Vulgar Latin

Vulgar Latin (†)
speaker	Dead language, colloquial language in the Imperium Romanum , source language for the Romance languages
Linguistic classification	Indo-European languages Italian languages Latin - Vulgar Latin

With Vulgar Latin spoken Latin in contrast is for literary Latin called. That is why the term spoken Latin is also used synonymously . The name goes back to the Latin adjective vulgaris 'belonging to the people, common' ( sermo vulgaris ' popular language '). From the somewhat more modern terms “ spoken Latin” or “ folk Latin ” it becomes clear that this does not necessarily mean a lower language form. The educated spoke vulgar Latin too.

Vulgar Latin was primarily a spoken rather than a written language . From this it can be deduced that many vulgar Latin words cannot be proven or documented. Nevertheless, quite a few can be deduced from a reconstruction from today's and older Romance language forms or, compared to classical Latin, due to regularly occurring sound shifts .

Vulgar Latin is the linguistic starting point for the individual Romance languages . In contrast to these, however, it was not a uniformly defined language, either socially, geographically or temporally. Vulgar Latin is also not simply to be equated with "late" Latin and to be understood as a historical language level, since it is already attested as a variety of Latin in the early comedies of Plautus and Terentius and thus from an early separation of spoken and spoken as early as the ancient Latin period written Latin is to be assumed, which was later deepened by the speaking habits of Latinized Celts and Germanic peoples and ultimately led to the development of the Romance languages ​​in the early Middle Ages.

Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffito in Pompeii , was the language of the people in the Roman Empire , which differed from the classical Latin of literature.

Developing the spoken Latin

Since there were no voice recordings from ancient times, spoken Vulgar Latin must be made accessible. The following sources and findings are used for this purpose:

• the written and onomastic tradition of the early Romance languages, from whose development one can deduce by reconstruction how the spoken Latin from which they arose was originally spoken;
• Information from classical authors on spoken Latin, such as in Cicero's De oratore ('About the Speaker'), in Sueton's remarks on the language habits of Emperor Octavian and Vespasian or (much later) information from Latin grammarians, for example Appendix Probi ;
• Spelling mistakes in inscriptions or graffiti (for example in Pompeii ) and on - at least fragmentarily - originally preserved papyri , such as " Hec pvgnabet contra orsom ... " instead of Hic pvgnabit contra vrsvm ... ("This one will ... fight a bear");
• Deviations from the norm in received private correspondence, for example Ciceros Atticus letters;
• literary works in which spoken Latin is intentionally reproduced; in addition to the comedies mentioned, the picaresque novel Satyricon by Titus Petronius Arbiter ;
• Christian texts that avoid literary-grammatical elegance as an expression of worldly vanity and instead seek a “stilus humilis” and proximity to spoken Latin, for example the Vulgate of Jerome ; Because of the late date of its creation, the Itineratio Egeriae , a pilgrimage report, is also considered a lucky source;
• Borrowings from spoken Latin into other languages, for example Emperor from Caesar (as opposed to the pronunciation of later newly borrowed Caesar or the Bulgarian / Russian ruler title Tsar of the same origin), or transcriptions in another alphabet , "Kikero [n]" in Greek for Cicero;
• Glossaries on classical Latin words or word forms that have become in need of explanation;
• the verse theory ( Latin metric ) shows that z. B. initial h - or final - m were hardly spoken any more.
• The difficulty that the vocal repertoire could not articulate the difference between ōs ' mouth 'and os ' bones' about Augustine' De doctrina Christiana for Carthage .
• the improvement of the meaning of Latin words that express the normal meaning in the Romance languages; see. lat. caballus 'horse' to Italian cavallo , French cheval 'horse'; Latin bucca 'mouth' from Italian bocca , French bouche 'mouth'; manducare 'munch' to altital. mandicare , French manger ' to eat'.
• Latin diminutive formations, which - rather represented in spoken language - move up to normal meanings in Romance languages; see. genu and * genuculum to Italian ginocchio , knee '; filius and filiolus to French filleul 'godson', old Italian. figliuolo 'son'; Latin caput 'head' and capitium to Spanish cabeza 'head', French chevet 'head end, bed side'.
• Hyper- correct spellings that indicate a loss of knowledge in inscriptions, for example: e.g. tempulum instead of the correct templum on the assumption that a vowel has dropped out in the spoken language. The change between 'v' and 'b' would like to proceed in a similar way.
• the comparative formation from lat. magis in the continuation in Spanish or - in a more recent development - the comparative from lat. plus in Italian and French.
• the interim formation of a certain article from the demonstrative pronoun ipse , as it is still preserved in Sardinian, while in other varieties it has been displaced by a formation from illegal .
• Indications of a change in the part of speech as a result of conceivable gesticulation, in that from Latin hicce 'here' the Italian object pronoun ci 'to us, us, here in' and from Latin ibi 'there' the object pronoun vi 'to you, you, there there, because rin 'etc. would like to have emerged.

