Romania (linguistics)
In linguistics, Romania refers to those areas in which Romance languages are spoken. These speakers are known as novels .
Geographical classification
In Europe, Portugal , the Vatican City , Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , most of Italy , Spain , France , Romania and Moldova , as well as large parts of Belgium and Switzerland belong to Romania. Latin America, from Mexico in the north to Tierra del Fuego in the south, is home to most of the Romance speakers. In Africa, in the former French, Belgian, Portuguese, Spanish and Italian colonies, the languages of the colonial rulers are often still the official languages of the multiethnic states .
Common Terms
- Romania submersa: those areas of the formerly Roman-influenced area in which the Romance languages have largely disappeared or significantly declined - e.g. B. Germania ( Moselle-Romance language ), Britain, North Africa, but also (partly) the Balkans.
- Romania nova: those language areas that were never Roman, but were later colonized or Romanized by Roman states - e.g. B. Latin America and French Canada .
- Old Romania or Romania continua : those language areas (mainly in the area of geographical Europe ) in which, after a phase of Romanization , Romance languages were finally to be formed from Vulgar Latin and are still spoken today.
Subdivisions of Ancient Romania
Differentiation according to Amado Alonso
Amado Alonso distinguished them
- Romania continua: those language areas that have continuously preserved the Latin or Romance language since ancient times, without major breaks in the respective languages and with less divergence from Latin .
- Romania discontinua: those language areas in which post-Roman contact languages have had a lasting and strong influence on the development of the corresponding Romance languages. This is the case of French (through contact with Germanic, namely Franconian in Galloromania ) and Romanian (through contact with Slavic languages ).
Subdivision according to Tagliavini
Carlo Tagliavini subdivides Romania into
- Balkan Romance languages (which include Dakor Romanian , Aromanian and Dalmatian )
- Italo-Romanic languages (which include Italian along with its language varieties, Istrian and, according to the point of view of the time, the now independent languages of the Sardinians and Rhaeto-Romans )
- Gallo-Roman languages (including French , Franco-Provençal , Occitan and, in some cases, Catalan as the bridging language)
- Ibero-Romance languages (which can include Catalan , Spanish , Portuguese and Galician )
Subdivision according to Bartoli
According to Matteo Bartoli , Romania can be topographically divided into four groups ( Iberia, Gallia, Italia and Dacia ). Iberia and Dacia form what is known as the marginal Romania, while the central Romania is made up of Italia and Gallia . Bartoli's subdivision is based on studies according to which innovative impulses mostly emanated from central Romania, while marginal Romania is linguistically more archaic or conservative. For example, the Spanish and Romanian languages retain words for the word "table" that are etymologically derived from the older Latin word mensa (Spanish mesa , Romanian masă ), while the younger form tabula uses the corresponding Italian ( tavola ) and French words ( table ) formed.
Subdivision according to von Wartburg (1950)
Walther von Wartburg divided the Romance language areas into Eastern and Western Romany . He made his subdivision mainly based on the pre-Roman languages spoken in the respective areas (e.g. Celtic ) and certain phonetic phenomena that occur at the same time. In this context, the Isogloss , the so-called La Spezia-Rimini line , which runs from La Spezia on the Riviera to Rimini on the Adriatic , is of importance. North of it, in Western Romania ,
- are vulgar latin / p /, / t /, / k / between vowels sonorisiert (z. B. vlat. sa p ere > sp. sa b he )
- the pronunciation of the Latin consonant clusters / kt / and / ult / is shifted within the word; the sound is formed further forward in the mouth, in the direction of the hard palate ( palatalization )
- the sound / s / remains at the end of the word.
In the Eastern Romania , according to Wartburg, the opposite is always the case.
Non-linguistic definition
Historical definition
From the 3rd century onwards, the colloquial language “Romania” replaced the term “Imperium Romanum”, since since Caracalla all free residents of the Roman Empire had Roman citizenship and there were therefore only “Romans”. Since then, all subjects of the Roman Empire viewed themselves subjectively, insofar as they did not, e.g. B. stood in opposition to the empire for religious reasons, as Romans, whereby the Latin-speaking Romans were the Greek-speaking citizens of the eastern half of the empire who called themselves Romans ( Rhomeans ) (until the 19th century, sometimes until today) , not Romans, but continued to call Greeks.
Historically, Romania is also the Latin Empire of the Crusaders 1204-1260 on the soil of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire , since "Romania" in its Greek form was also the self-designation of the Eastern Roman Empire, which the Crusaders continued in a Latin-Western church form wanted to.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Wolfgang Dahmen: The Romance Languages in Europe. In Uwe Hinrichs (Ed.): Handbuch der Eurolinguistik. Vol. 20 Slavic study books , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 3-4470-5928-1 , p. 209 f