive endings -a and -î belong to main class I, the verbs with -ea (only diphthong), -e and -i belong to main class II.
All Romanian full verbs can each be assigned to one of these two main classes, but there are numerous additional inflectional features that make the conjugation swell into a complex chapter. A few auxiliary verbs are excluded from these main classes, e.g. B. the perfect auxiliary avea and the future auxiliary vrea (see below).
Conjugation forms
Consider the example verbs fura 'stehlen' and vârî 'stuck' for the 1st main class, fugi 'run' and geme 'moan' for the 2nd main class in the forms of the indicative present:
| Ind.Pres. | Class Ia | Class Ib | Class II.a | Class II.b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st person | For_ | fur = ă-m | vâr_ | vâr = â-m | fug_ | fug = im | gem_ | according to |
| 2nd person | for-i | for = a-ți | vâr-i | vâr = â-ți | fug-i | fug = i-ți | gem-i | gem = e-ți |
| 3rd person | for a | => 3rd Sg. | vâr-ă | => 3rd Sg. | gap | => 1st Sg. | gem-e | => 1st Sg. |
The inflectional ending -i for the 2nd person singular are common to both classes, including the zero ending in the 1st person singular; the suffixes for the 1st and 2nd person plural only differ in the so-called theme vowel, but they also have the same endings ( -m or -ți ). The theme vowel can usually be recognized by the form of the 2nd person plural: It reads = a or = â for the 1st main class (and is dimmed to = ă in the 1st pl. ), And either = i or = e for the 2nd main class (without vowel change).
The conjugation forms for the subjunctive present are largely identical to the indicative forms, only in the 3rd person singular the subject vowels change (and therefore sometimes the stem vowels as well, see the example verb geme ). In addition, the particle să serves as the obligatory subjunctive marker preceding the verb:
| Conj.Pres. | Class I. | Class II.a | Class II.b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st person | să fur_ | sa fur = ă-m | să fug_ | să fug = im | să gem_ | să gem = em |
| 2nd person | să fur-i | să fur = a-ți | să fug-i | să fug = i-ți | să gem-i | să gem = e-ți |
| 3rd person | să fur-e | => 3rd Sg. | să fug-ă | => 3rd Sg. (!) | să g ea m-ă | => 3rd Sg. (!) |
The form of the 3rd plural always depends on the 3rd singular in the subjunctive, also in main class II.
In addition, three important subgroups in two main classes, the so-called exist ez verbs of I. main class and the esc verbs and ASC -verbs II. Main class. They are named after the typical suffixes that these verbs have in their conjugation; dansa (dance), citi (read) and hotărî (decide) serve as examples :
| Present | Class I ( -ez- ) | Class II ( -esc- ) | Class II ( -asc- ) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| 1st person (ind. = Conj.) | dans = ez_ | dans = ă-m | cit = esc_ | cit = im | hotăr = ăsc_ | hotăr = â-m | |
| 2nd person (ind. = Conj.) | dans = ez-i | dans = a-ți | cit = e șt -i | cit = i-ți | hotăr = ă șt -i | hotăr = â-ți | |
| 3rd person | indicative | dans = ea z-ă | => 3rd Sg. | cit = e șt -e | => 1st Sg. | hotăr = ă șt -e | => 1st Sg. |
| conjunctive | dans = ez-e | => 3rd Sg. | cit = ea sc-ă | => 3rd Sg. (!) | hotăr = a sc-a | => 3rd Sg. (!) | |
Please note that the actual conjugation endings do not differ from those of the main class, but only the respective typical subject suffix undergoes certain modifications. The respective suffix is absent in the 1st and 2nd person plural.