The development of spoken Latin depends on the ability to describe the individual phenomena documented in such sources from the point of view of their phonetic lawfulness using rules and to explain them taking into account influences in other languages ​​as well as extra-lingual (historical, social and geographical) factors.

Vulgar Latin in Linguistics

"Vulgar Latin" can have different meanings in linguistics, depending on the context:

1. the spoken Latin of the Roman Empire ,
2. the accessible predecessor of the Romance languages ( Proto- Romansh).

The innovations in late Latin texts (from the 2nd century AD), which differ from classical usage, can be traced back to vulgar Latin influence. From a linguistic point of view, however, the term vulgar Latin cannot be limited to such innovations, because spoken Latin already existed alongside written Latin in earlier times and the best sources of vulgar Latin (comedies by Plautus , Terence ) come from pre-classical times.

In ancient Latin times, the difference between spoken and written Latin was still comparatively minor. In classical times , since the 3rd century BC. It is reinforced by the standardization of written Latin under the influence of Greek - mediated by Greek language and rhetoric teachers in Rome and through the imitation of Greek literature. With the growth and decay (from the 3rd century AD) of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Celtic and Germanic upper classes , this development intensified, leading to irreversible bilingualism in the Latinized population - spoken Latin as mother tongue or first language versus written Latin as secondary acquired traffic , official and literary language and language of worship leading and independent to the development of Romance languages from the regionally diversified speaking Latin -. The decisive transitions in this development are first documented for northern France, specifically for bilingualism , at the latest by the Council of Tours (813) and for the independence of Romansh by the Strasbourg oaths (842).

The first scientific definition of the term Vulgar Latin was made by the Romanist Friedrich Diez .

Phonology

Vowels

The classical Latin distinction between long and short vowels ( quantity collapse ) disappeared . Because of this change, the emphasis on tone syllables became much more pronounced than in classical Latin.

As a result, the vowels developed differently from region to region.

Pronunciation ( IPA )

"Letter"		Classic	Vulgar
			Tone syllable	unstressed
short A	ă	/ a /	/ a /	/ a /
long A	-	/ aː /	/ ɑ /	/ a /
short E	ĕ	/ e /	/ ɛ /	/ e /
long E	ē	/ eː /	/ e /	/ e /
short I	ĭ	/ i /	/ ɪ /	/ e /
long i	ī	/ iː /	/ i /	/ i /
short O	O	/O/	/ ɔ /	/O/
long O	O	/O/	/O/	/O/
short v	ŭ	/ u /	/ ʊ /	/O/
long v	ū	/ uː /	/ u /	/ u /
AE	æ	/ aɪ /, late / ɛː /	/ ɛ /, sporadically / e /	/ e /
OE	œ	/ oɪ /	/ ɔɪ̯ /, late / e /	/ e /
AV	ouch	/ aʊ̯ /	/ aʊ̯ /, late / o /	/O/

Consonantism

A consonant status deviating from classical Latin is not documented for the period before the fall of the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, modern Romance languages ​​suggest diversification based on substrate or superstrate influences .

For example, in all the Romance varieties north of the Rimini-Spezia isogloss bundle, the intervocal, voiceless plosives of Latin are sonorated or disappear completely (cf. amicus , Italian amico , French ami and Spanish amigo ). If one takes into account that northern Italy, today's France and the Iberian Peninsula were formerly Celtic settlement areas, then the substrate influence of the Celtic languages ​​and their speakers could be found.

