Subjunctive

The subjuntivo or modo de subjuntivo (" subjunctive ") is a mode or a statement in the grammar of the Spanish language . In general terms, the modes provide information about the relationship between the event described by the speaker and reality .

The French subjonctif is a mode of the French language , it has a lot in common with the Spanish subjuntivo . Other forms corresponding to this mode can also be found in other Romance languages , for example in Italian congiuntivo , Portuguese subjuntivo o conjuntivo, Romanian conjunctivul or Romansh conjunctiv .

The mode as a morphological category of the verb is considered a means of expressing the modality . In particular, the modality expresses whether the verbalization of the content of consciousness as an expression of the speaker's individual reality can ultimately be seen as in accordance with reality or not ( frame of interpretation ). In the modality it comes from a pragmatic point of view to a spokesman attitude towards its intended utterance that can be done not only by means of the aforementioned modes (indicative vs. subjunctive), but also by modal verbs and -Adverbs and also by means of some tenses like the past tense and Condicional promised light which then more or less implicitly indicate the modal meaning.

The two “basic modalities” reality (indicative) and non-reality (subjunctive) are derived from this. With its subjective expression within these two "basic procedures", the speaker utters according to the rules of the degree of certainty or uncertainty of the assumption , debt, the possibility or impossibility of conditionality of a presentation content .

The Spanish term “subjuntivo” (like the French term “ subjonctif ”) goes back to the Latin word subiungere , which means “to add”, “add”, “connect”, but also “subjugate” or “subjugate”. This designation highlights the fact that it is typically a dependent verb form that appears in certain types of subordinate clauses, oraciones subordinadas . Uses of the subjuntivo in main clauses , which also exist alongside them, are therefore regarded as less typical.

Difference between indicativo and subjuntivo

For Hummel (2001), the indicative is the mode of presentation, representation of events in the “ mode of existence ”; just as the facts are after they have occurred - after they have actually occurred - so it describes the course of events on the (temporal) axis of reality. That is why the tense system and the aspect are more differentiated and developed in the indicative . Because existent things exist only because of its occurrence and as verbs ultimately define events, the modes can also be understood as forms of presentation of events. The indicative thus encompasses the events from the perspective of their occurrence, i.e. from a cognitive and epistemological perspective with the question of their factual existence.

The subjunctive, on the other hand, captures the events from the perspective of their (possible) occurrence or their incidence, whereby the fact of their occurrence as such is abstracted or disregarded if the subjunctive is related to an event that actually occurred. The subjunctive presented the events in the "incidence mode" of an event, a state of affairs is focused through the perspective of its possible occurrence. The "incidence mode" of the subjunctive sets the event in motion with its verbalization, focuses the dynamics of its occurrence, but without describing the actual course of the event. From this perspective, the subjunctive shows itself as a possible form of representation or presentation of (presented) events, in which the focus is on the occurrence as such - an occurrence or as an abstraction of an occurrence, detached from its actual actualization. As a result, the subjunctive as a mode implies the existence of “entry alternatives”. He said nothing about the actual occurrence of an event in the "actual world", but he summarized the events as they might or might not have occurred in the other ( counterfactual ) "possible worlds" (see also counterfactual assumptions ). This shows the linguistic closeness or the connection to alternative events, so one formulates the hopes , worries , expectations , wishes , fears, etc. in everyday life . Ä. m .; one “wishes” or “honors”, “longs” and “hopes for” certain events and their occurrence; the updated verb forms are representations of the forms of events.

As a finite verb word forms are referred to a verb. They show or express certain grammatical features. The finite features of a conjugated verb, verbo conjugado (conjugation morpheme ) are the modus, modo , number, número , person, persona and the tense, tiempo . While the time reference can be depicted sharply in the indicative mode, it remains rather blurred in the forms of the subjunctive and requires contextual clarification. From this it can be deduced that the subjunctive, in comparison to the indicative, has a lower degree of “finity”.

A flexion morph , more precisely conjugation morph , results in synthetic and analytical (verbal) word formations. The number of different forms is less for the subjunctive than for the indicative, for this reason alone the verbalization of temporal relations cannot be the main function of the subjunctive.

This leads to a further difference between the two verbal categories, categorías verbal indicative and subjunctive, which is that the indicative mode can be viewed as a personal and temporal mode. It updates a process and situates it in a certain temporality ( temporal deixis ) by means of the various tenses ; it is the “temporal mode” par excellence. He objectifies facts and differentiates them in time.

The subjunctive is, so to speak, a “non-temporal mode”, as it cannot firmly locate a process or fact in one of the three categories of temporality such as past, present, future, but rather describe temporal relationships. While the forms of the indicative are able to express the absolute time level clearly and unambiguously, to a certain extent, in the “times” of the subjunctive, past, present and future merge. This means that one and the same temporal form of the subjunctive, depending on the context or relation , becomes temporally ambivalent or even plurivalent. - example:

Quería que llegaras. Ich wünschte, dass du noch kämest. Pretérito imperfecto de indicativo + Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo „rückdeutsch“

The subordinate clause, oración subordinada “que llegara” can refer to a (as yet undetermined) past, as well as to a present or future.

Another example:

Ay mi amor ya quiero que llegues. Oh meine Liebe schon ich wünsche, dass du kommest. Presente de indicativo + Presente de subjuntivo

Nevertheless, one distinguishes formally or the subjunctive can be set in six tenses, three simple and three compound tenses. - Examples of speaking with hablar :

• Presente de subjuntivo : hable
• Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo : hablara or hablase
• Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo : haya hablado
• Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo : hubiera or hubiese hablado
• Futuro perfecto de subjuntivo : hablare
• Futuro perfecto de subjuntivo : hubiere hablado

Since there is no grammatical form in the subjuntivo for a perfect aspect , such as a pretérito indefinido , this aspect opposition does not apply. This means that a (grammatical) distinction between a (completed) state and a process is not possible.

If the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause, as is usually the case, its use follows the temporal structure of a complex Spanish sentence and its fixed specifications. A characteristic of a subordinate clause is that it is introduced with a typical word, the subjunction , such words subordinate sentences to other sentences.

Since the tense in the subordinate clause (protasis) always depends on that of the main clause ( apodosis ), the recipient (listener, reader) is obliged to pay particular attention to the tense of the verb in the main clause. If the verb is in the main clause (Apodosis) in the Presente de indicativo , Futuro simple de indicativo or Pretérito perfecto de indicativo , the verb of the subordinate clause (Protasis) must be used in the Presente de subjuntivo or Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo . If the verb in the main clause (apodosis) is in a past tense, such as the Pretérito indefinido de indicativo , Pretérito imperfecto de indicativo , Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de indicativo or in a condicional simple or condicional perfecto , the pretérito imperfecto plus or pretaméperfecto de subjetjperfecto de subamérito de subjuntivo are used.

Temporal relationships

The time relationships are therefore not of the same importance in the subjunctive as in the indicative. More applies to the indicative than to the subjunctive: which tense is chosen generally depends on the temporal relationship between the subordinate clause (protasis) and the superordinate clause (apodosis). The grammatical category of "tense" results in a structure that is not directly related to (real, physical) time , but always has to be related to the speaking time S (event time E - speaking time S - reference time R ) and relations can express (prematurity - simultaneity - laterality).

The subjunctive can also be seen as a mode of interpretation . Thus the use of the different tenses in the subjunctive does not depend on a (real) temporality, but rather on the use of the tense in which the verb of the main clause (apodosis) is used as well as the temporal relationship or relation of prematurity , simultaneity or posteriority between main clause Apodosis) and subordinate clause (protasis). The event time E point of event , punto del evento describes the time interval that depicts the three possible relationships between two points in time or time levels using the terms pre- timeliness , simultaneity and post- timeliness ; they are usually used to describe the relationship between the main and subordinate clauses. Therefore, strictly speaking, it is not correct to speak of the tenses of the subjunctive.

Prematurity, anterioridad

Prematurity occurs when the event expressed in a subordinate clause (protasis) takes place before the event narrated in the main clause (apodosis) . - example:

 Después de que hubiéramos llegado, salió el autobús. Nachdem wir wären angekommen, fuhr der Bus ab.
 Hubiéramos llegado. El autobús salió.

Simultaneity, simultaniedad

Simultaneity exists when the event expressed in a subordinate clause (protasis) takes place simultaneously with the event expressed in the main clause (apodosis), one speaks of simultaneity. - example:

 Leía el periódico mientras tu veías la tele. Ich las die Zeitung, während du sahst Fernsehen.
 Leía el periódico. Veías la tele.

Postponement, posterioridad

If the event expressed in a subordinate clause (protasis) takes place after the event expressed in the main clause (apodosis), one speaks of post-temporality. - example:

 Es una pena que no hayas venido a la cena. Es ist schade, dass du nicht habest gekommen zum Abendessen.

The event of the dinner is long over, so that this event can no longer be influenced.

Since the subjunctive does not indicate time in the proper grammatical sense, it gives expression to the aspects of the incomplete process or the completed process.

The sequence of tenses , correspondencia de tiempos in the tenses with reference to the present in the main clause . Main verb (apodosis) in the tense of the present or future leaves any choice of tense open for the subordinate clause (protasis). Subordinate clauses (protases) highlighted in gray.

The sequence of tenses in the tenses with reference to the past in the main clause . Main verb (apodosis) in a tense of the past only allows imperfecto , pretérito perfecto or pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo . Subordinate clauses (protases) highlighted in gray.

The modes reflect the subjective attitude, conditionality, i.e. connections between objects and the representations in human consciousness as well as the request. The American linguist Matte (1988) relates the individual modes to cognitive processes , more precisely to a different degree of abstraction that they exhibited or triggered by being different from one another. According to their degree of abstraction, he arranged the modes as follows:

• Indicative, indicativo
• Imperative, imperativo
• Subjunctive, subjunctive
• Conditional, condicional
• Infinitive, infintivo .

According to his considerations, the indicative is at the lowest level of abstraction, it represents reality and allows the speaker to classify the facts in time. The imperative expresses the will of the speaker and is therefore closer to the “timeless” modes (subjunctive, conditional, infinitive) than the clearly “time-bound” indicative. For this reason, the imperative is seen as a bridge between the indicative and the subjunctive. The subjunctive is on a further, higher level of abstraction, which, like the imperative, expresses the will ( commands , wishes , conditions , requests), but also formulates a number of other modalities, such as subjectivity (in judgments , opinions , convictions , Wishes, etc.) and doubt. Finally, the infinitive, as the non-inflected verb form, has the highest degree of abstraction. He names different types of verbal processes in an abstract way, detached from any temporal reference, and thus resembles the noun.

Overview

Use of the subjunctive

→ Main article : Subjuntivo word list

If a speaker uses the subjuntivo, it is usually less about describing a fact than about expressing the speaker's internal attitude, feelings or opinions and so on. This implies that the subjunctive is used more often when the occurrence of an event or fact can be presented as an alternative to another event. For the use of the subjunctive, events are focused from the special perspective of their occurrence; abstracted from their presence. It is about the coloring of the statement by the speaker himself. This explanation of the Romance subjunctive or Spanish subjuntivos gives rise to linguistic discussions and theories, according to the current linguistic research on the subjuntivo .

Further key words that are close to the term “subjunctive” or that are connected with the “incidence mode” can be: anticipation ; Future; Foreseeing; Hypothesis ; Virtuality ; Hope ; rudimentary tense structure; Dullness; virtual time; Temporal references are diffuse; Simultaneity coincides with posteriority ; Reduction of temporality to prematurity or non-prematurity; Uncertainty ; Uncertainty; Decision under uncertainty ; Subjectivity ; Eventuality; Alternatives ; Optative ; Wishes ; Doubt ; Wanting , commanding or prompting, fear or insecure thinking ; thinking, feeling opinion ; that which cannot be grasped in its concreteness ; Present facts as possible.

According to Dietrich (2008), the use of the subjunctive includes, above all, the finality , the potential and the unreal hypothetical condition, the negative assertion, the generalization, the reference to an event or a fact in the imagination, the expression of feeling and the time limitation of an action .

If the main verb (apodosis) is in a tense of the present or the future, any tense can be selected in the subordinate clause (protasis), but if a main verb (apodosis) is used in a tense of the past, an imperfecto , a pretérito perfecto , must be used or a pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo can be placed in the protasis.

If the action of the main clause (apodosis) is in a present tense, this means that the action in the subordinate clause (protass) could have taken place before and no longer has any relation to the present. - example:

 Supongo que los miembros se alegran de que tú mantuvieras. Ich vermute, dass die Mitglieder sich freuen wovon du hättest dich unterhalten. Presente de indicativo + Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo

So if the verb in the main clause is in a tense of the past or in the condicional simple , this means that the action or the possible occurrence in the subjunctive (protasis) could have taken place simultaneously or later than the action in the main clause. - example:

 Sin embargo necesitaríamos alguna voluntaria que ayudara para el estudio de investigación. Nichtsdestotrotz würden wir brauchen eine Freiwillige die uns geholfen hätte für die Forschungsstudie. Condicional simple + Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo

Therefore the subjuntivo is often, but not necessarily:

• to express wishes (usually introduced by que or ojalá ):

 ¡Que se divierta! Viel Vergnügen!
 ¡Ojalá apruebes el examen! Hoffentlich bestehest du die Prüfung!

If the modal adverb ojalá is used to express a wish, the question arises whether the wish is possible or at least not improbable. If this is given, the presente de subjuntivo follows ojalá . The event time E lies in the future. - Examples:

 Espero aprobar el examen de pasado mañana, he estudiado mucho. Ich erwarte zu bestehen das Examen übermorgen, ich habe studiert sehr viel.
 Ojalá apruebe el examen. Vielleicht bestehe ich das Examen.

If one uses ojalá with the intention of giving expression to a wish fulfillment that is either not considered possible or rather improbable, it is followed by the pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo . - Examples:

 Qué pena no poder hablar con este extraterrestre. Wie schade nicht zu sprechen können mit dem Außerirdischen.
 Ojalá pudiera hablar con este extraterrestre. Vielleicht könnte ich sprechen mit dem Außerirdischen.

The event time E lies in the present. If ojalá is used to express a wish that can no longer be fulfilled because it was in the past, the pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo is used . - example:

 ¡Ojalá lo hubiera sabido antes! Vielleicht es ich hätte gewusst früher! Hätte ich es doch früher gewusst!

The event time E lies in the past.

 Juana no llegaba. Ojalá no le hubiera pasado nada. Juana nicht kam. Hoffentlich nicht ihr wäre passiert nichts.

The subjunctive can be seen as a mode of interpretation; it rather describes the temporal relationships and so to a certain extent the "times" of the subjunctive merge past, present and future. For the concrete example it is shown; because although the event time E lies in the past, it cannot be determined exactly and the time frame of “hubiera pasado nada” is correspondingly wide.

• to express an expression of will :
  • There are a number of verbs that can trigger the subjuntivo, such as aconsejar a alguien (advise someone) , esperar (hope) , insistir en algo (insist on something) , perdonar (forgive) , recomendar (recommend) , exigir (demand; demand) et cetera.

 Espero que todo te vaya bien. Ich hoffe, dass alles für dich es gehe gut.
 Te recomendamos que vayas al colegio regularmente. Wir empfehlen dir, dass du regelmäßig zur Schule gehest / regelmäßig zur Schule zu gehen.
 Exijo que me digas la verdad. Ich verlange, dass du mir sagest die Wahrheit.

• • In addition, there are a number of impersonal expressions , expresiones impersonales , which require the use of the subjuntivo, for example es aconsejable (que) (it is advisable) , es fundamental (que) (it is fundamental / essential) , es mejor ( que) (it's better) and so on. According to these expressions, the subjuntivo is used when there is a personal subject, after the impersonal subject there is the infinitive of the verb:

 Es aconsejable que estudiéis la lengua. Es ist ratsam, dass ihr studieret die Sprache.

