Dalmatian language
| Dalmatian | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
formerly in Dalmatia | |
| speaker | none (extinct) | |
| Linguistic classification |
||
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
roa (other Romance languages) |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
dlm |
|
The Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language , along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea , especially in the historical region of Dalmatia was spoken.
history
The Dalmatian originated from the Vulgar Latin of the area of the eastern Adriatic coast. The course of the isoglosses within Vulgar Latin in this area before the Slavic immigration and thus the boundaries between the original range of the forerunner forms of Dalmatian and those of other Romance varieties such as Ur-Romanian cannot be precisely determined due to a lack of sources.
As a result of the immigration of Slavs into the eastern Adriatic region since the 7th century, the Romansh-speaking population was pushed back into some coastal cities - especially Zara , Splato and Ragusa - and to offshore islands. These form the documented distribution area of Dalmatian in the Middle Ages .
In the cities it gradually became through the Croatian South Slavic ( Čakavian or Štokavian ), which penetrated as a result of the immigration of Slavs from the interior, on the one hand, and the Italian (especially Venetian ), on the one hand , which resulted from the trans-Adriatic contacts and the expansion of the republic Venice spread, on the other hand it was suppressed and was out of use there at the beginning of modern times.
Only on some Adriatic islands did it last longer, the longest on the island of Krk (Dalmatian Vikla ), where the last native speaker, Tuone Udaina , died in 1898.
classification
Within the Romance languages, Dalmatian occupies an intermediate position between Italo-Romanic and the Romance varieties of Southeastern Europe that emerged from Ur-Romanian . It is currently classified together with the Istrian language as the Dalmator-Romance languages, as a subgroup of the Italodalmatian languages.
Based on the work of Matteo G. Bartolis , Dalmatian has been classified as an independent language in Romance studies since the beginning of the 20th century. Since the only two varieties of Dalmatian that have been documented to a significant extent, Ragusa and Vegliotic, differ considerably from one another, in recent times they have occasionally been classified as independent languages, so that Dalmatian is the generic term for a group of related languages.
Linguistic characteristics
In the phonetic field, Dalmatian shows conservative traits in some areas, for example in preserving the pronunciation of the c before e as k , e.g. B. Latin cenare → dalm. kenur .
On the other hand, there are also sound innovations. The Dalmatian is characterized by a multitude of diphthongs , e.g. B. Latin nepotem → dalm. nepaut . The Dalmatian diphthongs in both closed and open syllables, a property that can only be found in Spanish , Asturian and Friulian among the other Romance languages : Latin NOSTER / NOSTRU "our" → Dalmatian n ue ster , Spanish n ue stro , Asturian n ue su / n uo su , Friulian n ue stri but Italian. n o stro , French n o tre , portug. n o sso , romanian. n o stru , Catalan n o stre , Occitan n ò stre , Sardinian n o stru , Graubünden Romance n o ss . The diphthongization of Latin long i (Ī) and long u (Ū) is usually only found in a southern Italian dialect, Abruzzo, which is spoken exactly “opposite” the former Dalmatian language area: Latin DĪCO “I say” → doikë.
There are also palatalizations from Latin stressed a to open e : Latin PANE (M) "bread" → dalm.-rag. pen , TATA "father" → teta , vulgärlat. CASA "house" → kesa etc. Comparable palatalizations of the type A → é or è can also be found in the Galloital dialects and in French , e.g. B. Latin SALE (M) "salt" → French sel , Emilian- Romagna säl (with a very open e ) or sel , cf. also old French chez "house" (today preposition "bei") as well as dalm. chesa "house". In Romanian , however, there is no such development, e.g. B. TATA "father" → Romanian. tată .
Over time , Dalmatian lost both the gender and the number marking ; in contrast to Romanian, the Latin case inflection was also lost in Dalmatian , or a new one did not develop.
The verb endings also dwindled over time, although the person remained differentiable (cf. the relationships in modern French, where 4 out of 6 people in the verbs of the a-conjugation are the same: je parle, tu parles, il parle, ils parlent [paʀl ]). The 3rd person sg. And 3rd person pl. Were not distinguished from each other, just like in today's French with the verbs of the a-conjugation (French il parle / ils parlent [ilpaʀl] "he speaks" / "they speak") , in many Italian dialects, e.g. B. in Venetian (Venetian el finise / i finise "he ends" / "they end"), and in Romanian with the verbs of the a-conjugation (Romanian adună both "he collects" and "they collect"). In the area of past tenses, it can be stated that Dalmatian has reduced the original tense, which is present in all Romance languages, into three parts between imperfect, analytical and synthetic perfect, like today's French to the opposition imperfect - analytical perfect. The future phrase of the type Latin CANTARE + HABEO (> Italian canterò , Spanish cantaré ), which is present in almost all Romance languages, did not exist in Dalmatian, instead this language continued the Latin future tense II, i.e. CANTAVERO (actually I will have sung ) → dalmat. kantura "I will sing". The conditional was derived from the Latin past perfect, so from Latin CANTAVERAM dalmat arose. kantuora “I would sing”, which over time could no longer be distinguished from the future tense because it had become homophonic .
As in Romanian, Sardinian and Friulian, there is no morphosyntactic marking of the adverb category , that is, the masculine adjective is used as an adverb. The major Romance languages, on the other hand, use the type 'feminine adjective + MENTE', cf. ital. quotidiano (adjective) and quotidianamente (adverb) but dalmat. cotidiun (adjective + adverb).