The superstrate influence of incoming peoples is less likely. If one were to consider changes brought about by the Germanic peoples, their share of the population would not have been sufficiently large even for the time when the Germanic empires were founded. Nevertheless, the designated areas north of the Rimini-Spezia line could be related to the Goths, Lombards, Franks or Vandals.

vocabulary

Vulgar Latin has many words and (in the case of the last two examples) forms that were alien to classical Latin. Examples are:

Classic	Vulgar	German
sīdus, stēlla	stēlla	star
pulcher	bellus, formosus	beautiful
ferre	portāre	wear
edere, ēsse	comedere, mandūcāre	eat
loqui	fābulari, parabolāre	speak
load	iocari	play
ōs	bucca	mouth
res	causa	Thing
magnus	grandis	big
emere	comparāre	to buy
equus	caballus	horse
eat	eat	be
posse	potēre	can

However, some words that were lost in Romansh were later taken up again as Latin loanwords. So now and then one finds Latinisms learned in Neo-Romance, which coexist alongside their popular, inherited forms. For example, the Latin fungus 'mushroom' became hongo in Spanish , with the phonetic change from the initial f to h; In addition, there is also the technical language fungo 'Fungus, Myzet', which was taken over from Latin in the Middle Ages. In addition to these numerous word doublets, there are even word triplets. The Italian fiaba ('fable'), the Italian favella ('language') and the Italian favola ('fairy tale', 'story') go back to the Latin fabula .

Early differentiations can be read from vocabulary preferences. An example is the designation for 'beautiful', which in some Romance languages ​​goes back to formosus , in others - presumably - to * benellus or bellus . In comparative formation, for example, Spanish draws on the old Latin formation with magis and uses an older option. The comparative formation from plus , as it is in Italian and French, would have been an innovation .

It is noteworthy that linguistic innovations are found close to the central landscapes of the Roman Empire, while older states have been preserved in the periphery.

Graecisms

Classic	Ancient Greek	Vulgar	Spanish	Italian	French
ictus 'blow, push'	kólaphos	colaphus	golpe	colpo	coup
lapis 'stone'	pétra	petra	piedra	pietra	pierre
fūnis 'rope'	chordḗ	chorda 'cord'	cuerda	corda , fune	corde
gladius 'sword'	late	spathe	espada	spada	épée
avunculus 'maternal uncle'	theĩos	thius 'uncle'	tío	zio	(oncle)
amita 'paternal aunt'	theĩa	thia 'aunt'	tía	zia	afrz. † taie 'great aunt'
pūmilus 'dwarf'	nãnos	nānus	enano	nano	nain
vultus 'face'	kára	cara	cara	(volto)	† chère
iecur 'liver'	sykōtón	ficatum	hígado	fegato	foie
locusta 'lobster'	kámmaros	cammarus	cám (b) aro 'sea crab'	gambero 'shrimp'	afrz. † jamble

1. ↑ Old French taie rectus singular (next to taye , teie ), taiain obliquus singular, with meaning change to 'great aunt, -mother'; from this, mask. taion was derived.
2. ↑ Obsolete; only in a few idioms, e.g. B. faire bonne chère 'dine well', actually 'make a good face'.
3. ↑ A loan translation , d. H. ficatum , formed from fīcus 'fig', after ancient Greek. Model of sykōtón , 'fig-fattened goose with a particularly fine liver', formed into sỹkon 'fig'.

grammar

Occurrence of definite and indefinite articles

Classical Latin , from which not only Vulgar Latin but also all other Romance languages originate , did not yet have any articles. In Latin there are various demonstrative pronouns that can also be used on their own, such as illegal 'those who'; a demonstrative , originally on remote or well-known people or objects points . In Vulgar Latin and later in the Romance languages, this demonstrative on the one hand develops into a definite article, but on the other hand it becomes a personal pronoun ( grammaticalize ). In Vulgar Latin, however, the use of the demonstrative pronoun illegally has gradually established itself as a definitive article and has been expanded further in most of the Romance languages.

The indefinite article developed in many languages ​​from the Latin numerals (number word) for “1” ( Latin ūnus / ūna / ūnum (m./f./n.) ' Ein / ein / ein ') and is therefore often associated with this identical in shape.

Latin ūnus / ūna / ūnum (m./f./n.)

→ Italian uno / una

→ French un / une

→ catalan un / una

→ Spanish un / una

→ Portuguese um / uma

→ aromatic un (u) / unã

The phrase Sol est sidus used here translates as: "The sun is a star."

Period	language	ART.def	NOM	copula	ART.indef	NOM
to 2nd century AD	Classical Latin	O	Sol	est	O	sidus.
2nd - 8th century AD	Vulgar Latin	( Ille )	Sol	est	(' una' )	stella.
Modern times ( 16th - 21st centuries )	Sardinian	Su	sole	est	U.N'	isteddu.
	Italian	Il	sole	è	una	stella.
	Portuguese	O	Sol	é	uma	estrela.
	Spanish	El	Sol	it	una	estrella.
	Catalan	El	Sol	it	U.N	estel.
	French	Le	soleil	est	une	étoile.
	Graubünden Romance	Il	sulegl	è	ina	staila.
	Friulian	Il	soreli	al è	une	stele.
	Aromatic	Soaria		easti	unã	steauã.
	Romanian	Soarele		este	O	stea

Decrease in cases

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The legal changes in vulgar Latin caused various coincidences in the area of ​​the inflectional endings, such as the final m becoming mute and short a coinciding with long ā and short u with long ō . The following tables compare the state of classical Latin with that of vulgar Latin and add a later variety to show the further development.