• • The second possibility with an impersonal subject looks like this:

 Es aconsejable estudiar la lengua. Es ist ratsam, die Sprache zu studieren. (Infinitiv)

• to express a subjective evaluation :
  • The facts mentioned by the speaker are assumed to be true by himself . This group also contains verbs ( alegrarse , estar contento , lamentar and so on) as well as impersonal expressions such as es bueno (que) , es agradable (que) , me gusta (que) , es lógico (que) , which entail the subjunctive.
  • Examples with verbs:

 Me alegro de que hayáis aprobado el examen. Ich freue mich, dass ihr die Prüfung bestanden habet.
 Me enfada que la fiesta no tenga lugar en mi casa. Es ärgert mich, dass die Feier nicht bei mir zu Hause stattfinde.

• • Example with impersonal expressions , expresiones impersonales:

 Me molesta que estés tan ruidoso. Es stört mich, dass du so laut seist.
 Es lógico que no haya encontrado un puesto de trabajo. Es ist logisch, dass er keine Arbeitsstelle gefunden habe.

• to express the doubt , the uncertainty or the probability :
  • This includes not only expressions like es probable (it is likely) or the verb dudar (to doubt) , but also the negative forms of expressions that reflect certainty.

 Dudo que los profesores siempre tengan razón. Ich bezweifle, dass die Lehrer immer recht haben.
 Es probable que yo venga. Ich werde wahrscheinlich kommen; bzw. Ich komme wahrscheinlich.
 No es cierto que Pedro vaya a comprarse un coche. Es ist nicht sicher, dass sich Pedro ein Auto kaufte.

• • But indicative:

 Es cierto que Pedro va a comprarse un coche. Es ist sicher, dass sich Pedro ein Auto kaufen wird.

• according to negative sentences of the expression of opinion :

 No creo que mañana llueva. Ich glaube nicht, dass es morgen regnet.
 No es verdad que todos los estudiantes sean vagos. Es stimmt nicht, dass die Studenten faul seien.

• • It depends on whether the sentence that introduces the subjunctive is negated or not:

 Creo que mañana no llueve. Ich glaube, dass es morgen nicht regnet. (Indikativ)
 Es verdad que los estudiantes no son vagos. Es stimmt, dass die Studenten nicht faul sind. (Indikativ)

• after certain conjunctions :
  • These require the subjunctive, such as:
    • antes (de) que - before
    • para que , a fin (de) que , con el fin de que - with it
    • sin que - without that
    • aun cuando - even if
    • después de que - after
  • But some conjunctions allow the use of both the subjunctive and the indicative:
    • cuando - as soon as, as, always, when
    • aunque - even if, although, nevertheless, although
    • por mucho que - even if, though, even if
    • mientras (que) - as long as while
    • si - if, if, whether

• in relative clause ,
  • if this expresses a requirement or a condition:

 Necesitamos una oficiala que tenga conocimientos en informática. Wir brauchen eine Sekretärin, die Computerkenntnisse hat.

• • if the antecedent is negative and what has been said does not apply to anyone or anything:

 No hay nadie que lo sepa. Es gibt niemanden, der/die es weiß.

• • if the nominal group is indefinite:

 Él que haya trabajado mucho, está gratificado. Derjenige der viel gearbeitet habe, wird belohnt.

• • after the indefinite pronouns quienquiera (whoever) , cualquiera (any) , cualquier + noun (any) and comoquiera (whatever):

 Quienquiera lo haya dicho, no me interesa. Wer es auch immer gesagt hat, es interessiert mich nicht.

• • after the negative indefinite pronouns nada , nadie , ninguno or with positive indefinite pronouns such as algo or alguien
  • in fixed phrases such as:

 Como tú digas …. Wie du meintest, …
 Que yo sepa … Soviel ich weiß, …

Verbs that are close to the subjunctive (selection):

• agradar - fallen
• detestar - hate
• disgustar - displeased
• dudar - to doubt
• encantar - inspire, delight
• esperar - wait
• desear - wish, desire
• gustar - please
• molestar - disturb
• querer - like
• sorprender - astonish
• sufrir - suffer

Impersonal expressions

• The construction “impersonal expression”, expresión impersonal , + “que” often triggers the subjuntivo . These are sentences that in German regularly begin with "Es ist". There are constructions with " ser " + "noun" + "que", " ser " + "adjective" + "que" and " estar " + adverb + "que". Here are a few examples.
  • es aconsejable (que) - it is advisable
  • it fundamental (que) - it is fundamental, it is essential
  • es importante (que) - it is important
  • it probable (que) - it is probable

Sequence of times

Two linguistic statements can be related to each other in terms of time and aspect. Either one action or event precedes another, or both proceed at the same time. This chronology of events is called a sequence of times, correspondencia de tiempos, and a distinction is made between prematurity, simultaneity and post-temporality. The speaker considers whether the action, the event in the subordinate clause (protasis) compared to that of the main clause (apodosis) - played, happens or will happen earlier, at the same time or later.

The tense describes, based on the speaking time S, at which moment of the event time E the verb is performed, i.e. H. the “time” of a sentence is not related to the time of another sentence, but is freely set by the speaker or writer; either before, after or now. There are three time levels: presence, presente , past pasado and futurity futuro .

The “time” can also be viewed by the speaker or writer as dependent on or related to another entity , i. H. the “time” of one sentence, usually of a subordinate clause (protasis), is related to the “time” of another sentence, usually of the superordinate main clause (apodosis). A distinction is made here between the following time relationships (or also in the sense of Koschmieder's reference to the direction of time ): Post temporality , posterioridad , simultaneity, simultaneidad and prematurity, anterioridad . For the use of the subjuntivo, the tenses (time levels) can be divided into a present and a past group.

The aspect is a grammatical category that expresses the “internal time” of an event or a state; it does not consider the time levels, but the temporal structure of actions. It describes the inner temporal contouring of an action, an event from the speaker's perspective. The decisive factor here is the extent of an action, whether it is completed (aspecto perfectivo) or still ongoing (aspecto imperfectivo) and how the speaker or writer is involved in it. - example:

 Cuando hayas cumplido treinta años te felicitaré. Wenn du habest erfüllt dreißig Jahre dir ich werde gratulieren. Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo + Futuro simple de indicativo Aspecto imperfectivo

Time axis past, E, RS (E = R <S) , where E stands for the time allocation when the event takes place, where R stands for the time to which one refers.

Representation according to H. Reichenbach (1947) or W. Klein (1994) of the imperfective aspect: R ⊆ E , d. H. the reference time R is contained in the event time E , the temporal relationships (pretérito imperfecto) are then mapped to E <R - S ( period ).

 La joven negaba que tuviera otro novio. Die junge Frau wollte noch nicht zugeben, dass sie habe noch einen anderen Freund. Pretérito imperfecto + Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo (oración completiva) Die Nichtabgeschlossenheit eines Geschehens lässt sich mit dem Adverb „noch“ wiedergeben; als Ausdruck der „Imperfektivität“ übersetzen.

From the perspective of the time stages according to Hans Reichenbach (1947) or the time interval reference point R point of reference , punto de referencia, a distinction is made between three time stages : present, presente , past, pasado and future, futuro . Furthermore, the following temporal relationships are distinguished: postponement, posterioridad , simultaneity , simultaneidad and prematurity , anterioridad .

In the last example, the two linguistic statements, that of the main clause (Apodosis) “la joven negaba” and the subordinate clause (Protasis, complete clause) “tuviera otro novio” are related to each other in terms of time and aspect. Both are formed into a complete clause, oración completiva , using the relative pronoun “que” . The tense or the event E of the main clause, here in the Pretérito imperfecto de indicativo generally describes, starting from the speaking time S , at which moment of the event time E the verb is performed. The event E “la joven negaba” occurs before the speaking time S ; the reference time R refers to or discriminates through the tense of imperfecto a temporality, posterioridad , although the reference time R remains in the event time E. For the imperfecto is that the event “la joven negaba” was not concluded in the past or that the end in the past remains indefinite.

In this case, if the verb in the main clause “negaba” comes from the past group, the Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo is used in an attached “que” clause to express postponement . Subsequentness means that the action that is described in a subordinate construction, "tuviera otro novio", would take place after the action described in the superordinate construction "la joven negaba".

Clause 1	Clause 2
Protasis	Apodosis
subordinate clause	main clause
Oración subordinada	Oración principal
Antecedents	Consistently
"Antecedent"	"Subsequent or subsequent sentence"
conditions	Happening, events
Requirements , reasons	consequences
Independently	Dependent
"Tension-creating antecedent"	"Tension-releasing addendum"
coordination	Subordination
Imagination , mental space	statement

 Aunque hayas estudiado mucho, no has aprobado ninguna asignatura. Selbst wenn du habest gelernt viel, nicht du hast bestanden niemals das Fach. Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo + Pretérito perfecto de indicativo Aspecto perfectivo

For the present group are present, Presente , future Futuro simple o perfecto , and Perfect Pretérito perfecto , while the past group of imperfect Pretérito imperfecto , Indefinido, Pretérito indefinido , pluperfect, Pretérito pluscuamperfecto , and the conditional, Condicional simple o perfecto composed, (see also Consecutio temporum ) .

Present group:

• If the verb in the main clause belongs to the present group, the present subjuntive is used to express simultaneity. - Examples:

 Me molesta que fumes. Es stört mich, dass du rauchst.

• The subjunctive perfect is used to represent prematurity:

 Es lógico que no hayan aprobado el examen. Es ist logisch, dass sie die Prüfung nicht bestanden haben.

Past group:

• If the verb in the main clause is from the past group, then the imperfect of the subjuntivo is used in the attached que clause to express simultaneity and posteriority. - Examples:

 Me molestó que fumaras / fumases. Es störte mich, dass du rauchen würdest.

• Prematurity is expressed by the past perfect of the subjunctive:

 Fue lógico que no hubieran / hubiesen aprobado el examen. Es war logisch, dass sie die Prüfung nicht bestanden hätte.

Modo indicativo  -  tense or aspect of the main clause (apodosis) Modo subjuntivo  -  tense or aspect of the subordinate clause (protasis) Presente Presente de subjuntivo in the case of simultaneity , simultaneidad or laterality , Pretérito perfecto for prematurity Imperativo Presente de subjuntivo in the case of simultaneity or later , Imperfecto de subjuntivo in case of prematurity Pretérito indefinido, Pretérito imperfecto, Pretérito anterior, Pretérito perfecto, Pretérito pluscuamperfecto Imperfecto de subjuntivo in simultaneity or posteriority , posterioridad Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo with prematurity Futuro simple, Futuro perfecto Presente de subjuntivo in the case of simultaneity or later , Perfecto de subjuntivo with prematurity , anterioridad Conditional simple, conditional perfecto Imperfecto de subjuntivo in the case of simultaneity or posteriority , Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo with prematurity

Examples of the subjunctive

The first person, the speaker or the first subject of the resulting sentence expresses itself in the pronounced ( main ) sentence in such a way that it e.g. B. with the first predicate or verb describes a state of the non-real, hypothetical, uncertain, unreal. The speaker therefore “wishes”, “recommends”, “thinks”, “wants”, “suspects”, “thinks” etc. that the second person, the addressee , the second subject in the spoken ( secondary ) sentence through the connection through a conjunction or an adverb could induce that person to act accordingly. The necessary second predicate or verb of this possible action in the spoken sentence is then in the subjuntivo . - Examples:

 Yo + quiero + que + hables + español. Su1 + Pr1 + Konjunktion/Adverb + Su2 + Pr2. Ich möchte, dass du Spanisch sprichst.
 ¿Quieres + que + te lave + el coche? Möchtest du, dass er dir das Auto wäscht?

The Spanish subjuntivo has a number of similarities with the French subjonctif , the Italian congiuntivo and the Portuguese subjuntivo . Apart from the French and Romanian subjunctive / subjunctive, it can be recognized in all other Romance languages ​​by the alternation of the reference vowel of the respective verb conjugation.

According to Helmut Berschin , Julio Fernández-Sevilla and Josef Felixberger, the indicative is characterized as a linguistic fact of a “valid” statement, whereas a subjective statement by the speaker restricts the “validity objectively and / or subjectively”. - Examples:

 Indikativ: Llega mañana. Er kommt morgen. Aussage gültig.

 Subjunktiv: Tal vez llegue mañana. Vielleicht kommt er morgen. Aussage mit eingeschränkter Gültigkeit.

In the normative Spanish grammar , gramática normativa , the indicative , modo indicativo , gives expression to “objectivity” or “reality”. For the modo subjuntivo, on the other hand, a subjective attitude of the speaker or the possibilities are expressed. So:

• A speaker establishes and reports, i.e. passes on the message, the statement content "unchanged": indicative.
• A spokesman interprets and gives the message or the message content on the condition of desire ( opt ), anticipation, uncertainty, hesitation, doubt, joy, etc. recommendation continues: subjunctive.

A hypothetical view or representation of the subjunctive, which is not undisputed (see under “ 4. General ”). Because according to another assumption on this topic, the subjunctive and the indicative would each show themselves as one of two basic functions of the Spanish language and, as presentation figures, promise certain events.

Examples (in the translation of the 3rd and 5th sentences the subjunctive stylistically "wrong" reproduced):

Subjuntivo Pretérito Presente:	Aunque llueva , iré a verte.	Present subjunctive :	Even if it rains I will visit you.
Indicativo Presente:	Aunque llueve , iré a verte.	Indicative present tense:	Even though it's raining , I'll visit you.
Subjuntivo Pretérito Presente:	Es fácil que llueva .	Present subjunctive :	It is likely that it was raining (correct: raining , could rain, etc.).
Indicativo Pretérito Presente:	Creo que llueve hoy.	Indicative present tense:	I think it's raining today .
Subjuntivo Pretérito Presente:	No creo que llueva hoy.	Present subjunctive :	I don't think it rained today (correct: it will rain , rain is coming, etc.).