As in most Romance languages except the Dakorumänischen standing Article pränominal, but the possessive pronoun is analogous to the most southern Italian dialects and Romanian enclitically or post nominal and with the definite article: dalmat. el naun to "your name".
Documented varieties
Direct language certificates, which enable the reconstruction of the linguistic structures, are only available for one Dalmatian variety, for the vegetarian one . For the other varieties, one has to rely on indirect sources that only allow partial reconstructions. Ragusa is relatively well documented in this way .
The Ragusäische , the variety of the city Dubrovnik (Italian Ragusa ), probably came in the 16th century out of use. It is only known from two letters and some medieval documents.
The Vegliotic , the idiom of the island of Krk (Italian: Veglia ) in the Kvarner Bay , was spoken in parts of the island until the 19th century. It is known from the records of language material of the Romanist Matteo G. Bartoli , which he compiled in 1897 in conversations with the last living native speaker Antonio Udina . Udina died on June 10, 1898.
Text example and text comparison
| Latin | Dalmatian | Friulian | Italian | Istror-Romanian | Romanian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pater noster, qui es in caelis, | Tuota nuester, che te sante intel sil, | Pari nestri che tu sês tal cîl, | Padre nostro, che sei nei cieli, | Ciace nostru car le ști en cer, | Tatăl nostru care ești în ceruri, |
| sanctificetur noun tuum. | sait santificuot el naun to. | che al sedi santifiât il to nom. | sia santificato il tuo nome. | neca se sveta nomelu teu. | sființească-Se numele Tău. |
| Adveniat regnum tuum. | Vigna el raigno to. | Che al vegni il to ream. | Venga il tuo regno. | Neca venire craliestvo to. | Vie Împărăția Ta. |
| Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra. | Sait fuot la voluntuot toa, coisa in sil, coisa in tiara. | Che e sedi fate la tô volontât, sicu in cîl cussì in animals. | Sia fatta la tua volontà, come in cielo so in terra. | Neca fie volia ta, cum en cer, așa și pre pemint. | Facă-se voia Ta, precum în cer, aşa și pe pământ. |
| Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie. | Duote costa dai el pun nuester cotidiun. | Danus vuê il nestri pan cotidian. | Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano | Pera nostre saca zi de nam astez. | Pâinea noastră cea de toate zilele dă-ne-o nouă astăzi. |
| Et dimitte nobis debita nostra, | E remetiaj le nuestre debete, | E pardoninus i nestris debits, | E rimetti a noi i nostri debiti, | Odproste nam dutzan, | Și ne iartă nouă păcatele noastre, |
| sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. | coisa nojiltri remetiaime ai nuestri debetuar. | sicu ancje nô ur ai pardonìn ai nestris debitôrs. | come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori. | ca și noi odprostim a lu nostri dutznici. | precum și noi iertăm greșiților noștri. |
| Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, | A naun ne menur in tentatiaun, | E no stâ menânus in tentazion, | E non ci indurre in tentazione, | Neca nu na tu vezi en napastovanie, | Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită, |
| sed libera nos a malo. | miu deleberiajne dal mal. | ma liberinus dal mâl. | ma liberaci dal male. | neca na zbăveşte de zvaca slabe. | ci ne mântuieşte de cel rău. |
literature
- Matteo G. Bartoli : The Dalmatian. Old Roman language remnants from Veglia to Ragusa and their position in the Apennino-Balkan Romania. Writings of the Balkan Commission, Linguistic Department. Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1906. (Reprint in Italian translation: Il Dalmatico. Resti di un'antica lingua romanza parlata da Veglia a Ragusa e sua collocazione nella Romània appennino-balcanica , ed. By Aldo Duro. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Roma 2000.)
- Mario Doria: Dalmatico . In: Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin , Christian Schmitt (Hrsgg.): Lexicon of Romance Linguistics . Volume III: The individual Romance languages and language areas from the Renaissance to the present. Romanian, Dalmatian / Istra Romansh, Friulian, Ladin, Grisons Romansh. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1989. pp. 522-536.
- Antonio Ive: L'Antico dialetto di Veglia
- Žarko Muljačić : The Dalmatian. Studies on a lost language (= sources and contributions to Croatian cultural history. 10). Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-412-09300-9 .
- Žarko Muljačić: Dalmatian . In: Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin, Christian Schmitt (Hrsgg.): Lexicon of Romance Linguistics . Volume II / 2: The individual Romance languages and language areas from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance . Niemeyer, Tübingen 1995. pp. 32-42.
- Luciano Rocchi: Latinismi e romanismi antichi nelle lingue slave meridionali . Campanotte, Udine 1990.
- Manfred Trummer: Southeast European languages and Romansh. Part II . In: Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin, Christian Schmitt (Hrsgg.): Lexicon of Romance Linguistics . Volume VII: Contact, Migration and Artificial Languages. Contrastivity, Classification and Typology . Niemeyer, Tübingen 1998. pp. 159-184.
- Nikola Vuletić: Le dalmate: panorama des idées sur un mythe de la linguistique romane . In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage 35/1, 2013, pp. 14–64.
Web links
- Žarko Muljačić: Dalmatian . (PDF; 149 kB) In: Encyclopedia of the European East
Individual evidence
- ^ Glottolog 3.2 - Dalmatian Romance. Accessed July 8, 2018 .