Development of the 1st declension class
of nouns:
pink 'Rose' (Femininum Singular)

	Classic (approx. 1st century)	Vulgar (approx. 5th century)	See New Romanian
Nominative	pink	*pink	roză
accusative	pink
ablative	pink
dative	rosae	*rose	rozei
Genitive

Development of the 2nd declension class
of nouns:
mūrus ‚Mauer '(masculine singular)

	Classic (approx. 1st century)	Vulgar (approx. 5th century)	Compare old French (approx. 11th century)
Nominative	mūrus	* múros	murs
accusative	mūrum	* múru	mur
ablative	mūrō	* múro
dative
Genitive	mūrī	* múri

This strong case syncretism (coincidence of the endings) resulted in an increasing paraphrase of the syntactic relationships using prepositions . Vulgar Latin thus developed from a synthetic language to an analytical one .

The genitive died according to Wilhelm Meyer-Luebke in the third century AD and was the prefix the noun preposition de replaced by '. The dative lasted longer, but was also replaced by a prepositional construction, namely with ad 'zu'. Of the Neo-Romance languages, Romanian alone has in part received a special form for the genitive / dative, namely -e . Personal pronouns were less affected by this development , and they often retained their independent forms. This is how the ablative mēcum 'with me' became conmigo in Spanish .

In the Western and island Romance languages ( Ibero , Gallo and Romansh and Sardinian) this system was made at a later date to the effect new functional by the phonetically preserved in Vulgar Latin -s in the masculine nominative singular waned and phonetically obtained in the accusative plural - s was transferred to the nominative plural. This gave the Western and Island Romance languages ​​a system of “singular without -s ” versus “plural with -s ”; see. New French singular generally la rose, le mur versus plural generally les roses, les murs . In the Italian-Romance languages, on the other hand, the -s of the masculine nominative singular also disappeared , while in the plural the forms of the nominative were generalized, cf. New Italian singular generally la rosa, il muro vs. Plural generally le rose, i muri . In Balkan Romansh, case endings in the genitive / dative case as well as the forms of the Latin nominative plural have been preserved.

According to a different explanation, the Italo-Romanic also requires the final -s of the accusative plural in an intermediate stage. In contrast, a final -s in Latin is voweled to -i in Italian . The way would therefore be muros > * muroi > muri .

Loss of the neuter

Typical Italian endings

	Nouns		Adjectives
	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
m	uom o	uomin i	buon o	buon i
f	donn a	donn e	buon a	buon e
n	uov o	uov a	buon o	buon e

Since the neuter was usually only distinguishable from the masculine in the nominative and accusative plural due to phonetic developments (cf. n. Nova , m. Novi 'the new ones '), it was absorbed by the masculine.

In Italian, remnants of the Latin neuter have been preserved. Forms like l'uovo fresco , the fresh egg '/ le uova fresche , the fresh eggs', one view interprets as masculine uovo with an irregular plural, the other view describes uovo as a regular noun in the neuter (Latin ovum, plural ova ). This phenomenon is more pronounced in some southern Italian dialects, cf. South Calabrian locu 'place' - locura .

Spanish also has remnants of a neuter. Deadjective abstracts inflect like masculine, but require the neutral article lo: lo bueno 'the good' instead of the masculine article el .

Apart from Romanian, there are no longer any nouns with neutral gender in other major Romance languages, but all still have pronouns in the neuter. French: celui-ci, celle-ci, ceci 'this', 'this', 'this'; Spanish: éste 'this', ésta 'this', esto 'this'; Italian: ciò , 'dies' (from ecce hoc ); Catalan : el 'him', la 'she', ho 'es'; Portuguese: todo 'aller' m., Toda 'alle' f., Tudo 'alles' n.