Overview table of endings for regular verbs . A comparison of the modes:

Modo indicativo
Presente						Pretérito perfecto simple			Pretérito imperfecto			Futuro simple			Conditional simple
I.		II.		III.		I.	II.	III.	I.	II.	III.	I.	II.	III.	I.		II.		III.
-O		-O		-O		-é	-í	-í	-aba	-ía	-ía	-aré	-eré	-Irishman	-aría		-ería		-iría
-as	-ás	-it	-it	-it	-ís	-aste	-ist	-ist *	-abas	-ías	-ías	-arás	-erás	-irás	-arías		-erías		-irías
-a		-e		-e		-O	-ió	-ió	-aba	-ía	-ía	-era	-erá	-irá	-aría		-ería		-iría
-amos		-emos		-imos		-amos	-imos	-imos	-abamos	-íamos	-íamos	-aremos	-eremos	-iremos	-aríamos		-eríamos		-iríamos
-áis		-ice		-ís		-asteis	-isteis	-isteis	-abais	-íais	-íais	-aréis	-eréis	-iréis	-aríais		-eríais		-iríais
-on		-en		-en		-aron	-ieron	-ieron	-aban	-ían	-ían	-arán	-erán	-Iran	-arían		-erían		-irían
Modo subjuntivo															Modo imperativo
Presente						Pretérito imperfecto I.			Pretérito imperfecto II			Futuro simple			Imperativo positivo
I.		II.		III.		I.	II.	III.	I.	II.	III.	I.	II.	III.	I.		II.		III.
-e		-a		-a		-era	-iera	-iera	-ase	-these	-these	-are	-iere	-iere	-		-		-
-it		-as		-as		-aras	-ieras	-ieras	-ases	-this	-this	-ares	-ieres	-ieres	-a	-á	-e	-é	-e	-í
-e		-a		-a		-era	-iera	-iera	-ase	-these	-these	-are	-iere	-iere	-e		-a		-a
-emos		-amos		-amos		-áramos	-iéramos	-iéramos	-ásemos	-iésemos	-iésemos	-áremos	-iéremos	-iéremos	-emos		-amos		-amos
-ice		-áis		-áis		-arais	-ierais	-ierais	- ice cream	- ice cream	- ice cream	-areis	- ice cream	- ice cream	-ad		-ed		-id
-en		-on		-on		-aran	-ier on	-ier on	-asen	-this	-this	-aren	-ieren	-ieren	-en		-on		-on
Formas no personales												* Forms in -astes and -istes have been condemned by academic institutions, but are used in everyday language in informal situations.
Infinitivo						Participio			Gerundio
I.		II.		III.		I.	II.	III.	I.	II.	III.
-ar		-he		-ir		-ado / a (-ante)	-ido / a (-iente)	-ido / a (-iente)	-ando	-iendo	-iendo

In the sentences that are in the subjunctive / subjunctive, the speaker can not only verbalize a remembered fact, but at the same time pass on further information ( modalities ) about his assumptions to his interlocutor . In principle, the speaker uses the subjunctive / conjunctive in order to modulate his statement in relation to the remembered reality in such a way that the content is given a subjective validity. In addition to the possible factual statement in the indicative / indicative, the speaker can communicate his expectations , assessments, wishes, fears , etc. in the verbal issue. Moreover, the fact that the facts and modalities communicated by the sentence in question are not true in the remembered reality enables the speaker to create another alternative reality in the communication.

All tenses , tiempos gramaticales , for the verb genders or genera verbi, so the active (activity form), voz activa , can also be set in the passive (suffering form), voz pasiva . Certain peculiarities for the passive voice have to be taken into account for the Spanish language . The Spanish passive voice, voz pasiva , in the broadest sense, is sometimes used differently than in the German language , depending on its direction of action or diathesis .

Correct use of grammatical rules

In Spanish, the subjuntivo would (according to one hypothesis) find its use when expressing wishes , doubts , hope , joy , anger , non-reality, insecurity , influence, etc. In other words, it is necessary in a conversation about his opinions to express his feeling or perceptions promised union and facts presented as possible. In principle, German also lists this possibility by using the subjunctive II to express the impossible or the unreal. In Spanish, the verbalizations of feeling perceptions or feeling-related statements are grammatically of limited validity. In German, however, this is not the case. - Examples:

 Tal vez viene a visitarnos. Vielleicht kommt er uns besuchen. Wahrscheinliche Erwartung, deshalb Indicativo.
 Tal vez venga a visitarnos. Vielleicht kommt er (mal) uns besuchen. Eher unwahrscheinliche Erwartung, deshalb Subjuntivo.

Some phrases or phrases can be used to express what is the case, then use the indicativo , or as an expression of what should be the case, then use the subjuntivo . - Examples:

El caso es que no te ven. Tatsache ist, dass nicht dich sie sehen.
El caso es que no te vean. Die Sache ist folgendermaßen, dass nicht dich sehen.
Se trata de que la vida es eterna. Es geht darum, dass das Leben ewig ist.
Se trata de que la vida sea eterna. Es geht darum, dass das Leben ewig sei.

In general, the German subjunctive and the Spanish subjunctive are not used in the same way for all linguistic expressions of the various contextual facts. Example: He says she is coming (German Konjunktiv II), but in Spanish Dice que viene . (Indicative). Conversely, there are sentence constructions in which the indicative is used in German and the subjunctive in Spanish, as well as an intersection of matching modes in both languages. However, to a certain extent the assignment requirements for the two modes are clearly different in the two languages.

While Spanish now chooses stable forms with regard to its requirements and the resulting consequences, German has a completely incoherent system for similar requirements. Although a similar step could be taken with the subjunctive II as in Spanish, the German language, especially in colloquial language, deviates into a wide variety of grammatical forms. In relation to the subjunctive II, German is an unstable system insofar as the speakers of their mother tongue can or do employ completely different grammatical constructs in their speech - with regard to the above-mentioned requirements.

"The subjunctive II serves here [functional area 1 'unreality / potentiality'] as a sign that the speaker / writer does not want his statement to be understood as a statement about the real, but as a conceptual construction."

- Duden. The grammar. Duden, Vol. 4. Dudenverlag, Mannheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 , p. 516

In Romance languages, such as Spanish, Italian and French, a clear distinction is made between the subjunctive and the conditional . In contrast to this, in German the subjunctive is increasingly being assimilated to the conditional. This is also the reason why the modal verbs in the Romance languages ​​are far less grammaticalized.

The German subjunctive I + II	The Spanish subjunctive
Present	Presente de subjuntivo
Future tense I.	Futuro simple de subjuntivo
Subjunctive II present tense	Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo
Subjunctive I past tense	Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo
Subjunctive II past tense	Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo
Future tense II	Future perfecto de subjuntivo

Conjugations the example of rain / llover:

The German subjunctive I + II	The Spanish subjunctive
Present tense it's raining	Presente llueva
Future I it would rain	Futuro lloviere
Present subjunctive it was raining	Pretérito imperfecto lloviera
Subjunctive I simple past rained	Pretérito perfecto haya llovido
Subjunctive second past tense would have rained	Pretérito pluscuamperfecto hubiera llovido
Future II it would have rained	Futuro perfecto hubiere llovido

Formation of the Spanish Subjuntivo

As in other modes in Spanish, you have to distinguish between the verbs that end in -ar or -er and -ir in the subjunctive . When forming the Subjuntivo de presente, the first person singular indicative serves as the basis. During conjugation, the characteristic personal endings are exchanged. Thus the verbs ending in -ar get an -e and the verbs ending -er and -ir get an -a as an ending. The formation of the Spanish subjuntivo is therefore approximately the same as the formation of the present subjunctive in Latin, from which it developed. Furthermore, the forms of the subjuntivo are identical to the forms of the negated imperative , Imperativo negativo .

The subjuntivo can be formed for all times, with the exception of the pretérito indefinido and the pretérito anterior .

Present tense (presente de subjuntivo)

If the verb is in the main clause (apodosis) in the tenses presente , pretérito perfecto , futuro simple or in the imperative mode , modo imperativo , the presente de subjuntivo is used for the subordinate clause (protasis) .

Example: The verb in the main clause alegrar is in the presente and the verb venir in the subordinate clause in the presente de subjuntivo:

Me alegro de que vengas a verme. Ich freue mich, dass du mich besuchen kommest. Presente de indicativo + Presente de subjuntivo

Regular verbs

In verbs on -ar end, are in the subjunctive present tense following endings to the root word (or word root ) attached:

person	Ending
yo	-e
tú	-it
usted, él, ella	-e
nosotros / -as	-emos
vosotros / -as	-ice
ustedes, ellos, ellas	-en

Verbs ending in -er and -ir get these endings in the subjunctive:

person	Ending
yo	-a
tú	-as
usted, él, ella	-a
nosotros / -as	-amos
vosotros / -as	-áis
ustedes, ellos, ellas	-on

Example of the regular verbs tomar , comer and vivir:

	person	Subjuntivo present tense (Presente de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (conjunctivus praesentis) (subjunctive I present active)
tomar	yo	tome	drink
	tú	tomes	drink
	usted, él, ella	tome	drink
	nosotros / -as	tomemos	drink
	vosotros / -as	toméis	drink
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	tomen	drink

	person	Subjuntivo present tense (Presente de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (conjunctivus praesentis) (subjunctive I present active)
comer	yo	coma	eat
	tú	comas	eat
	usted, él, ella	coma	eat
	nosotros / -as	comamos	eat
	vosotros / -as	comáis	eats
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	coman	eat

	person	Subjuntivo present tense (Presente de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (conjunctivus praesentis) (subjunctive I present active)
vivir	yo	viva	live
	tú	vivas	live
	usted, él, ella	viva	live
	nosotros / -as	vivamos	dwell
	vosotros / -as	viváis	resides
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	vivan	dwell

Irregular verbs

In addition to the regular verbs used above, there are a large number of irregular verbs in Spanish, or verbs in which a certain person is irregular. The three verbs estar , saber and ir serve as an example :

	person	Subjuntivo present tense (Presente de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (conjunctivus praesentis) (subjunctive I present active)
estar	yo	esté	be
	tú	estés	be
	usted, él, ella	esté	be
	nosotros / -as	estemos	be
	vosotros / -as	estéis	be
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	estén	be

	person	Subjuntivo present tense (Presente de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (conjunctivus praesentis) (subjunctive I present active)
drool	yo	sepa	know
	tú	sepas	know
	usted, él, ella	sepa	know
	nosotros / -as	sepamos	knowledge
	vosotros / -as	sepáis	know
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	sepan	knowledge

	person	Subjuntivo present tense (Presente de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (conjunctivus praesentis) (subjunctive I present active)
ir	yo	vaya	go
	tú	vayas	go
	usted, él, ella	vaya	go
	nosotros / -as	vayamos	go
	vosotros / -as	vayáis	go
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	vayan	go

The presente de subjuntivo in the process passive , pasiva de proceso , denotes a process and is conjugated with the copula verb .

	person	Process passive subjuntivo present tense (presente de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I present passive)
tomar	yo	sea ​​tomado	be drunk
	tú	seas tomado	be drunk
	usted, él, ella	sea ​​tomado	be drunk
	nosotros / -as	seamos tomado	be drunk
	vosotros / -as	seáis tomado	be drunk
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	sean tomado	be drunk

	person	Process passive subjuntivo present tense (presente de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I present passive)
comer	yo	sea ​​comido	be eaten
	tú	seas comido	be eaten
	usted, él, ella	sea ​​comido	be eaten
	nosotros / -as	seamos comido	be eaten
	vosotros / -as	seáis comido	be eaten
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	sean comido	be eaten

	person	Process passive subjuntivo present tense (presente de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I present passive)
vivir	yo	sea ​​vivido	be used to
	tú	seas vivido	be used to
	usted, él, ella	sea ​​vivido	be used to
	nosotros / -as	seamos vivido	are used to
	vosotros / -as	seáis vivido	be used to
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	sean vivido	are used to

Perfect (Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)

The pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo is formed from the subjuntivo present of the verb haber and the past participle, participio perfecto , of the corresponding verb. The forms of the regular verbs from the example above then look like this:

	person	Subjuntivo Perfect (Perfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I perfect active)
tomar	yo	haya tomado	have been drinking
	tú	hayas tomado	have been drinking
	usted, él, ella	haya tomado	have been drinking
	nosotros / -as	hayamos tomado	have drunk
	vosotros / -as	hayáis tomado	have been drinking
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hayan tomado	have drunk

	person	Subjuntivo Perfect (Perfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I perfect active)
comer	yo	haya comido	have eaten
	tú	hayas comido	have eaten
	usted, él, ella	haya comido	have eaten
	nosotros / -as	hayamos comido	have eaten
	vosotros / -as	hayáis comido	ate
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hayan comido	have eaten

	person	Subjuntivo Perfect (Perfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I perfect active)
vivir	yo	haya vivido	lived
	tú	hayas vivido	lived
	usted, él, ella	haya vivido	lived
	nosotros / -as	hayamos vivido	have lived
	vosotros / -as	hayáis vivido	lived
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hayan vivido	have lived

The pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo in the process passive, pasiva de proceso , is conjugated with the copula verb .

	person	Process passive Subjuntivo Pretérito perfecto (Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I perfect passive)
tomar	yo	haya sido tomado	had been drunk
	tú	hayas sido tomado	had been drunk
	usted, él, ella	haya sido tomado	had been drunk
	nosotros / -as	hayamos sido tomado	had been drunk
	vosotros / -as	hayáis sido tomado	had been drunk
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hayan sido tomado	had been drunk

	person	Process passive Subjuntivo Pretérito perfecto (Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I perfect passive)
comer	yo	haya sido comido	had been eaten
	tú	hayas sido comido	have been eaten
	usted, él, ella	haya sido comido	had been eaten
	nosotros / -as	hayamos sido comido	had been eaten
	vosotros / -as	hayáis sido comido	had been eaten
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hayan sido comido	had been eaten

	person	Process passive Subjuntivo Pretérito perfecto (Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I perfect passive)
vivir	yo	haya sido vivido	had been used
	tú	hayas sido vivido	have been lived
	usted, él, ella	haya sido vivido	had been used
	nosotros / -as	hayamos sido vivido	had been used
	vosotros / -as	hayáis sido s vivido	had been lived
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hayan sido vivido	had been used

Imperfect tense (imperfecto de subjuntivo)

Regular verbs

The imperfect of the subjuntivo, Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo, is derived from the third person plural of the indefinido of the verb. The ending -aron then with verbs in -ar by -ara or -ase , with verbs in -er and -ir the -ieron by -iera or -iese replaced. The two forms are basically equivalent. Usually the region is decisive for the use of one or the other ending. However, the form -ra cannot be replaced by -se if the former can be replaced by past perfect or conditional. This is due to historical reasons, as the -ra -form arose from the Latin past perfect indicative, while its alternative is based on the Latin past perfect subjunctive.

	person	Subjuntivo imperfect (Imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation ( subjunctive II past tense active) (or would plus infinitive present tense )
tomar	yo	tomara / tomase	beverage (or would drink)
	tú	tomaras / tomases	soak
	usted, él, ella	tomara / tomase	potions
	nosotros / -as	tomáramos / tomásemos	soak
	vosotros / -as	tomarais / tomaseis	soaks
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	tomaran / tomasen	soak

	person	Subjuntivo imperfect (Imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II past tense active)
comer	yo	comiera / comiese	eat
	tú	comieras / comieses	äßest
	usted, él, ella	comiera / comiese	eat
	nosotros / -as	comiéramos / comiésemos	ate
	vosotros / -as	comierais / comieseis	eats
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	comieran / comiesen	ate

	person	Subjuntivo imperfect (Imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II past tense active)
vivir	yo	viviera / viviese	lived
	tú	vivieras / vivieses	you lived
	usted, él, ella	viviera / viviese	lived
	nosotros / -as	viviéramos / viviésemos	lived
	vosotros / -as	vivierais / vivieseis	lived
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	vivieran / viviesen	lived

Irregular verbs

	person	Subjuntivo imperfect (Imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II past tense active)
estar	yo	estuviera / estuviese	would
	tú	estuvieras / estuvieses	would be
	usted, él, ella	estuviera / estuviese	would
	nosotros / -as	estuviéramos / estuviésemos	would be
	vosotros / -as	estuvierais / estuvieseis	would be
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	estuvieran / estuviesen	would be

	person	Subjuntivo imperfect (Imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II past tense active)
drool	yo	supiera / supiese	know
	tú	supieras / supieses	would know
	usted, él, ella	supiera / supiese	know
	nosotros / -as	supiéramos / supiésemos	would know
	vosotros / -as	supierais / supieseis	know
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	supieran / supiesen	would know

	person	Subjuntivo imperfect (Imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II past tense active)
ir	yo	füra / fuese	would go
	tú	füras / fueses	went
	usted, él, ella	füra / fuese	would go
	nosotros / -as	fuéramos / fuésemos	went
	vosotros / -as	fuerais / fueseis	went
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	foran / fuesen	went

The decisive factor for the use of the past tense of the subjuntivo is the form of the expression that triggers the subjuntivo (see again use of the subjuntivo ). Is the verb of the main clause in the indefinido , imperfecto or in the condicional and should wishes, feelings, recommendations, non-realities, doubts, rejections, etc. Ä. m. are expressed, the past tense of the subjunctive must be used. Even if the speaker wants to express an unreal comparison with como si (German: as if ), the subjuntivo is used.