Tense formation
Four tenses are formed synthetically in Romanian, i.e. by inflection and without auxiliary verbs: The present tense and the preterital tenses imperfect, perfect and past perfect. The futuristic tenses, on the other hand, are formed with auxiliary verbs. An overview of the tense inflection using the example of the verb fura 'stehlen':
| Ind.Pres. | Present tense (prezentul) | Imperfect (imperfectul) | Perfect (perfectul simplu) | Past perfect (mai mult ca perfectul) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st person | For | furam | furam | furam | furai | furarăm | furasem | furaserăm |
| 2nd person | furi | furați | furai | furați | furași | furarăți | furaseși | furaserăți |
| 3rd person | for a | for a | for a | furau | for a | furară | furase | furaseră |
The tense formation is largely independent of the conjugation class differences, because the past and future are usually expressed analytically in modern Romanian; H. the verb itself is no longer inflected (although such inflections are still used at least in literary language and in certain dialects). The past tense is primarily the perfect, which is made up of the past participle of the relevant main verb and a form of the perfect auxiliary avea ; the future tense is formed using the auxiliary verb vrea and the following infinitive of the main verb. Examples from both verb classes:
| Perfect | Future tense | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st person | on + Part. II | => 1st Sg. | voi + inf. | from + Inf. |
| 2nd person | ai + Part. II | ați + Part. II | vei + Inf. | veți + Inf. |
| 3rd person | a + Part. II | au + Part. II | va + Inf. | before + Inf. |
However, the future tense can also be expressed using the particle o să , which is placed in front of the corresponding personal form of the main verb in the present subjunctive. This form of education is a typical Balkanism :
| Future tense | Class I. | Class II.a | Class II.b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st person | o să fur_ | o sa fur = ă-m | o să fug_ | o să fug = im | o sa gem_ | o sa gem = em |
| 2nd person | o să fur-i | o să fur = a-ți | o să fug-i | o să fug = i-ți | o sa gem-i | o să gem = e-ți |
| 3rd person | o să fur-e | => 3rd Sg. | o să fug-ă | => 3rd Sg. | o să g ea m-ă | => 3rd Sg. |
Participle forms
The Romanian verbs have two participle forms, of which the second is used more often, especially to form the perfect tense as the most important past tense. The formation of the participle II also depends on the class of the respective verb, since the subject vowel of the respective conjugation class occurs between the participle suffix -t and the verb stem; compare the following examples:
| infinitive | Past participle | |
|---|---|---|
| Class I: | for = a | fur = at |
| ez group: | dans = a | dans = at |
| Class II.a: | fug = i | fug = it |
| esc group: | cit = i | cit = it |
| Class II.b: | gem = e | gem = u -t |
However, there are also participle forms of some verbs of the main class II.b on formans -s , in which the verb stem is shortened, for example:
| infinitive | Past participle | |
|---|---|---|
| ,flow' | curg = e | cur_-s |
| ,to catch' | prind = e | prin_-s |
| ,laugh' | râd = e | râ_-s |
These are mainly verbs inherited from Latin; the formans -s is no longer productive, d. H. the group of verbs represented here is only tending to become smaller.
Special verbs
Verbum substantivum
The Romanian verb a fi corresponds to the German verb (sein); its conjugation paradigm is suppletive, i.e. H. it is made up of different verb stems. It therefore appears irregular; an overview of its synthetic conjugation forms:
| Indicative present | Subjunctive Presentis | Indicative preteriti | participle | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | I. | II | |
| 1st person | sunt | sunt-em | fi-u | fi-m | he at | he at | find | fost |
| 2nd person | eșt-i | sunt-eți | fi-i | fi-ți | he-ai | er-ați | ||
| 3rd person | este ( e ) | => 1st Sg. | fi-e | fi-e | he-a | er-au | ||
modal verbs
Putea (can / may), vrea (to want) and trebui (to be necessary) function as modal verbs in Romanian .
| putea | vrea | trebui | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st person | pot | put = em | vre-au | vre-m | n / A | n / A |
| 2nd person | po ț -i | put = e-ți | vre-i | vre-ți | n / A | n / A |
| 3rd person | p oa te | => 1st Sg. | vre-a | in front | trebui-e | n / A |
The verb trebui is used impersonally, i.e. in the form of the third person singular without a subject. It requires a relative clause as an object, which is introduced with the conjunction să , which leads to the subjunctive; Example: Timpul fuge. (Time goes by.) But: Trebuie să fugă timpul. (It takes time to pass.)
imperative
The imperative of the 2nd person plural is identical to the present tense form. In the 2nd person singular, the 3rd person singular present tense is used in many verbs. With intransitive verbs on ea and e and most verbs without stem extension to -i the 2nd person singular present is used. However, some verbs have irregular forms: dă! (give!), you! (bring!), fă! (do!), vino! (come!), zi! (say!). The negation of the 2nd person singular is formed with the infinitive. All other people are formulated with the subjunctive:
| Education with 2nd person singular present tense |
Formation with 3rd person singular present tense |
Education with 2nd person plural present tense |
Education with 3rd person plural subjunctive |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| imperative | mergi! | bea! | intrați | să lucreze! |
| negation | nu merge! | nu bea! | nu intrați! | să nu lucreze! |
literature
- Gramatica de bază a limbii române . Ediția a II-a. Academia Română . 2016. ISBN 978-606-704-138-5 (Romanian)
- Maria Iliescu , Victoria Popovici: Romanian grammar . Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-87548-490-8 .
- Jürgen F. Salzer: Textbook of the Romanian language . 2nd improved edition. Helmut Buske Verlag. 2004. ISBN 3-87548-291-3
Web links
- Romanian grammar at grammatiken.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ PDF at www.academiadelallingua.com ( Memento of the original from May 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Mardale, Alexandru. On the use of the definite article with prepositions in Romanian . 2011. ( Article Text at HAL )
- ^ Maria Iliescu , Victoria Popovici: Romanian grammar . Hamburg 2013, p. 107
- ^ Maria Iliescu , Victoria Popovici: Romanian grammar . Hamburg 2013, p. 108
- ^ Maria Iliescu , Victoria Popovici: Romanian grammar . Hamburg 2013, p. 108
- ^ Maria Iliescu , Victoria Popovici: Romanian grammar . Hamburg 2013, p. 108
- ^ Maria Iliescu , Victoria Popovici: Romanian grammar . Hamburg 2013, pp. 244/245