Clitical object pronouns (Tobler-Mussafia law)

The classical Latin had no klitischen or unstressed Objektpronomina . There all pronouns , comparable to those in the German language , were independent words that could appear freely in the sentence instead of nouns, which is why they were usually also stressed pronouns. With the development of Vulgar Latin, the distinction between stressed and unstressed forms developed, as can be found in all Romance languages . There was also a fundamental restructuring of the pronominal system, which was subsequently an expression of the fundamental restructuring in the syntactic system. The pronouns developed two forms, so the

• Emphasized, unconnected, independent pronouns that appear alone or with a preposition and are characterized by a relatively free position in the sentence, and the
• unstressed, connected pronouns, which are always directly next to the verb (proklitic before or enclitic after the verb).

This regularity was first described by the two Romanists Adolf Tobler (1875) and Adolf Mussafia (1886) when the Romance languages ​​were created and later named the Tobler-Mussafia law . In the vulgar Latin pàter me vídet the “father sees me”, the pronoun me is enclitic to pàter and proklitisch to vídet . In the sentence nùnc me vídet "now she / he sees me", the pronoun me is enclitic to nùnc and proclitic to vídet . Unstressed pronouns must not be at the beginning of a sentence, but must have a stressed word in front of them.

Adverbs

Classical Latin knew various suffixes to form adverbs from adjectives : carus “dear”, “dear” became care; acer "sharp" to acriter; creber "often" to crebro . All these forms were lost in vulgar Latin and were replaced by an ablative and the word mente, ablative from mens , which meant "in the ... sense", "in ... manner". So instead of velociter , velox (“fast”) became veloci mente> veloce mente (“in the quick sense”, “in a quick way”, cf. German fortunately, actually “in a happy way”).

This change already took place in the first century BC and can be found, for example, in Catullus :

Nunc iam illa non vult; tu, quoque, impotens, noli

Nec quae fugit sectare, nec miser vive ,

Sed obstinata mente perfer, obdura.

("Now she no longer wants, you shouldn't want to, nor pursue anything that is fleeing, nor live miserably, but (he) carry it steadfastly with a firm mind.")

Verbs

Morphologically , the verbs of classical or written Latin are differentiated as follows: according to three persons (first, second and third person), two numbers ( singular and plural ), according to three finite modes ( indicative , subjunctive and imperative ) and five infinite modes ( infinitive , Participle , gerund , gerundive , supinum ). Further, two directions of action or diatheses discriminated - Active and ( medio- ) Passive -, six the tenses and two aspects , such as " inperfectum " Present , imperfect and future I and as " perfectum " Perfect , perfect progressive and Futur II . In addition, four conjugation classes can be identified, in addition to a number of irregular verbs . There are now three changes in vulgar Latin, such as the emergence of analytical forms in the passive voice, but also the modes and tenses, as well as the emergence of a system of aspect verbal periphrases . In the tenses, a number of forms disappeared or merged into other forms.

development

Some daughter languages, such as Old French , developed new grammatical distinctions through the sound shifts. For example, in Latin there was ámo, amámus (“I love, we love”); because an accented A became a diphthong in Old French, j ' ai me (“I love”) was conjugated but nous a mons (“we love”) ( New French: nous aimons ). Many of these "strong" verbs have standardized forms today, but some retained the diphthongization: je v ie ns ("I come"), but nous v e nons ("we come").

The future tense was originally expressed in the Romance languages ​​using auxiliary verbs. That was the case because / b / became / v / between vowels, the future tense "amabit" was no longer distinguishable from the perfect "amavit". A new future tense was developed, originally with the auxiliary verb habere: * amare habeno, literally “I have to love”. As can be seen from the following examples, habeno became a future suffix:

• French : j'aimerai ( je + aimer + ai ) < aimer ["to love"] + j'ai ["I have"].
• Portuguese : amarei ( amar + [h] ei ) < amar ["love"] + eu hei ["I have"].
• Spanish : amaré ( amar + [h] e ) < amar ["love"] + yo he ["I have"].
• Italian : amerò ( amar + [h] o ) < amare ["love"] + io ho ["I have"].

The future tense in the Sardinian language continues to be formed with app'a ( appo a, from lat. Habeno ) + infinitive. In Italian, the compound form in ancient Sicilian poetry (13th century) can still be recognized by the word formation.