Clause 1	Clause 2
Protasis	Apodosis
subordinate clause	main clause
Oración subordinada	Oración principal
Antecedents	Consistently
"Antecedent"	"Subsequent or subsequent sentence"
Temporal and aspect-related determination of the main clause	Happening of the main clause time, space
Independently	Dependent
coordination	Subordination

One forms the form:

• Indefinido / Imperfecto / Condicional (indicative, main clause (apodosis) ) + Pretérito imperfecto del subjuntivo ( subordinate clause )

For the pretérito imperfecto del subjuntivo in the process passive , pasiva de proceso o pasiva con ser , the copula verb ser is conjugated.

	person	Process passive subjuntivo imperfect (Imperfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II past passive)
tomar	yo	füra tomado	would be drunk
	tú	for the tomado	would be drunk
	usted, él, ella	füra tomado	would be drunk
	nosotros / -as	fuéramos tomado	would be drunk
	vosotros / -as	fuerais tomado	would be drunk
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	füran tomado	would be drunk

	person	Process passive subjuntivo imperfect (Imperfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II past passive)
comer	yo	füra comido	would be eaten
	tú	for the comido	would be eaten
	usted, él, ella	füra comido	would be eaten
	nosotros / -as	fuéramos comido	would be eaten
	vosotros / -as	fuerais comido	would be eaten
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	furan comido	would be eaten

	person	Process passive subjuntivo imperfect (Imperfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II past passive)
vivir	yo	füra vivido	would be used
	tú	füras vivido	would be used to
	usted, él, ella	füra vivido	would be used
	nosotros / -as	fuéramos vivido	would be used
	vosotros / -as	fuerais vivido	would be used
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	foran vivido	would be used

Dudábamos que viniera. Wir zweifelten, dass er käme. Pretérito imperfecto de indicativo + Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo
Le dije que lavara la cubertería. Ihm ich sagte, dass er abwaschen sollte das Besteck.
Me alegraba de que te durmieras. Ich war erfreut, dass du geschlafen hast.
Compraría una autocaravana si tuviera más espacio. Er würde kaufen ein Wohnmobil, wenn er würde haben mehr Platz. condicional simple + Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo

Past perfect (pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo)

Premature past tense is the past perfect tense, Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo . It is formed from the imperfect subjunctive, Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle , participio pasado o perfecto of the verb. Subjuntivo mode is used in subordinate clauses (protasis) that describe actions or events that are only to be brought about, or facts that have only arisen due to another fact . It therefore occurs in subordinate clauses (protasis). Here prematurity , anterioridad , plays an important role. If the verb is in the main clause (apodosis) in the tenses listed below, such as the Pretérito Imperfecto , Pretérito Indefinido , Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto indicativo or also subjuntivo or in the Condicional Perfecto and if the action sequence in the subordinate clause takes place before the action in the main clause, the pluscuamperfect becomes the pluscuam subjuntivo used. - Example: The verb in the main clause alegrar is in the Pretérito Indefinido and the verb irse in the subordinate clause is in the Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo:

  Me alegró que mi esposa me hubiera ido a esperar al teatro. Es freute mich, dass meine Ehefrau zum Theater gefahren war, um mich abzuholen. Pretérito indefinido de indicativo + Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo

In other words, there is no prematurity or only a posteriority , posterioridad . The tense structure of the main clause is retained, only the mode changes from the Modo indicativo of the main clause to the Modo subjuntivo of the subordinate clause. The following applies: In the case of simultaneity, simultaneidad , in the main clause, the same tense follows as the subjuntivo in the subordinate clause.

Actions and events are therefore expressed in general , which took place before a certain point in time in the past or which could have taken place in the past under other conditions .

	person	Subjuntivo past perfect (Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation ( conjunctivus praesentis of "haben" plus the "past participle") (subjunctive II past perfect active)
tomar	yo	hubiera / hubiese tomado	would have drunk
	tú	hubieras / hubieses tomado	would have drunk
	usted, él, ella	hubiera / hubiese tomado	would have drunk
	nosotros / -as	hubiéramos / hubiésemos tomado	would have drunk
	vosotros / -as	hubierais / hubieseis tomado	would have drunk
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hubieran / hubiesen tomado	would have drunk

	person	Subjuntivo past perfect (Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation ( conjunctivus praesentis of "haben" plus the "past participle") (subjunctive II past perfect active)
comer	yo	hubiera / hubiese comido	would have eaten
	tú	hubieras / hubieses comido	would have eaten
	usted, él, ella	hubiera / hubiese comido	would have eaten
	nosotros / -as	hubiéramos / hubiésemos comido	would have eaten
	vosotros / -as	hubierais / hubieseis comido	would have eaten
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hubieran / hubiesen comido	would have eaten

	person	Subjuntivo past perfect (Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation ( conjunctivus praesentis of "haben" plus the "past participle") (subjunctive II past perfect active)
vivir	yo	hubiera / hubiese vivido	would have lived
	tú	hubieras / hubieses vivido	would have lived
	usted, él, ella	hubiera / hubiese vivido	would have lived
	nosotros / -as	hubiéramos / hubiésemos vivido	would have lived
	vosotros / -as	hubierais / hubieseis vivido	would have lived
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hubieran / hubiesen vivido	would have lived

The pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo in the process passive, pasiva de proceso , characterizes an earlier process or event that was previously exposed to another action or state in the past. Here, too, the copula verb is conjugated.

	person	Process passive Subjuntivo Pretérito perfecto (Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I perfect passive)
tomar	yo	hubiera sido tomado	had been drunk
	tú	hubieras sido tomado	had been drunk
	usted, él, ella	hubiera sido tomado	had been drunk
	nosotros / -as	hubiéramos sido tomado	had been drunk
	vosotros / -as	hubierais sido tomado	had been drunk
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hubieran sido tomado	had been drunk

	person	Process Passive Subjuntivo Plusquamperfekt (Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I perfect passive)
comer	yo	hubiera sido comido	had been eaten
	tú	hubieras sido comido	have been eaten
	usted, él, ella	hubiera sido comido	had been eaten
	nosotros / -as	hubiéramos sido comido	had been eaten
	vosotros / -as	hubierias sido comido	had been eaten
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hubieran sido comido	had been eaten

	person	Process Passive Subjuntivo Plusquamperfekt (Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso)	Formal German translation (subjunctive I perfect passive)
vivir	yo	hubiera sido vivido	had been used
	tú	hubieras sido vivido	have been lived
	usted, él, ella	hubiera sido vivido	had been used
	nosotros / -as	hubiériamos sido vivido	had been used
	vosotros / -as	hubierais sido s vivido	had been lived
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hubieran sido vivido	had been used

Future tense (futuro de subjuntivo)

The futuro simple de subjuntivo , analogous to the imperfect subjuntivo, is formed from the third person plural of the indefinido. However, here the ending -aron in the first person is replaced by -are or -iere and conjugated from this:

	person	Subjuntivo Future (Futuro imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation ( conjunctivus praesentis of "werden" plus the "infinitive") (subjunctive II future I active)
tomar	yo	tomare	would drink
	tú	tomares	would drink
	usted, él, ella	tomare	would drink
	nosotros / -as	tomáremos	would drink
	vosotros / -as	tomareis	would drink
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	tomaren	would drink

	person	Subjuntivo Future (Futuro imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation ( conjunctivus praesentis of "werden" plus the "infinitive") (subjunctive II future I active)
comer	yo	comiere	would eat
	tú	comieres	would eat
	usted, él, ella	comiere	would eat
	nosotros / -as	comiéremos	would eat
	vosotros / -as	comiereis	would eat
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	comieren	would eat

	person	Subjuntivo Future (Futuro imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation ( conjunctivus praesentis of "werden" plus the "infinitive") subjunctive II future I active
vivir	yo	live	would live
	tú	vivieres	would live
	usted, él, ella	live	would live
	nosotros / -as	viviéremos	would live
	vosotros / -as	live rice	would live
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	vivate	would live

The future tense of the subjuntivo is only rarely used and when it is, then only in the written language. This is usually the third person who is still used, for example, in formal letters such as legal texts. - example:

 El concesionario responderá de cualquier daño perjuicio que se originare por terceros. Der Lizenzträger haftet für jeden Schaden, der durch Dritte entsteht.

There are also some fixed idioms that use the future tense of the subjuntivo, but are now increasingly being replaced by forms of the present tense. - example:

 Sea lo que fuere. (Heutzutage verbreiteter: Sea lo que sea.; Wie dem auch sei. Oder: Sei es, wie es wolle.)

Future perfecto ( Future perfecto de subjuntivo)

The futuro perfecto de subjuntivo is formed from the future subjuntivo of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the following verb.

	person	Subjuntivo Futur perfecto (Futuro perfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation ( subjunctive II future II active )
tomar	yo	hubiere tomado	would have been drinking
	tú	hubieres tomado	would have been drinking
	usted, él, ella	hubiere tomado	would have been drinking
	nosotros / -as	hubiéremos tomado	would have been drinking
	vosotros / -as	hubiereis tomado	would have been drinking
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	lift tomado	would have been drinking

	person	Subjuntivo Future (Futuro imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II future II active)
comer	yo	hubiere comido	would have eaten
	tú	hubieres comido	would have eaten
	usted, él, ella	hubiere comido	would have eaten
	nosotros / -as	hubiéremos comido	would have eaten
	vosotros / -as	hubiereis comido	would have eaten
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hubing comido	would have eaten

	person	Subjuntivo Future (Futuro imperfecto de subjuntivo)	Formal German translation (subjunctive II future II active)
vivir	yo	hubiere vivido	would have lived
	tú	hubieres vivido	would have lived
	usted, él, ella	hubiere vivido	would have lived
	nosotros / -as	hubiéremos vivido	would have lived
	vosotros / -as	hubiereis vivido	would have lived
	ustedes, ellos, ellas	hubieren vivido	would have lived

Analytical passive and subjunctive

→ Main article : Passive in the Spanish language

It is formed with the conjugated auxiliary verb ser or estar (German "sein" or "werden or werden sein") and the participio pasado or perfecto or pasivo of the corresponding verb. It is not absolutely necessary to name the author of the action, but if he appears, then in connection with the preposition por or more rarely with de . - Examples:

 Pedro comió las peras. Pedro aß die Birnen (Aktiv); oder
 Las peras fueron comidas por Pedro. Die Birnen wurden von Pedro gegessen (Passiv genauer pasiva con ser).

The analytical passive, pasiva de analítica , is in turn divided into process passive and state passive .

• The process passive, pasiva con ser is used to express processes, processes and process-like events;
• The state passive, pasiva con estar , is required to express the result of an action, fact or state.

Process passive (selection) subjuntivo	ser
person	Presente	Imperfecto	Perfecto	Pluscuamperfecto	Futuro	Participio pasado or perfecto
yo	sea (I'm being irradiated)	füra (I would be irradiated)	haya sido (I was irradiated)	hubiera sido (I would have been irradiated)	hubiere sido (i will be irradiated)	radiado
tú	seas	foras	hayas sido	hubieras sido	hubieres sido	radiado
él, ella	sea	for a	haya sido	hubiera sido	hubiere sido	radiado
nosotros, nosotras	seamos	fuéramos	hayamos sido	hubiéramos sido	hubiéremos sido	radiado
vosotros, vosotras	seáis	fürais	hayáis sido	habierais sido	hubiereis sido	radiado
ellos, ellas	sean	foran	hayan sido	have sido	hub sido	radiado

State passive (selection) subjuntivo	estar
person	Presente	Imperfecto	Perfecto	Pluscuamperfecto	Futuro	Participio pasado or perfecto
yo	esté (I am irradiated)	estuviera (I would be irradiated)	haya estado (I was irradiated)	hubiera estado (I would have been irradiated)	hubiere estado (I would be irradiated)	radiado
tú	estés	estuvieras	hayas estado	hubieras estado	hubieres estado	radiado
él, ella	esté	estuviera	haya estado	hubiera estado	hubiere estado	radiado
nosotros, nosotras	estemos	estuviéramos	hayamos estado	hubiéramos estado	hubiéremos estado	radiado
vosotros, vosotras	estéis	estestuvierais	hayáis estado	habierais estado	hubiereis estado	radiado
ellos, ellas	estén	estuvieran	hayan estado	have estado	hub estado	radiado

Conjunctions and Subjunctive

→ Main article : Conjunction in the Spanish language

In Spanish it is particularly important to ensure that some conjunctions result in the indicative, indicativo , others the subjuntivo and some also the infinitive, infinitivo .

Classification of the Spanish conjunctions

There are three parts of speech in Spanish that can function as conjunctions , they are:

• Single word conjunctions, conjunciones simples
• compound conjunctions, conjunciones compuestas , and
• Adverbs, adverbios .

They can also be classified according to their syntactic functions:

• Associating or co-ordinating conjunctions, conjunciones de coordinación , link similar clauses or sentences with one another. These are again sorted into
  • Sequential conjunctions, conjunciones copulativos , which cause a sequence of the various parts of the sentence or sentences of equal rank. Example: tanto… como, ni… ni.
  • Adversative conjunctions, conjunciones adversativas . They indicate an antithesis to the preceding sentence. Example: aunque, sino .
  • Disjunctive conjunctions, conjunciones disyuntivas , express that there is only one possibility. Example: bien ... bien, o ... o .
  • Inferential conjunctions, conjunciones conclusivas , introduce a conclusion. Example: entonces .
• Subordinate conjunctions, conjunciones de subordinación . They introduce subordinate clauses and, depending on the requirements, can result in the indicative, indicativo or subjuntivo . These conjunctions can also be arranged in individual groups, see above
  • Temporal conjunctions, conjunciones temporales ,
  • Final conjunctions, conjunciones finales ,
  • Causal conjunctions, conjunciones causales , example: que, ya que, puesto que, porque
  • Consecutive conjunctions, conjunciones consecutivas ,
  • Concessive conjunctions, conjunciones concesivas ,
  • Conditional conjunctions, conjunciones condicionales ,
  • Adversative conjunctions, conjunciones adversitivas ,
  • Stringing conjunctions, conjunciones copulativas ,
  • Modal conjunctions, conjunciones modales .

Linguistic history on the Romance subjunctive in general and the Spanish subjunctive in particular

It is assumed that five modes were distinguished in the reconstructed Indo-European original language . In addition to an indicative for an objective statement (reports), she also knew the subjunctive with which the speaker expressed his will (expecting and wanting) or a subjectively not real concept (wishes and ability, enabling, imagining), the optative (wishes) that expressed a wish or a possibility, the imperative (commands), which one used to command, and the injective (prompting and mentioning) as an expression of a prohibition.

The Latin subjunctive

Historically, the subjunctive was one of the modes in Latin , the counterpart of the indicative. And how it is indicative of the three times the present tense , the past tense and the future tense are (with the relevant early forms Perfect , Past Perfect and Future Perfect ), for all these forms would also be expected, the corresponding subjunctive form.

The concept of the subjunctive comes from the late Latin modus coniūnctīvus , actually “a way of saying that serves to connect sentences”, from Latin coniungere “to connect”, “to bind together”.