The conditional has a similar origin to the future tense. It goes back to the formation of the type * amare habui , so it puts habere in the perfect tense (cf. Italian amere [bb] i or amerebbe ).

conjugation

A comparison of classical and vulgar Latin as well as of five Romance languages ​​in the conjugation of the regular verb amare and the auxiliary verb esse:

amare

	Latin	Vulgar Latin	Spanish	Portuguese	Italian	French	Catalan
indicative
infinitive	amare	amare	amar	amar	amare	aimer	amar
Present	amo amas amat amamus amatis amant	amo amas ama amamos amates aman	amo amas ama amamos amáis aman	amo amas ama amamos amais amam	amo ami ama amiamo amate amano	aime aimes aime aimons aimez aiment	amo ames ama amem ameu amen
Future tense	amabo amabis amabit amabimus amabitis amabunt	amare habo amare habes amare have amare habemos amare habetes amare	amaré amarás amará amaremos amaréis amarán	amarei amarás amará amaremos amareis amarão	amerò amerai amerà ameremo amerete ameranno	aimerai aimeras aimera aimerons aimerez aimeront	amaré amaràs amarà amarem amareu amaran
Past tense	amabam amabas amabat amabamus amabatis amabant	amaba amabas amaba amabamos amabates amaban	amaba amabas amaba amábamos amabais amaban	amava amavas amava amávamos amávais amávam	amavo amavi amava amavamo amavate amavano	aimais aimais aimait aimions aimiez aimaient	amava amaves amava amàvem amàveu amaven
Perfect	amavi ama (vi) sti amavit amavimus ama (vi) stis amaverunt	amai amasti amaut amammos amastes amaront	amé amaste amó amamos amasteis amaron	amei amaste amou amámos amastes amaram	amai amasti amò amammo amaste amarono	aimai aimas aima aimâmes aimâtes aimèrent	amí (vaig amar) amares (vas amar) amà (va amar) amàrem (vam amar) amàreu (vau amar) amaren (van amar)
Composite perfect	- - - - - -	amatum habo amatum habes amatum have amatum habemos amatum habetes amatum have	he amado has amado ha amado hemos amado habéis amado han amado	tenho amado tens amado tem amado temos amado tendes amado têm amado	ho amato hai amato ha amato abbiamo amato avete amato hanno amato	ai aimé as aimé a aimé avons aimé avez aimé ont aimé	he amat has amat ha amat hem amat heu amat han amat
past continuous	amaveram amaveras amaverat amaveramus amaveratis amaverant		(amara) (amaras) (amara) (amáramos) (amárais) (amaran)	amara amaras amara amáramos amáreis amaram
conjunctive	Latin	Vulgar Latin	Spanish	Portuguese	Italian	French	Catalan
Present	amem ames amet amemus ametis ament	ame ames ame amemos ametes amen	ame ames ame amemos améis amen	ame ames ame amemos ameis amem	ami ami ami amiamo amiate amino	aime aimes aime aimions aimiez aiment	ami amis ami amem AMEU amine
Future tense (from the Latin perfect subjunctive)	amaverim amaveris amaverit amaverimus amaveritis amaverint		amare amares amare amáremos amareis amaren	amar amares amar amarmos amáreis amarem		- - - - - -
Past tense	amarem amares amaret amaremus amaretis amarent	amare amares amare amaremos amaretes amaren	amara / amase amaras / amases amara / amase amáramos / amásemos amarais / amaseis amaran / amasen	amasse amasses amasse amássemos amásseis amassem	amassi amassi amasse amassimo amaste amassero	aimasse aimasses aimât aimassions aimassiez aimassent	amés amessis amés améssim améssiu amessin
Composite perfect	- - - - - -		haya amado hayas amado haya amado hayamos amado hayais amado hayan amado		abbia amato abbia amato abbia amato abbiamo amato abiate amato abbiano amato	aimasse aimasses aimât aimassions aimassiez aimassent	hagi amat hagis amat hagi amat haguem amat hagueu amat hagin amat
past continuous	ama (vi) ssem ama (vi) sses ama (vi) sset ama (vi) ssemus ama (vi) ssetis ama (vi) ssent	amasse amasses amasse amassemos amassetes amassen	hubiera / hubiese amado hubieras / hubieses amado hubiera / hubiese amado hubiéramos / hubiésemos amado hubierais / hubieseis amado hubieran / hubiesen amado	tivesse amado tivesses amado tivesse amado tivéssemos amado tivésseis amado tivessem amado	avessi amato avessi amato avesse amato avessimo amato avesti amato avessero amato	eusse aimé eusses aimé eût aimé eussions aimé eussiez aimé eussent aimé	hagués amat haguessis amat hagués amat haguéssim amat haguéssiu amat haguessin amat
imperative	- ama - - amate -		- ama ame amemos amad amen	- ama ame amemos amai amem	- ama ami amiamo amate amino	- aime - aimons aimez -	- ama (ami) amem ameu ( amin )

eat

	Latin	Vulgar Latin	Spanish	Portuguese	Italian	French	Catalan	Romanian
indicative
infinitive	eat	eat	ser	ser	eat	être	ésser (ser)	a fi
Present	sum es est sumus estis sunt	soi es es somos estes sun	soy eres es somos sois son	sou és é somos sois são	sono is è siamo siete sono	suis es est sommes êtes sont	so ets és som sou són	sunt ești este suntem sunteți sunt
Future tense	ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt	essere habo essere habes essere got essere habemos essere habetes essere haben	seré serás será seremos seréis serán	serei serás será seremos sereis serão	sarò sarai sarà saremo sarete saranno	serai seras sera serons serez seront	seré seràs serà serem sereu seran	voi fi vei fi va fi from fi veti fi before fi
Past tense	eram eras erat eramus eratis erant	era eras era eramos erates eran	era eras era éramos erais eran	era eras era éramos érais eram	ero eri era eravamo eravate erano	étais étais était étions étiez étaient	era eres era Erem éreu older	eram erai era eram erați erau
Perfect	fui fuisti fuit fuimus fuistis fuerunt	fui fuisti fuiut fummos fostes fueront	fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron	fui foste foi fomos fostes foram	fui fosti fu fummo foste furono	fus fus fut fûmes fûtes furent	fui (vaig ser) fores (vas ser) fou (va ser) fórem (vam ser) fóreu (vau ser) foren (van ser)	fusei fuseși fuse fuserăm fuserăți fuseră
Composite perfect	- - - - - -	statum habo statum habes statum have statum habemos statum habetes statum have	he sido has sido ha sido hemos sido habéis sido han sido	tenho sido tens sido tem sido temos sido tendes sido têm sido	so stato is stato è stato siamo stati siete stati sono stati	ai été as été a été avons été avez été ont été	he estat (he sigut) has estat (has sigut) ha estat (ha sigut) hem estat (hem sigut) heu estat (heu sigut) han estat (han sigut)	am fost ai fost a fost am fost ați fost au fost
past continuous	fueram fueras fuerat fueramus fueratis fuerant		(fuera) (fueras) (fuera) (fuéramos) (fuérais) (fueran)	fora foras fora fôramos fôreis foram				fusesem fuseseși fusese fuseserăm fuseserăți fuseseră
conjunctive	Latin	Vulgar Latin	Spanish	Portuguese	Italian	French	Catalan	Romanian
Present	sim sis sit simus sitis sint	seia seias seia seiamos sites sin	sea seas sea seamos seáis sean	seja sejas seja sejamos sejais sejam	sia sia sia siamo siate siano	sois sois soit soyons soyez soient	sigui siguis sigui siguem sigueu siguin	să fiu să fii să fie să fim să fiți să fie
Future tense (lat. Conj. Perfect)	fuerim fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint		fuere fueres fuere fuéremos fuereis fueren	for fores for formos fordes forem	- - - - - -	- - - - - -	- - - - - -
Past tense	essem esses esset essemus essetis essent	esse esses esse essemos essetes eat	fuera / fuese fueras / fueses fuera / fuese fuéramos / fuésemos fuerais / fueseis fueran / fuesen	fosse fosses fosse fôssemos fôsseis fossem	fossi fossi fosse fossimo foste fossero	feet / feet / fût fussions fussiez fussent	fos fossis fos fóssim fóssiu fossin
Composite perfect	- - - - - -		haya sido hayas sido haya sido hayamos sido hayáis sido hayan sido	tenha sido tenhas sido tenha sido tenhamos sido tenhais sido tenham sido	sia stato sia stato sia stato siamo stati siate stati siano stati	aie été aies été ait été ayons été ayez été aient été	hagi estat hagis estat hagi estat haguem estat hagueu estat hagin estat
past continuous	fuissem fuisses fuisset fuissemus fuissetis fuissent	fosse fosses fosse fossemos fossetes fossen	hubiera / hubiese sido hubieras / hubieses sido hubiera / hubiese sido hubiéramos / hubiésemos sido hubierais / hubieseis sido hubieran / hubiesen sido	tivesse sido tivesses sido tivesse sido tivéssemos sido tivésseis sido tivessem sido	fossi stato fossi stato fosse stato fossimo stati foste stati fossero stati	eusse été eusses été eût été eussions été eussiez été eussent été	hagués estat haguessis estat hagués estat haguéssim estat haguéssiu estat haguessin estat
imperative	- es esto - este / estote sunto		- sé sea seamos sed sean	- sê seja sejamos sede sejam	- sii sia siamo siate siano	- sois - soyons soyez -	- sigues (sigui) siguem sigueu (siguin)