In the Romance languages , some of the Latin forms have been lost. In Latin there are, in comparison, the formal equivalents to Spanish:

Latin subjunctive		Spanish subjunctive
Present subjunctive	cantes	Subjuntivo presente	cantes
Imperfect subjunctive	cantares	-	-
Subjunctive perfect	cantaveris	Futuro de subjuntivo	cantares
Subjunctive past perfect	cantavisses	Imperfecto de subjuntivo	cantaras or cantases

The subjunctive of the two future forms is formed by the Latin in the Coniugatio periphrastica through the past participle with the corresponding form of the auxiliary verb esse . Or it replaces it: Instead of the subjunctive future I, the present subjunctive is chosen in relation to a main tense, the imperfect subjunctive in relation to a secondary tense, instead of the future II subjunctive in relation to a main tense the perfect subjunctive, in relation to a secondary tense Subjunctive past perfect.

The subjunctive is in Latin in main clauses as Iussiv than opt as Hortativ than Deliberative and as prohibitive used in conditional sentence structures than Irrealis and as a potentiality , and in subordinate clauses, which started with the conjunctions ut , cum , ne initiated and some other and in indirect questions .

In Latin , the subjunctive has a wide variety of functions. In addition to the volitive function of wishing and willing , the dubitative function is also expressed in order to point out the assessment of the validity, security or uncertainty of an action taking place. In the Latin language , from which the Romance languages ​​are derived, the infinite verb, whose task it is to make a statement about a subject, only has three modes: the indicative, the subjunctive and the imperative. In Latin, however, the subjunctive does not have so much the meaning of an expression of a desired form (optative), but rather stands for an expectation of the future. The Latin subjunctive now combined several functions of the Indo-European subjunctive (expecting), the voluntative (wanting) and the optative (wanting and being able to, enabling, thinking) and the like. a. m. With the emergence of the Romance languages ​​there was a renewed restructuring of the modes. You will now find four modes for the finite verbs: the indicative, the subjunctive, the imperative and the conditional. With a generous interpretation, the infinite forms, i.e. the participle, the infinitive and the gerund, could also be counted among the modes.

The functional aspect of the modes allows the speaker to adopt a certain (subjective) attitude towards the notion to be promised, his ultimately communicated sentence statement. For example, the speaker will use a form of mode to express whether he believes the content of the sentence or not, or the mode can express whether he wants something or not.

The restructuring of the modes from the "Indo-European language" and in particular with regard to the Latin subjunctive resulted in certain (partial) functions of the modes being combined and others newly formed in the Latin subjunctive. A part of the Indo-European subjunctive had the function of a future tense, another part function together with the optative formed a new subjunctive. In Latin, the Indo-European optative and the subjunctive have merged.

Altogether there are four different forms of the subjunctive in Latin, these are the "present subjunctive", "imperfect subjunctive", "perfect subjunctive" and "perfect subjunctive". In Spanish the number had doubled.

The German subjunctive and the Spanish subjunctive in comparison

Although often translated as subjunctive in literature , the subjunctive does not represent a direct equivalent to the German subjunctive. However, there are certain "linguistic relics" in the German language that are similar to the Spanish subjunctive:

Es möge dir gut ergehen. Konjunktiv I
Es möchte dir gut ergehen. Konjunktiv II
Ich möchte wohl ein Vogel sein!
Auf dass es geschehe! Konjunktiv I
Dass es geschähe. Konjunktiv II
Du wirst […] um Hilfe schreien, damit man mit Leitern komme und dich vor einer Taube rette, vor einer Taube! (Patrick Süskind.) Konjunktiv I
Es sei, wie es sei. Konjunktiv I
Sei es, wie es wolle. Konjunktiv I
Ich fände es gut, wenn du dich mehr über mein neues Smartphone freutest. Konjunktiv II
Ich fände es gut, wenn du dich mehr über mein neues Smartphone freuen würdest. Konjunktiv II + Ersatzform des Konjunktivs (oder: Würde-Form, Konjunktiv III)

(Real) wishes, the desired form ( optative ), the request form ( jussive ) or possibilities are represented by the subjunctive I. - Examples:

Dein Reich komme, Dein Wille geschehe.
Eine jede rede am Telefon, wie sie wolle.
Man nehme, wenn man hat, einen halben Liter Rotwein.
Sie reiße sich mal zusammen!

But conjectures and assumptions, demands or fears are also only possibilities, if not yet real.

• Assumption: Gretel thought he liked the concert .
• Demand: Gretel wanted him always friendly was .
• Fear: Heinrich suspected that she was writing secretly.
• Wish: May your love last forever.

The German subjunctive I can also be used to mark unreal comparative sentences. Although the subjunctive II is more common in this function, the subjunctive I is also used.

Gretel tat so, als sei sie erstaunt, ihn zu sehen.
Heinrich benahm sich so, als mache es ihm nicht das Geringste aus, dass Mephisto an seiner Seite stand und ihm die Hand auf die Schulter legte.

Furthermore, the German subjunctive I is mainly used in indirect speech , but in Spanish the subjunctive is precisely not to be found here. In Spanish indirect speech , estilo indirecto , the subjuntivo is not used. (With a few exceptions, then when the verb of the original sentence is in the imperative.) - Examples:

Sie sagt, er gehe. Präsens + Konjunktiv I
Dice que sale. Presente de indicativo

But in the negative

No dice que salga. Nicht sie sagt, dass er komme.

In Spanish, the Consecutio temporum applies to indirect speech , that is, the selection of the tense in the subordinate clause depends on whether its statement with respect to that of the main clause is premature , simultaneous or late . This is shown in the following example. While the subjunctive I is used several times in German, the Spanish alternates between different tenses to clarify the sequence of events:

Sie erklärte mir, sie habe lange am Bahnhof gewartet, es sei aber niemand gekommen; der nächste Zug komme erst um 14 Uhr; sie werde bis dahin einkaufen gehen und dann wieder zum Bahnhof zurückkehren.
Ella me explicó que había esperado mucho tiempo en la estación pero que nadie había llegado; el próximo tren no iba a llegar sino hasta las 14 horas; ella iba hasta entonces a ir de compras y entonces volvería a la estación.

The subjunctive II, the unrealis, is always used when there are doubts or the matter should be unrealistic, hopeless, unrealisable or impossible; in short, the occurrence of the possibility is not to be expected. The German subjunctive II thus mainly stands for what is only imagined, merely thought and thus ultimately unreal. - Examples:

Sie sagte, sie habe immer genügend Kohle dabei. Konjunktiv I
Er sagte, er hätte zwar Geld, aber nicht dabei. Konjunktiv II

First of all, it is obvious that the forms between the German indicative and subjunctive hardly or not at all differ from one another; there is a case of “flexivic homonymy”. - Example with the German verb “geht” only the second and third person singular and the second person plural are different.

person	German indicative	German subjunctive I
I	go	go
you	go	go
he she it	goes	go
we	go	go
her	goes	go
she	go	go

As a result, the subjunctive I disappears from the standard German language, on the one hand it is morphologically only poorly characterized or delimited and on the other hand it is interchangeable by a large number of alternative constructions.

In the German subjunctive, a distinction is made between the subjunctive I and the subjunctive II, each of these forms has its own functions in the German language:

• The subjunctive I is mainly used in indirect speech, but also when expressing a wish, a conjecture or expressing a request. The subjunctive I has three time levels: present , past and future .

• The subjunctive II primarily expresses the unreality and potential in German. It can be found in hypothetical statements, in expressing unreal conditions or consequences. It is also used as a substitute for the subjunctive I in indirect speech. You can also use it to communicate certain attitudes and attitudes of the speaker, such as in the case of polite requests or suggested assumptions or statements. The subjunctive II uses only two time levels: the present or future and the past.

However, there are commonalities in the general rules for using the German subjunctive I or II and the Spanish subjunctive . Because through the subjunctive, events and actions can be shifted into the area of ​​possibility ( potentialis ), desirability ( optative or voluntary ), request and command form ( adhortative or jussive ) or non-reality ( unrealis ), which is why one also generally changes from the possibility form speaks.

Thus, in German with the subjunctive, in addition to the unfamiliar use in Spanish for indirect speech, one also has modes of use that have similarities with the subjunctive .

• He brings wishes, requests, commands and the like. Ä. m. to expression. - Examples:

 Im Hauptsatz: Man nehme den Schraubenzieher. – Es sei genug für den heutigen Abend. – Er verbiete das Rauchen. – Gott sei seiner armen Seele gnädig. – Was es auch sei, wir wollen es haben.

 Im Nebensatz: Der Vater wünsche, dass seine Tochter ihm helfe. – Es sei darauf hingewiesen, dass die Umstände während der letzten Versuche gleich geblieben sind.

The subjunctive indicates that something is not really happening or has happened, but was merely presented. Unreal sentences that appear as conditional sentences are therefore dependent on the subjunctive. The unreality is then expressed by the subjunctive II. - Examples:

 Im Hauptsatz: Ohne mich wäret ihr einsam. – Im Nebensatz: Wenn du Zeit gehabt hättest, wärest du gekommen.

But not only the unreality is expressed with the subjunctive, but sometimes also the possibility (potentialis). - Examples:

Wir wüssten schon, was zu tun wäre.
Was dir auch immer geschehen möge (…).

In such expressions that have developed from the use of the unreal or are based on it, the subjunctive II predominates.

In German, for example, the formal translation into the subjunctive I or the subjunctive II can provide a clue, but the use of the Spanish subjunctive is subject to different rules. The subjuntivo basically serves to express a subjective point of view. In everyday Spanish usage, the use of the subjunctive is of the utmost importance.

In contrast, in Spanish , where a subjunctive could be used to describe a non-reality, the subjunctive is absolutely necessary in order to verbalize the subject in a grammatically correct manner.

An example: A presumption made about the potential knowledge in a matter contains the possibility of a non-reality. There are two variants in German. In Spanish, this fact - a possible non-reality - would only be in the subjuntivo , here more precisely in the presente de subjuntivo:

 No hay nadie que lo sepa. Es gibt niemanden, der es wisse bzw. wüsste.

The next variant is possible in German, but for this situation it is the grammatically incorrect Spanish form.

 No hay nadie que lo sabe. Es gibt niemanden, der es weiß.

The correct wording is in the Spanish sentence, presente de subjuntivo . The German sentence "corresponds" approximately to the reproduced subjuntivo .

 Quiero que vengas. Ich möchte, dass du kommest bzw. kämest.

Although possible in the German sentence - and more common than the previous sentence - the Spanish spelling would be grammatically incorrect for this situation.

 Quiero que *vienes. Ich möchte, dass du kommst.

Special use of the subjunctive and delimitation from other linguistic terms

The subjunctive can only stand in the main clause alone without subordinate clause, here the same rules for its use in composite sentences . But it is almost always used in subordinate clauses, especially those that are introduced by que or some other conjunction.

In Spanish, the times and modes and the aspect are considered in a sequence or sequence of actions according to fixed rules. The time in which the verb of the subordinate clause appears is always determined by the time of the verb in the main clause.

In indirect speech , the subjunctive is only used if the verb form of the main clause is an imperative .

As in German, in Spanish the main and subordinate clauses can be combined with connecting words or conjunctions . Usually the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clauses, with exceptions. Put simply, the following applies: If an action that is described in the subordinate clause is almost certain to occur anyway, the subjuntivo can be dispensed with.

Sentence radical and sentence mode

While in sentence radical in speech act theory the truth-functional content of a sentence or its proposition is reproduced - one can grasp it in a truth-value-functional semantics - the mode of a sentence indicates the respective type or what the case in the speech act . The sentence radical is that part of the sentence that reflects the descriptive content of a sentence. The mode of the sections that determines the “meaning” of the sentence.

According to Erik Stenius Mood and Language Game (1967), every sentence has a sentence radical and a sentence mode, he classifies the latter into three modes:

• Declarative (indicative)
• Imperative and
• Interrogative

Examples:

* Lees el libro. Du liest das Buch.

It is the case (= sentence mode: declarative) that you read the book (= radical sentence).

* Lee el libro. Lies das Buch.

Make it the case (= sentence mode: imperative) that you read the book (= radical sentence).

* ¿Tú lees el libro? Liest du das Buch.

Is it the case (= sentence mode: interrogative) that you read the book (= radical sentence).

For Spanish, the subjunctive, mode of the "psychic perspective", would be added:

* Quiero que leas el libro. Ich wünsche, dass du das Buch liest.

Can it be the case (= sentence mode: subjunctive) that you read the book?

Syntactic criteria

There are words that inevitably lead to the subjunctive, such as ojalá (hopefully) , quizás and tal vez (maybe) . Frequently, however, after certain words introducing subordinate clauses (subjunctions) there is also the phenomenon that both the indicativo and the subjuntivo can appear there, but then the meaning of the subjunction changes. An example is the word aunque , which means “although” with indicativo , but “even if” with subjuntivo .

In the indicative the content of a sentence is considered certain, in the subjunctive it can be true or false. The indicative usually follows the conjunctions, however, when the actions or events of the main clause lie in the past, i.e. when the event is certain, i.e. the place, time, manner, etc. are fixed.

Some adverbs , adverbios , are also used with the subjunctive .

From a historical perspective , the subjuntivo was used relatively late in Spanish as an expression of subjective feelings. The infinitive construction predominated in the Latin language . In Old French and Old Spanish, which emerged from Vulgar Latin , the indicative was predominantly used . It was not until the 16th and then in the 17th that the subjuntivo became increasingly common, only to prevail in the 18th century.

Semantic criteria

Some linguists attribute the increasing use and importance of the subjuntivo in everyday language to the emphasis on the ego that began in the Renaissance and to the refinement of the sense of language . In the complex sentences , due to a now more strongly expressed affect content (feeling), the focus is no longer on the fact of the main clause that z. B. someone has come, but that I am amazed, happy, angry, etc. The strong affective accent on the superordinate main clause now causes the action through the conjunction que not to be perceived as real in its concreteness, but rather incidentally, so to speak, can only be grasped as a representation of a possibility.

Subjunctive, modality and mode

While the mode is a grammatical-morphological category that expresses the speaker's assessment of reality or the possibility of realizing the verbalized facts, the modality, on the other hand, is understood as a functional-semantic category. The latter expresses the question of possibility and necessity in a subjective form. So the speaker assesses and comments on facts as z. B. possible, doubtful, desirable, threatening.

Modalities represent the speaker's subjective attitude towards the statement made. Modality describes in the linguistic sense and from a semantic approach on several levels the view of the speaker, the perspective on what is spoken and the level on reality, which is expressed in the created linguistic reality. The “subjunctive” in the Romance languages is a way of giving expression to the modality and therefore indicates its semantic content, in other words it reveals a meaning (see also proposition ).

The modality, like the temporality, is thus a descriptive perspective, i.e. a line of sight for a verbal description.

Nevertheless, modality can also be expressed through grammatical-morphological means of the modes. Because a verb shows itself in different expressions, modes or modes. The mode characterizes the speaker's (subjective) view (modality) of his statement . In German you can distinguish between three modes: the indicative (reality form), subjunctive (possibility form) and the imperative (command form). To design the modality, on the one hand, these aforementioned modes can be used, on the other hand, for example, modal and modality verbs, sentence adverbs and modal particles .

Modality in the statement of a sentence is therefore a semantic property that affects the speaker's attitude to the content of the sentence. In other words, the speaker uses linguistic means to clarify his relationship to the event, action and his statement. B. formulate commands, offers, permits, obligations, rights and wishes. Here is an example in the German language. In a basic first statement, it is promised by a spokesman that a number of people are playing soccer. - Examples:

 Wir spielen Fußball. Explikation: Grundsätzliche Aussage der Sprecher teilt mit das eine Anzahl von Menschen Fußball spielt.
 Wir wollen Fußball spielen. Explikation: Das eingesetzte Modalverb modifiziert die Aussage im Satz dahingehend, dass der Sprecher vorhat bzw. den Wunsch äußert das die Gruppe Fußball spielen möge.