literature

• Frederick Bodmer : The Languages ​​of the World. History - grammar - vocabulary in comparison. Parkland-Verlag, Cologne 1997, ISBN 3-88059-880-0 .
• Eugenio Coseriu : The so-called "Vulgar Latin" and the first differentiations in Romania. A brief introduction to Romance linguistics. In: Reinhold Kontzi (Ed.): On the emergence of the Romance languages. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1978, ISBN 3-534-04073-2 , pp. 257-291.
• Reinhard Kiesler: Introduction to the problem of Vulgar Latin. (= Romance workbooks. 48). Niemeyer, Tübingen 2006, ISBN 3-484-54048-6 .
• Dag Norberg: Manuel pratique de latin médiéval. (= Connaissance des langues. 4). Picard, Paris 1968. (French)
• Gerhard Rohlfs : From Vulgar Latin to Old French. Introduction to studying the Old French language. (= Collection of short textbooks on Romance languages ​​and literatures. 15). 3rd, improved edition. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1968.
• Helmut Schmeck (Hrsg.): Karl Vossler : Introduction to Vulgar Latin. Hueber, Munich 1953, DNB 455324042 .
• Veikko Väänänen : Le Latin vulgaire des inscriptions pompéiennes. Nouvelle éd. rev. et augm. (= Treatises of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, class for languages, literature and art. Born 1958, No. 3). Academy, Berlin 1959.
• Veikko Väänänen: Introduction au latin vulgaire. Klincksieck, Paris 1963. (French)
• The so-called "Vulgar Latin" and the first differentiations in Romania. (PDF) In: Eugenio Coseriu: El llamado "latin vulgar" y las primeras diferencaciones romances. Breve introducción a la lingüística románica. Unpublished manuscript, from the Spanish by Wulf Oesterreicher. Montevideo 1954, pp. 2-43, 135-150, 172-202.

Web links

Wiktionary: Vulgar Latin  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Wiktionary: Wiktionary: Vulgar Latin vocabulary  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Philipp Roelli: Vulgar Latin with an outlook on the development of the main Romance dialects - introduction with text examples. (PDF; 2.2 MB) on the University of Zurich website
• The 11th International Conference on Late and Vulgar Latin in Oviedo (Asturias, Spain), 2014. Abstracts. (PDF)
• Johannes Kramer: The Vienna list of soldiers of the III. and XXII. Legion. (P. VINDOB. L 2). (PDF) In: Journal for Papyrology and Epigraphy. 97, 1993, pp. 147-158.
• Romance languages ​​and Latin. Media code 7595-47 Spread of Latin. (PDF) Excerpt from CC Buchner Verlag, Bamberg, pp. 1–9.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Eugenio Coserio: El llamado latín vulgar y las primeras diferenciaciones romances: breve introducción a la lingüística románica. Universidad de la República, Montevideo 1954, OCLC 559690750 .
2. ↑ Harald Haarmann: World history of languages. From the early days of man to the present. CH Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60802-5 , pp. 211-240.
3. ↑ Reinhard Kiesler: Introduction to the problem of vulgar Latin. 2006, p. 39.
4. ↑ Wolf Dietrich, Horst Geckeler: Introduction to Spanish Linguistics: A Text and Work Book. 4th edition. Schmidt, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-503-06188-4 , p. 127 f.
5. ↑ not to be translated in the sense of here , but as demonstrative pronoun in the meaning of this, this, this
6. ↑ Reinhard Kiesler: Introduction to the problem of vulgar Latin. 2006, p. 91.
7. ↑ Wolfgang Raible: Nominal specifiers (“Articles”) in the tradition of Latin lawyers or On the benefits of a holistic textual view for the history of language. Specifiers of the noun in the tradition of Latin lawyers, University of Freiburg, pp. 1–19 romanistik.uni-freiburg.de (PDF); Originally in: Romanistisches Jahrbuch 36, 1985, pp. 44–67.
8. ↑ from Latin ipse
9. ↑ Reinhard Kiesler: Introduction to the problem of vulgar Latin. 2006, p. 54.
10. ↑ Reinhard Kiesler: Introduction to the problem of vulgar Latin. 2006, p. 55.
11. ↑ Wolf Dietrich : The periphrastic verbal aspect in the Romance languages: Investigations into the current Romance verbal system and the problem of the origin of the periphrastic verbal aspect. (= Journal for Romance Philology. Volume 140). Max Niemeyer Verlag, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-484-52045-0 .
12. ↑ see also under the article Verbal Periphrase (Spanish)