Modal statements are characterized by the fact that they do not (solely) refer to individual facts of the real world, but instead include alternative possibilities (“ possible worlds ” mundos posibles ) for the validity of their statement . From the speaker's line of sight , two main reasons for the indeterminacy of statements can be determined:

• in what is said, the speaker cannot say with certainty whether the content is true, “possible world vs. actual world ";
• in what is said, reference is made to an event that has not occurred or has not yet occurred.

The speaker gives his or her personal opinion on a real or unreal fact or fact. So to the actual, actual world or reality or one of the other worlds, the counterfactual possible worlds or the possible states of the world or reality. Modality is expressed not only through mode, but also through other linguistic means

The speaker expresses how what he or she has spoken should be understood or how and in what way the truth value conditions of a spoken text can be evaluated in relation to the situation in which it is uttered. While the evaluation of the truth value conditions of a text in relation to the descriptive perspective of the temporality relates to other times, the evaluation of the truth value conditions in the descriptive perspective of the modality relates to the evaluation of possible realities.

Viewing direction is the modality in that they on the one hand the ratio of the speaker to the manner of its (subjective) and his opinion verbalization of the different forms of the relationship discussed the speaker to its predicate. On the other hand, it is this when it shows the relation of the sentence statement to reality in this verbalized reality . In this conception, modality is defined as the speaker's attitude to what is spoken, whereby attitude means the subjective assessment. To verbalize time references or temporal relations as well as subjective or personal attitudes are the basic needs in human communication. The verbal categories of tense and mode are available as means for this in the inflected languages. Compared to the modality, the mode is a conjugation parameter or a grammatical category of the verb .

In summary, the modality can be summarized in that it

• is not a part of the fact that is described in a verbal utterance, but something that is expressed in addition to this fact, and
• it can be divided into different types of modality, for example on the basis of special grammatical-formal categories.

In the German and the Spanish language, a verb shows itself in its different expressions or modes . The mode can characterize the speaker's (subjective) view (modality) of his statement . One can distinguish three modes in both languages: the indicative (reality form), the subjunctive (possibility form) and the imperative (command form); whereby the German subjunctive, as already explained above, does not correspond to the Spanish subjunctive.

If one compares German with Spanish, one becomes aware that in the German language the range of modality is outlined by the following linguistic types:

• Modal verbs , verbos modales , and modality verbs ,
• Modal forms of the verb, such as the subjunctive and imperative,
• modal infinitive constructions,
• Modal words or sentence adverbs ,
• Modal particles , partículas modales .

Spanish also has corresponding formations, but their use in sentence and statement is different. While the modal verbs find their preferred use in German, the use of the subjuntivo gives Spanish its most important means of expressing the modality.

Nevertheless, modal verbs such as querer , deber , soler , saber , poder play just as important a role as the verbal periphrase or verbal periphrases with the infinitive. Modal verbal periphrases are those periphrases that are connected to modal verbs as auxiliary verbs and modify the content of another verb, they are always followed by an infinitive. Of lesser importance, but not insignificant, are the modal words and modal particles.

According to L. Gómez Torrego (1988), periphrases can be divided into those, also called direct periphrases , which are immediately followed by the infinitive (such as querer , deber , poder plus infinitive) and those that arise via a prepositional or conjunctional connection (like hay que , tener que , haber de , deber de plus infinitive), also known as indirect periphrases .

Classification of theories about the subjunctive

According to Schifko (1967), two large groups of the different theories about the subjunctive or (Romance) subjunctive can be divided:

• Representatives of the dualistic or pluralistic theories:
  • Eugene Lerch
  • Moritz Regula
  • Cornelis De Boer
  • Ernst Gamillscheg
  • Walther von Wartburg
  • Paul Zumthor
  • Karl von Ettmayer
  • Andrés Bello
  • Friedrich Hanssen
  • Samuel Gil y Gaya
  • Robert Kilburn Spaulding
  • Rodolfo Lenz
• Representatives of monistic theories:
• Modal theories:
  • Hermann Soltmann
  • Lucien Foulet
  • Willem van der Molen
• Amodal theories:
  • Eugène Tănase
  • Joseph Hanse
  • Richard Wahmer
  • Theodor Kalepky
  • Jacques Damourette
  • Edouard Pichon
  • Robert Le Bidois
  • Knud Dag Nielsen Togeby
  • J. Francis Lemon
  • Gustave Guillaume
  • Paul Imbs
  • Ulrich Ricken

Current linguistic research, abstract

From a linguistic point of view, a large number of publications have been published on the subject of the “subjunctive” . There are a number of reflections and hypotheses on this subject. Within Romance studies and linguistics in general, the vast majority of differences about the subjunctive consist in the view of whether the meaning and function can only be defined (morpho-) syntactically, semantically or pragmatically. Antoni Maria Badia i Margarit (1953) stands for a morphosyntactic point of view, Martin Hummel (2004) for a semantic point of view and for a pragmatic point of view is exemplarily Ralph Ludwig (1988) For Badia i Margarit, the only function of the subjunctive used in the subordinate clause is dependency of the subordinate clause of the main clause. Badia i Margarit, like Martin Hummel, speaks of “valor básico del subjuntivo” , of basic functions “significaciones básicas” or basic values “valores fundamentales” .

The research on the Spanish subjuntivo led to the most diverse pairs of opposites, e.g. B. real vs. unreal mode, reality vs. Unreality, objectivity vs. Subjectivity or "valid" statement vs. limited objective and / or subjective validity (see also the following table). Whether these semantic criteria are used to explain and differentiate between indicativo and subjuntivo - they alone are insufficient to fully explain the use of the subjuntivo in Spanish. In addition to these semantic criteria, syntactic criteria also play a role, such as the type of sentence in connection with certain introductory conjunctions or adverbs.

author	Published, reference, page	Indicativo	Subjunctive
Eugene Lerch	The meaning of the modes in French. OR Reisland, Leipzig 1919, p. 111	Statements (indicative)	Wish sentences (imperative or wishing subjunctive), "subjunctive of desire" and "subjunctive of the psychological subject or uncertainty"
Knud Togeby	Fashion, aspect et temps en espagnol. Copenhagen 1953, 3rd edition 1975, p. 118	affirmation (statement)	suspension de l'affirmation (suspension of testimony)
William E. Bull	Spanish for Teachers: Applied Linguistics. The Ronald Press Company, New York 1965, p. 182	experience knowledge (empirical knowledge)	non-experience lack of positive knowledge ( knowledge that has not been verified)
Jean Coste and Augustin Redondo (* 1934)	Syntaxes de l'espagnol modern. Societe d'Edition d'Enseignement Superieur, Paris 1965	objectivité (objectivity)	subjectivité, éventualité (subjectivity, possibility)
Real Academia Española (RAE)	Esbozo de una nueva gramática de la lengua española, Real Academia Española. Comisión de Gramática. Vol. 13 Real Academia española, 1973 (Abbreviated Esbozo, 1973)	realidad (reality)	no realidad (non-reality)
Peter Wunderli	Modus and tense. Contributions to the synchronic and diachronic morphosyntax of the Romance languages. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 1976 and The partial update of verbal events (Subjonctif) in Central French a syntactic-stylistic study. De Gruyter, Berlin 1970	Full update (indicative)	Partial update (subjunctive)
Philip W. Klein and Tracy D. Terrel; Joan L. Hooper (born 1945)	Observations on the Semantics of Mood in Spanish. Dissertation, University of Washington, Washington 1974, p. 117 and A Semantically Based Analysis of Mood in Spanish. Hispania 57, (1974) 465-97.	assertion (assertion, assertion)	non-assertion (not assertable)
John J. Bergen	One rule for the Spanish subjunctive. Hispania, 61, (1978) 218-234	objective fact (facts that can be objectified)	subjective reservation (subjective restrictions)
José Miguel Solano-Araya	Modality in Spanish: An Account of Mood. Dissertation University of Kansas, Lawrence, KA. 1982	commitment to the truth or falsity	no such commitment (without any commitment to truth or falsehood)
Martin Hummel	The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 2001, pp. 1-4	Existence mode, primary level of the factual event context	Incidence mode, secondary level of incident abstraction, and imagination of a possible occurrence
Helmut Berschin , Julio Fernández-Sevilla, Josef Felixberger	The Spanish language. Distribution, history, structure. Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 2005, p. 240	valid statement	objectively and / or subjectively limited validity of the statement

modified from Helmut Berschin et al.

Models to explain the Spanish subjunctive

In the reflective consideration and analysis of the Spanish subjuntive, two positions can essentially be worked out, on the one hand:

• “Trigger hypotheses or model” and, on the other hand, the
• "Incidence hypothesis or model"

See also : adhortative , imperative (mode) and cohortative

See also : Optativ , Potentialis and Prohibitiv

See also : voluntary

After the "triggering model" which is conditional form speaker referred realized would only by the speaker imagine, emotions , requests, commands, my , values , doubt , Share , rate, granting and allowing Banning , wishes , exhorting>, Willensäußern and so on be expressed. Since the subjunctive almost always shows itself as a subordinate , dependent mode in the sentence, it can be triggered by superordinate verbs, conjunctions and the "inner parameters and attitudes" listed above . He obey this grammatical rules and put a grammatical category , which falls within the timers can be used past, present and future. Nevertheless, Belchí (1987) states that subjective attitudes, attitudes, etc. can also go hand in hand with the indicative, indicativo . The "trigger model" of the subjunctive does not place the basic value or the basic function in the center of consideration, but rather the triggering of this mode by higher-level linguistic structures, which are usually of a syntactic nature. For Hummel, as one of the representatives of the "incidence model", an explanation based on the basic value is important, as this is the only way to reduce the abundance of rules and exceptions.

Hummel (2001), on the other hand, prefers the "incidence model" to work out completely without certain facts that result from the "trigger model", he writes:

“(...) that the only common characteristic of all cases examined so far is the focus on an event under the aspect of its (preceding) occurrence. (...) The indicative as a mode of existence relates to the being of events. He describes things as they are after they have occurred, i.e. H. they can, for example, continue (imperfect detection) or be completed (perfect detection). Since only the occurrence (existence) of events has real temporal characteristics, the mode of existence is at the same time the basis for the tense category of language. (...) It is about the reality of events as such, i.e. i.e. the occurrence detached from its actual update. In the mode system of Spanish, the following ontological analysis of events is fixed: There are events that exist. The existence of events is a consequence of their incidence (occurrence). The first is expressed with the indicative, the second with the subjunctive. The subjunctive reflects the basic human experience, according to which things and events not only already exist, but also occur (incise). (...) [The essence of the subjunctive includes] (...) focusing on events under the aspect of their occurrence (and not of the factual occurrence) (...) "

- Martin Hummel : The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. (2001), pp. 74-75; 76-77

The basic value that Hummel assigns to the Spanish subjunctive is defined by the characteristic "event under the aspect of its occurrence". Hummel shares Gustave Guillaume's view on the aspectual character of the subjunctive. According to this, the subjunctive would belong to the realm of realization that expresses the imperfective aspect; the area of ​​the incomplete telics in a realization dynamic.

If one looks at and compares the considerations of Badia i Margarit (1953) and those of Hummel (2001), it turns out that although both trace the meaning and function of the subjunctive back to a basic value, they define the meaning and function of the subjunctive differently. For Badia i Margarit, the subjunctive in the subordinate clause has no other function than to express the dependence of the subordinate clause on the main clause. It is determined purely morphosyntactically. For Badia i Margarit, the meaning of the subjunctive is explained by those actions that are in the mind of the speaker.

While for Badia i Margarit the subjunctive serves as a (morphosyntactic) linguistic instrument to explain the dependency relationships between the main clause and the subordinate clause, Hummel understands the subjunctive to be a form of presentation of a possible event, while the indicative functions as an indicator for the occurrence of factual events. In both forms of presentation (subjunctive vs. indicative) it is not a question of whether a situation has actually occurred or not, but rather how the subjunctive presents this situation in contrast to the indicative (semantically). For Hummel, the subjunctive expresses a meaning; it is semantically determined and does not simply have an instrumental-syntactic function.

What is special about the "incidence or event model" is that the phenomenon of a (possible) occurrence, the incidence, is brought into focus, whereby one subtracts from the facticity of the occurrence, even if the subjuntivo refers to an event that has actually occurred relates. The Spanish subjunctive can thus also be characterized as "incidence mode". This mode, understood as a marked mode, would then be in functional opposition to the indicative, indicativo . Since, from the point of view of Martin Hummel (2001), the subjunctive can also refer to factually occurred and realized actions and events, the question of what difference there is between the presentation in the "mode of existence" and the presentation in the "mode of incidence" of the subjunctive becomes answered in such a way that it is crucial on which level the presentation is promised - on a primary level of the factual event context or on a secondary, incident level, a level of abstraction and imagination of a possible occurrence in the factual reality. In a recent German publication by the Romanist Martin Hummel (2001), the distinction between the modes “indicative” and “subjunctive” is seen as fundamental not only for understanding the Spanish language. Hummel sees a basic value in the Spanish subjunctive, "valor básico del subjuntivo" a basic function in this language.

While the indicative describes the presented events from the point of view of their “occurrence”, that is, their factual existence, the aspect of “possible occurrence”, the “incidence”, applies to the subjunctive. Whereby the subjunctive can abstract from the factual event in the linguistic utterance at the moment of "having entered". The subjunctive stands in "functional opposition" to the indicative. While the subjunctive functions as an "incidence mode", which promises the possible real occurrence of events as a preliminary stage of their realization, the indicative verbalizes the facts of the happening events as an "existence mode". And both at the level of a basic function of the Spanish language. Before considering these considerations, Martin Hummel contradicts the assumption expressed in many grammars that the use of the subjunctive is expressed through certain verbs, conjunctions, etc., or through inner attitudes such as joy, doubt, hope, etc.

Didactic

A common mnemonic following mnemonics for Modo subjuntivo (here the set start time necesario que ... ):

Es necesario que (tú) estudies.
Es necesario que (nosotros) ahorremos.
Es necesario que (ellos/ellas) respondan.

Although for language learners the presentation and application of the subjuntivo using word combinations, the so-called signal words for speaker-related guessing, feeling, asking, commanding and demanding, thinking, evaluating, doubting, recommending, guessing, allowing, prohibiting, wishing, warning etc. However, this procedure also implied, Hummel (2001), the learning of a multitude of rules for the practical, everyday use of the subjunctive. So was Borrego (1998) more than seventy rules for use of Subjuntivos.

See also

• Subjunctive word list
• Subjonctif
• Congiuntivo (Italian)
• Evidentiality

literature

General

• Ana I. Rodríguez-Pinero Alcalá: Algunas reflexiones en torno al subjuntivo en español y alemán. (PDF) 1999, pp. 579-586.
• Veronika Bočková: Uso del subjuntivo en el español actual. (PDF) Dissertation of the Masaryk University Brno , Brno 2006.
• Maria Bliachova, Katharina Beckmann: The Spanish subjunctive. University of Munich, Institute for Romance Philology, summer semester 2009. Advanced seminar “Tempus - Mode - Aspect” with Barbara Schäfer-Prieß June 30, 2009.
• Bert Cornillie: Evidentiality and Epistemic Modality in Spanish (Semi-) Auxiliaries: A Cognitive-functional Approach (Applications of Cognitive Linguistics). De Gruyter Mouton, New York / Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-11-018611-X
• A. Manteca Alonso-Cortés: Gramática del subjuntivo. Gramática generativa transformacional del español. àngel Manteca Ediciones Cátedra, Madrid 1981, ISBN 84-376-0305-6 .
• Eugenio Coseriu : The Romance Verbal System. Tübingen Contributions to Linguistics, Vol. 66, Narr, Tübingen 1976, ISBN 3-87808-066-2 .
• Wolfgang Dahmen: What can comparative Romance linguistics (still) achieve today? Vol. 20, Romance Studies Colloquium, Narr, Tübingen 2006, ISBN 3-8233-6213-5 .
• José Álvaro Porto Dapena : Del indicativo al subjuntivo. Valores y usos de los modos del verbo. Arco Libros, Madrid 1991, ISBN 84-7635-093-7 .
• Pilar Díaz, María Luisa Rodríguez: El subjuntivo. Colección paso a paso. Vol. 1 and 2, Editorial Edinumen, Madrid 2007, ISBN 978-84-89756-66-3 .
• Antonio Fábregas: A guide to subjunctive and modals in Spanish: Questions and analyzes. International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics, 2014, 3/2. Pp. 1-94
• Paul Gévaudan: Matrix without a main clause in the Romance languages. On the trail of a new part of speech? PhiN 70/2014: 39
• Amy E. Gregory: The Spanish mood / subordination / reference interface. IJES, vol. 7 (1), 2007, pp. 47-64
• Astrid Grieger: Manual del subjuntivo. Guía alfabética del uso de los modos verbales. Amazon Distribution, Leipzig 2015, ISBN 1-4974-2098-9 .
• Gustave Guillaume : Tiempo y verbo, teoría de los aspectos, los modos y los tiempos. (1929) Temps et verbe. Théorie des aspects, des modes et des temps. Champion, Paris (1929) New edition 1965
• Martin Hummel : The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-8233-5125-7 .
• Klaus Hunnius: Imparfait and Subjonctif. On the correspondence between 'Tempus' and 'Modus'. In: Daniel Jacob, Andreas Kablitz, Bernhard Konig, Margot Kruse, Joachim Kupper (eds.): Romanistisches Jahrbuch 2009. De Gruyter, 2010, ISBN 3-11-022308-2 , pp. 51–63.
• Emma Martinell Gifre: El subjuntivo (Coleccion Temas y monografias). Editorial Coloquio, Madrid 1985, ISBN 84-86093-13-9 .
• Paul Gévaudan: Matrix without a main clause in the Romance languages. On the trail of a new part of speech? In: Philologie im Netz , No. 70/2014, pp. 39–54.
• Jerzy Kowal: La realidad del subjuntivo en lassubordinadas sustantivas. In: Rajiv Saxena (Ed.): "Hispanic Horizon." 25 Anniversary Number 2006, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, ISSN  0970-7522 , p. 192.
• Emma-Lotta Myllyharju: On the subjunctive I in German. A comparison between the grammatical description and the linguistic reality with special consideration of the language development. Pro Gradu thesis, Institute for Modern and Classical Languages. German language and culture, Jyväskylä University, June 2009 ( jyx.jyu.fi PDF).
• Claus D. Pusch: Morphosyntax, information structure and pragmatics: preverbal markers in Gascon Occitan and in other languages. In: Script Oralia , Vol. 124, Narr, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-8233-5434-5 , p. 150.
• Wolfgang Reumuth, Otto Winkelmann: Practical grammar of the Spanish language. 4th unchanged edition, Egert, Wilhelmsfeld 2003, ISBN 3-926972-21-1 .
• Peter Schifko : Subjonctif and subjuntivo. How to use the subjunctive in French and Spanish. W. Braumüller, Vienna / Stuttgart 1967.

Scientific work

• Aoife Ahern, Manuel Leonetti: The Spanish subjunctive: Procedural semantics and pragmatic inference. (PDF) In: Rosina Márquez-Reiter, María Elena Placencia (Ed.): Current Trends in the Pragmatics of Spanish. John Benjamin, Amsterdam 2004.
• Maria Bachler: New considerations on the modus problem in Spanish with regard to the determination of the basic value of the subjuntivo. (PDF) Dissertation, Vienna 2010.
• John J. Bergen: One rule for the Spanish subjunctive. In: Hispania , Vol. 61, No. 2 (May 1978), pp. 218-234.
• Dwight Bolinger : One or Two Subjunctives? In: Hispania , 57, 461-471 (1974).
• Dwight Bolinger: Again - One or Two Subjunctives? In: Hispania , 59, 41-49 (1976).
• Sara Dejam-Tabah: On the function of the subjunctive in the subordinate clause. A language-typological comparison between Persian and Spanish. Dissertation, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 2008 (PDF)
• Horst Combe: The use of the Spanish subjuntivo in relative clauses. (PDF) Dissertation, University of Tübingen, 2010.
• Encarnación García Dini: Lo condicionado y sus modalidades. (PDF) Atti del XIX Convegno (Associazione ispanisti italiani): Roma, 16-18 September 1999, Rom 1999, pp 131-140.
• Eberenz, Rolf: Sea como fuere: on the history of the Spanish subjunctive future. Vox Romanica Band (year): 42 (1983) doi: 10.5169 / seals-32887
• Gerhard Edelmann: El futuro de subjuntivo en el lenguaje jurídico español: ¿una forma verbal destinada a desaparecer? (PDF) Master's thesis, Vienna 2010.
• Fermín Martos Eliche: La pragmática del subjuntivo: enfoques de uso. Asociación para la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera (ASELE), Actas III (1991), pp. 361–368 (PDF)
• Martin Gysi: The verb size imperative in Spanish. Reflections on the basic value of the Spanish imperative and its position within the mode system. European University Publications: Series 24, Ibero-Romance Languages ​​and Literatures. Vol. 48, Lang, Bern / Berlin / Frankfurt am Main / New York / Paris / Vienna 1997, ISBN 978-3-906757-50-6
• Bianca Lehner: The Subjuntivo in Spanish Latin America. Bachelor thesis, Grin Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-640-44289-8 .
• J. Francis Lemon: A Psychological Study on the Subjunctive Mood in Spanish. In: The Modern Language Journal Vol. 11, No. 4, 1927, pp. 195-199.
• Gabriele Knauer: The Spanish Subjuntivo in the interrelationship between syntax and semantics. Attempt an integral description and explanation. Dissertation, HU zu Berlin, 1987.
• Gabriele Knauer: The Subjuntivo in Spanish Mexico. Its interrelationship between syntax, semantics and interactional factors. Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1998, ISBN 3-484-52292-5
• Casilde A. Isabelli: Development of the Spanish Subjunctive by Advanced Learners: Study Abroad Followed by At-Home Instruction. Foreign Language Annals 40, 2 (Summer 2007): 330-341
• Mario Medina: Análisis comparativo del uso del subjuntivo en alemán y en español. Contributions to Romance Philology 28, (1979) 2: 267-271.
• Antoni Maria Badia i Margarit : El subjuntivo de subordinación en las lenguas románicas y especialmente en iberrománico. In: Revista de Filología Española , Vol. XXXVII, 1953, pp. 95-129.
• Victoria Moreno: Indicativo o subjuntivo en oraciones concesivas. (PDF) ASELE. Actas VI, 1995, pp. 275-280.
• Dirk Müller: The Spanish Subjunctive / Subjunctive - Semantic Backgrounds. Grin, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-638-13571-3 .
• Irene Doval Reixa: The means of expression of the modality in German and Spanish from a contrasting point of view. (PDF) In: Moenia , No. 5, 1999, pp. 397-422.
• Yolanda Rodríguez Sellés: Adjuntos de localización temporal: estructura e interpretación. Dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ​​September 1997 (PDF)
• Antonio Ruiz Tinoco: Variación léxica y sintáctica del español en las redes sociales. Spanish Lexical and Syntactic Variation in Social Networks. (PDF) In: El español y la cultura hispánica en Japón , 2013, pp. 181–199.
• Eva Tichy, Christiane Schaefer: The subjunctive and its neighboring categories. The subjunctive and its neighboring categories: Studies on the Indo-European verb, based on the older Vedic prose publisher Hempen, Bremen 2006, ISBN 3-934106-48-X .
• Kerstin Troger: Illocution and modality as factors of modulation in the complementary sentence after the verbs of the propositional attitude of knowledge and belief. The subjunctive as a subjectivity marker after the perceptual predicates. A contrastive study of French-Spanish based on a corpus from A la recherche du temps perdu. Diploma thesis, Alpen-Adria-Universität , Klagenfurt 2009 ( ubdocs.uni-klu.ac.at PDF).
• Elisabeth Villalta: Spanish Subjunctive Clauses Require Ordered Alternatives. In Brendan Jackson, Tanya Matthews (Eds.): Proceedings of SALT X. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 2000, pp. 239-256 ( journals.linguisticsociety.org ).
• Mario Wandruszka : About the subjunctive. Practice of modern language teaching 13, 1966, 119–130.
• Ulrich Wandruszka : About the meaning of the Romance subjunctive and the birth of the subordinate clause. In: Journal for Romance Philology , No. 116, 2000, pp. 56–71 ( uni-klu.ac.at PDF).
• Ulrich Wandruszka: Back to the thematic subjunctive. In: Sieglinde Heinz, Ulrich Wandruszka (Ed.): Facts and theories: Contributions to Romance and general linguistics. Festschrift for Helmut Stimm on his 65th birthday. Bd. 191, Tübingen Contributions to Linguistics, Narr, Tübingen 1982, ISBN 3-87808-936-8 , pp. 343-351 ( uni-klu.ac.at PDF).

Educativa

• Jesús Fernández Àlvarez: El subjuntivo. Edelsa, Madrid 1987, ISBN 84-85786-19-X
• José Amenós; Pilar Díaz; María Luisa Rodriguez: El subjuntivo. Vol. 1, 2, Colección paso a paso autoaprendizaje de la gramática espaňola. Editorial Edinumen, Madrid 2008, ISBN 978-84-89756-46-5
• Hans-Jörg Busch: La enseñanza del subjuntivo en EE.UU. El subjuntivo en cláusulas nominales. teaching the subjunctive in the United States. The subjunctive in noun clauses. RLA, Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 47 (1), I Sem. 2009, pp. 145–166 ( digitized version )
• Marcelo Cea: Un modelo cognitivo para la enseñanza del subjuntivo. Center for Languages ​​and Literature Spanish Studies, Lund University (Sweden), Lund 2014, ISBN 978-91-7623-137-1 ( digitized (PDF))
• María Pilar Hernández Mercedes: Para practicar el indicativo y el subjuntivo. Edelsa, Masdrid 2013, ISBN 978-84-7711-537-3
• Jimena Ruiz: Spanish grammar for dummies. Wiley, Weinheim 2015, ISBN 978-3-527-71116-1

Web links

• curso de españnol Chapter 9: subjuntivo, conditional and imperative
• Subjuntivo - Subjunctive in Spanish grammar
• José Plácido Ruiz Campillo: El valor central del subjuntivo: ¿Informatividad o declaratividad? (PDF) marcoELE. revista de didáctica ELE, ISSN  1885-2211 , núm. 7, 2008
• Martin Hummel : The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 2002 ( text excerpts ).
• Antonio Fábregas: Del subjuntivo como forma regente. Anuari de filologia. In: Estudis de lingüística, No. 4/2014, ISSN  2014-1408 , pp. 15–42.
• Justo Fernández López: Theories on the Subjuntivo. Teorías sobre el subjuntivo. hispanoteca.eu
• Susana Cañuelo Sarrión: http://users.jyu.fi/~malo/Espa-4-2014/subjuntivo_formas_y_usos_nvo.pdf ( Memento from April 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) May 2013, pp. 1-6.
• Carolina Spiegel: Subjuntivo versus Subjonctif - a comparative consideration of Spanish with French. LMU Munich Institute for Romance Philology, summer semester 2009, main seminar Tempus-Modus-Aspect with Barbara Schäfer-Prieß, July 1st, 2009.
• Verbs that involve the subjuntivo. Robert Bosch High School Langenau
• El subjuntivo en subordinadas adverbiales. University of Delaware, www.udel.edu
• El subjuntivo. Université de Friborg Suisse, pp. 1–5 (PDF)
• Conjugation: empleos y usos B. subjuntivo. ecoles.cfwb.be, pp. 1–8 ( Memento from September 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
• El subjuntivo en frases independientes. (PDF)
• Teoría del valor basic de los modos subjuntivo e indicativo. subjuntivo.net
• Subjunctive and tense. grammis 2.0 IDS Mannheim.
• El subjuntivo. Università degli studi di Pavia, pp. 48–115

Remarks

1. ↑ It should be taken into account that the “degree of grammaticalization of the Romance modal verbs” has taken a different path than in the Germanic languages , although a decline in the use of the mode, as in spoken French, can be observed for individual languages.
2. ↑ The "Subiunctivus" "subordinates" or "is subordinated".
3. ↑ to Latin existentia " to exist , to exist"
4. ↑ Such considerations on the subjunctive were formulated in a similar way by the French linguist Gustave Guillaume . He understood the subjunctif as a linguistic formation for an event that occurred between a “ temps in posse ” and a “ temps in esse ”, but which had not yet reached reality.
5. ↑ to Latin incidere "to fall"
6. ↑ Synthetic form , that is, the meaning and grammatical categories are combined in one word. - Example: hablara I would speak Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo
7. ↑ Analytical form , that is, the meaning and grammatical categories divided into several words. - Example: haya hablado I have spoken Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo
8. ↑ to better understand the Spanish syntax, the sentence has been translated back into German more or less word for word.
9. ↑ Hence its original name, add subiungo to Latin ; subjugate; associate as the "mode of submission".
10. ↑ Compare also Consecutio temporum
11. ↑ here the condicional was classified under the heading of the mode.
12. ↑ The following motto , as an English word, can be helpful : W E I R D (Eng. Strange, strange); where W : stands for wishes , will (dr. wishes, want), E : for emotions (dt. emotions, expressions of feeling), I : impersonal expressions (dt. impersonal expressions), R : for recommandations (dt. recommendations, advice) , D : for doubt , desire , denial (dt. Doubt, desire, desire, denial, rejection)
13. ↑ Spanish verbs. Subjunctive. Use. Wikibooks
14. ↑ "Imperfective" are all simple verb forms (tenses) , tiempos simples without the Pretérito indefinido de indicativo can be considered imperfect.
15. ↑ Reference point R point of reference , punto de referencia also reference time or observation time, reference time.
16. ↑ Time step comes from the terminology of Erwin Koschmieder time step reference (absolute time)
17. ↑ in the terminology of Koschmieder time direction reference (relative time)
18. ↑ simultaneity or posteriority; that means in relation to something present or future.
19. ↑ prematurity; that means in relation to something that had already happened.
20. ↑ Example of simultaneity: While it was storming and raining outside, we sat comfortably at the table inside.
21. ↑ Example of postponement: We had long since given up hope when the letter finally arrived.
22. ↑ Example of prematurity: After we had written the letter, we got up.
23. ↑ Compare the French subjonctif présent
24. ↑ also Subjuntivo pretérito perfecto compuesto
25. ↑ Compare the French passé composé du subjonctif
26. ↑ Inflection “drink” in the Wiktionary
27. ↑ Inflection “eat” in the Wiktionary
28. ↑ Inflection “live, live” in the Wiktionary
29. ↑ Compare the French subjonctif imparfait
30. ↑ Originally it concerns the future tense forms of the subjunctive II, which have changed their function and acquired a certain independence, so that Becher u. Bergenholtz (1985) speak of "subjunctive III". In: Henning Bergenholtz, Marlis Becher: Be or not be. Problems of mode use in offline speech. Nouveaux Cahiers d'Allemand, Vol. 3, 1985, pp. 443-457
31. ↑ Wiktionary.org "drink"
32. ↑ Wiktionary.org "eat"
33. ↑ Wiktionary.org "living"
34. ↑ Compare the French subjonctif plus-que-parfait
35. ↑ see also Oración subordinada in the Spanish language Wikipedia
36. ↑ Subjunctive in the function of the unrealis : verbalization of the unreal; Subjunctive in the function of the prohibitive : to pronounce prohibitions; Subjunctive in the function of the deliberative : to make indecisive reflections; Subjunctive in the function of the potential : to make statements about a reality that is only possible; Subjunctive in the functions of the hortative , jussive or optative: to express requests or wishes.
37. ↑ and from some authors also from a semantic- pragmatic consideration the property of the modality
38. ↑ With the modality verbs sein , haben and werden and the connection with zu plus infinitive a possibility or necessity can be verbalized.
39. ↑ Depending on the theoretical assumptions and definition of the term “modality”, z. B. situational context , intonation , word order , modes, modal verbs .
40. ↑ or predicate-expanding functional verb for the verbal periphrase.
41. ↑ zero update (infinitive); Minimal update (participles); Partial update (subjunctive); Full update (indicative)
42. ↑ > Emotion or affect must be conceptually differentiated from feeling or feeling . Feelings are the neurophysiological results of emotions or affects, they give expression to the most varied of psychological experiences and reactions and thus make them (potentially) describable or can be promised by the feeling speaker , as u. a. Fear , anger , comedy , irony as well as compassion , jealousy , fear , joy and love .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Érik Orsenna : Les Chevaliers du subjonctif. Hachette, Paris 2006, ISBN 978-2-25311-434-5
2. ↑ The subjunctive usage in French and Spanish. hispanoteca.eu
3. ^ Karl-Ernst Sommerfeldt , Günter Starke, Dieter Nerius (eds.): Introduction to the grammar and orthography of contemporary German. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1981, p. 74 f.
4. ^ Antoni Maria Badia i Margarit : El subjuntivo de subordinación en las lenguas románicas y especialmente en ibero-románico. In: Revista de Filología Española. No. 37, Institut “Miguel de Cervantes”, Madrid 1953, pp. 95–129, here p. 95.
5. ↑ Martin Hummel : The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-8233-5125-7 , p. 76.
6. ↑ Martin Hummel. Romance Linguistics (Spanish / French). Summary by: Martin Hummel: The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr, Tübingen 2001. ( Memento of the original from April 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
7. ↑ Martin G. Becker: On the development of the "mode" category in Romance languages, vol. 386 supplements to the journal for Romance philology, de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 3-11-034283-9 , p. 19
8. ↑ Joachim Born, Robert Folger, Christopher F. Laferl, Bernhard Pöll (Eds.): Handbook Spanish, Language, Literature, Culture, History in Spain and Hispanoamerica. For study, teaching, practice. Erich Schmidt, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-503-13793-0 , p. 327
9. ↑ Martin Hummel: The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-8233-5125-7 , p. 76.
10. ↑ Claudia Moriena, Karen Genschow: Great learning grammar Spanish: rules, examples of use, tests; [Level A1 - C1]. Hueber Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-19-104145-8 , pp. 368-409
11. ↑ sequence of times. hispanoteca.eu (PDF).
12. ↑ in the terminology of (1947) Hans Reichenbach : Elements of Symbolic Logic. Macmillan Co., New York 1947.
13. ^ César Gutiérrez Tapia: La flecha del tiempo. Ciencia Ergo Sum, vol. 13, núm. 3, noviembre-febrero, 2006, pp. 246-252 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca, México (PDF).
14. ↑ Britta Mattern: The use of modes in temporal sentences of French and Spanish: An empirical investigation. Vol. 289, Europäische Hochschulschriften - Series XIII, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 3-631-57724-9 , p. 34
15. ^ Edward J. Matte: French and English Verbal Systems. A Descriptive and Contrastive Synthesis. Peter Lang, New York 1988, ISBN 0-8204-0756-9 , p. 2; 165
16. ↑ Horst Combe: The use of the Spanish subjuntivo in relative clauses. (PDF) Dissertation, University of Tübingen, 2010, p. 23
17. ^ Wolf Dietrich: El subjuntivo en el sistema y la norma del español. In: Jörg Albrecht, Frank Harslem (Ed.): Heidelberger Spätlese. Selected drops from different areas of Spanish linguistics and translation studies. Festschrift on the occasion of the 70th birthday of Prof. Dr. Nelson Cartagena. Special print, Romanistischer Verlag, Bonn 2008, pp. 41–66
18. ↑ José Vera-Morales: Spanish grammar. 5th edition. Oldenbourg, 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-58645-9 , p. 576.
19. ↑ Pilar Díaz, María Luisa Rodríguez: El Subjuntivo 1. Editorial Edinumen, Madrid 2008, ISBN 978-84-89756-66-3 , p. 18; 165
20. ↑ Desired phrase. hispanoteca.eu (PDF).
21. ↑ The Sequence of Times. Consecutio Temporum , Canoonet
22. ↑ The sequence of tenses in the Indicativo. Justo Fernández López, hispanoteca.eu (PDF).
23. ^ Hans Reichenbach: Elements of Symbolic Logic. Macmillan Co., New York 1947.
24. ^ Antoon van Bommel, Kees van Esch, Jos Hallebeek: Estudiando español, basic grammar. Ernst Klett Sprachen, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-12-535499-9 , p. 122 f.
25. ↑ Justo Fernández López: The mode subjunctive overview. Modo subjuntivo Sumario.
26. ↑ Carolina Spiegel: Subjuntivo versus Subjonctif - a comparative consideration of Spanish with French. LMU Munich Institute for Romance Philology, Summer Semester 2009, Advanced Seminar Tempus Mode Aspect, July 1st, 2009
27. ^ Helmut Berschin, Julio Fernández-Sevilla, Josef Felixberger: The Spanish language. Distribution, history, structure. 3rd edition Georg Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 2005, ISBN 3-487-12814-4 , p. 239 f.
28. ↑ Martin Hummel: The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-8233-5125-7 , pp. 1-4.
29. ↑ Maria Bachler: New considerations on the mode problem in Spanish with regard to the determination of the basic value of the subjuntivo. (PDF) Dissertation, Vienna 2010, p. 79 f.
30. ↑ Subjuntivo after verbs: thinking, speaking, perceiving. Justo Fernández López, hispanoteca.eu hispanoteca.eu (PDF).
31. ↑ Elke Hentschel, Petra M. Vogel: Deutsche Morphologie. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2009, ISBN 3-11-021261-7 , p. 209.
32. ^ Justo Fernández López: Theories about the Subjuntivo. Teorías sobre el subjuntivo. (Recop.)
33. ^ Elizabeth C. Traugott, Christian Lehmann: Subjectification in Grammaticalization. In: Dieter Stein, Susan Wright (Eds.): Subjectivity and Subjectivization: Linguistic Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995, ISBN 0-521-47039-0 , pp. 31-54.
34. ^ Matías Guzmán Naranjo: The se-re alternation in Spanish subjunctive. In A. Assmann, S. Bank, D. Georgi, T. Klein, P. Weisser, E. Zimmermann (eds.): Linguistic work reports 92. University of Leipzig, Leipzig 2014, pp. 91–120 (PDF).
35. ↑ Imperfect subjunctive - Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo. Justo Fernández López, hispanoteca.eu
36. ↑ Form of dignity. German dictionaries and grammar , Canoonet
37. ↑ Claudia Moriena; Karen Genschow: Great Spanish learning grammar: rules, examples of use, tests; [Level A1 - C1]. Hueber Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-19-104145-8 , p. 407.
38. ^ Hans-Georg Beckmann: New Spanish grammar. dnf-Verlag, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 3-9803483-3-4 , pp. 178-179
39. ^ ^{A b c} Paul Foerster: Spanish language teaching. Weidmann, Berlin 1880, p. 347 f. ( archive.org ).
40. ↑ Bernd Krüger: cactus2000.de
41. ↑ Justo Fernández López: http://culturitalia.uibk.ac.at/hispanoteca/Grammatik-Stichworte/Grammatik%20Spanisch/Futuro%20de%20subjuntivo.htm ( Memento from May 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) .
42. ↑ Futuro de subjuntivo. hispanoteca.eu (PDF).
43. ↑ Conjugation of the German verb irradiate. verbformen.de
44. ^ Hans-Georg Beckmann: New Spanish grammar. dnf-Verlag, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 3-9803483-3-4 , pp. 176-183.
45. ↑ Conjugation of the German verb irradiate. verbformen.de
46. ↑ Claudia Moriena, Karen Genschow: Great learning grammar Spanish: rules, examples of use, tests; [Level A1 - C1]. Hueber Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-19-104145-8 , pp. 584-588.
47. ^ Hans-Georg Beckmann: New Spanish grammar. dnf-Verlag, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 3-9803483-3-4 , p. 312.
48. ↑ Others speak of only four modes. Roland Schuhmann: Teaching materials: Introduction to Indo-European Studies. ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) University of Jena, pp. 1–38. 
49. ^ Günther Schweikle: Germanic-German language history at a glance. JB Metzler, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-476-00737-5
50. ^ Gerhard Ernst: Romance language history / Histoire linguistique de la Romania. Volume 3, Vol. 23 Handbooks on Linguistics and Communication Studies, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2009, ISBN 3-11-021141-6 , p. 3083
51. ↑ N. Vrticka: Undergraduate Course in Latin Linguistics - WS 2005/2006 S. 58th
52. ^ Roland Schuhmann: Introduction to the historical Latin grammar. ( Memento from May 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) University of Jena, p. 66.
53. ↑ Karin Fürpaß: The dubitative subjunctive in Italian and French. A comparison based on the spoken language. ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Diploma thesis, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz 2009, pp. 3–18. 
54. ^ Jean Fourquet: On the use of the German subjunctive. In: Language of the Present. Writings of the Institute for the German Language in Mannheim. Edited by Hugo Moser together with Hans Eggers, Johannes Erben, Odo Leys and Hans Neumann Editing : Ursula Hoberg, Vol. XXIV, Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann, Düsseldorf 1973, ISBN 3-7895-0186-7 , pp. 61–72 ids-pub .bsz-bw.de (PDF).
55. ↑ Elke Hentschel, Petra M. Vogel: Deutsche Morphologie. de Gruyter, Berlin 2009, ISBN 3-11-021261-7 , p. 207 f.
56. ^ Peter Gallmann: Morphological problems of the German conjunctives. University of Jena, March 2007, pp. 1–2 (PDF).
57. ↑ Ines Balcik, Klaus Röhe, Verena Wröbel: The great grammar. German. Pons, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 3-12-561561-5 , p. 289.
58. ↑ Dora Hamm, Uta Hasekamp, Sibylle Junck, Kathrin Lucht: German grammar. Tandem, Königswinter 2000, EAN 29084005, p. 33.
59. ↑ Peter Schifko: Subjonctif and subjuntivo. How to use the subjunctive in French and Spanish. Braumüller, Vienna / Stuttgart 1967.
60. ^ Subjuntivo Presente. Furtwangen University (PDF).
61. ↑ Spanish 1-2-3. Harvard Language Center, Harvard Publishings, 2014, p. 144.
62. ^ Juan Fernández: Mind maps. (PDF) hispanoteca.eu
63. ↑ Irene Gil Laforga, Eugenio Cascón Martín, Manuel Pérez Fernández (eds.): Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Real Academia Española, Espasa Libros, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-670-3471-4 , p. 237.
64. ↑ Sigrun Welke-Holtmann: The communication between women and men: Dialog structures in the narrative texts of the Hebrew Bible. LIT Verlag, Münster, 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7198-3 , pp. 31–32
65. ^ Erik Stenius: Mood and Language Game. Synthesis 17, pp. 254-274 (1967)
66. ↑ grammatik.woxikon.de ( Memento of the original from April 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
67. ^ Langenscheidt editors (ed.): Power Dictionary Spanish. Langenscheidt, Munich 2008, p. 75.
68. ↑ Wolfgang Hahn: Modern Spanish short grammar. Max Hueber, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-19-004020-6 , p. 79.
69. ↑ Peter Schifko: Subjonctif and subjuntivo. How to use the subjunctive in French and Spanish. Braumüller, Vienna / Stuttgart 1967, pp. 36–38.
70. ↑ Spanish grammar for German native speakers on hispanoteca.eu
71. ↑ the definitions and theoretical considerations on the term “modality” are inconsistent in linguistics. Here is one of several possible definitions of the term "modality", according to the German linguist Theodor Lewandowski (* 1927):

    "Modality is an overarching monosyntactic and semantic-pragmatic ( communicative ) category that includes the mode and expresses the relationship of the speaker to the statement and that of the statement to reality or to the realization of a given and grammatically and / or lexically , intonationally , rhetorically etc. can be realized. "

    - Theodor Lewandowski : Linguistic dictionary. Edition 6, Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiebelsheim 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1518-0 , p. 714
72. ↑ Hadumod Bußmann (ed.) With the assistance of Hartmut Lauffer: Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. 4th, revised and bibliographically supplemented edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-520-45204-7 , p. 438.
73. ↑ Martin G. Becker : Worlds in Language: On the Development of the Category "Mode" in Romance Languages. Vol. 386, supplements to the journal for Romance philology, De Gruyter Berlin / Boston 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-034216-1 , p. 1 f.
74. ↑ Volkmar Engerer: Truth and Modality. Tidsskrift for Sprogforskning, Årgang 3, No. 2, 2005, pp. 51-84, available online
75. ↑ Norbert Fries: Modality. ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Online Lexicon Linguistics, Berlin 2006 ff. 
76. ↑ Steinbach: Modus grammar of contemporary German ( memento of October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF, pp. 1–7).
77. ↑ Hadumod Bußmann (Ed.): Lexicon of Linguistics. 3rd updated and expanded edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-520-45203-0 , p. 438.
78. ^ Christian Lehmann: Speech act, sentence type, modality. 19th January 2016.
79. ↑ Otto Gsell , Ulrich Wandruszka: The Romanesque conjunctive. Romance workbooks, De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 1986, ISBN 3-484-54026-5 .
80. ↑ Possible worlds mundos posibles. Justo Fernández López, hispanoteca.eu
81. ↑ Peter Schifko: Subjonctif and Subjuntivo. How to use the subjunctive in French and Spanish. W. Braunmüller, Vienna / Stuttgart 1967, pp. 6-9
82. ^ Theories on the Subjuntivo-Teorías sobre el subjuntivo. Justo Fernández López. hispanoteca.eu
83. ↑ Norbert Fries: Modality. ( Memento of the original from July 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Online Lexicon Linguistics, Berlin 2006. 
84. ↑ Claus D. Pusch; Wolfgang Raible: Modality and evidentiality in Romance and other languages. (PDF) University of Freiburg, summer semester 2006, pp. 1–14.
85. ^ Gesina Volkmann: World view and language. Epistemic relativization using the example of Spanish. Tuebingen contributions to linguistics. Volume 481, Gunter Narr, Tübingen 2005, ISBN 3-8233-6101-5 , p. 59 f.
86. ↑ Grammar mode in contemporary German. ( Memento from October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) Steinbach, pp. 1–7.
87. ^ Hadumod Bußmann: Lexicon of Linguistics. Alfred Kröner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-520-45203-0 , p. 438.
88. ^ Bert Cornillie: Evidentiality and Epistemic Modality in Spanish (Semi-) Auxiliaries: A Cognitive-functional Approach (Applications of Cognitive Linguistics). de Gruyter Mouton, 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-020448-3 .
89. ^ Hans-Georg Beckmann: New Spanish grammar. dnf-Verlag, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 3-9803483-3-4 , pp. 158-159.
90. ↑ Irene Doval Reixa: The means of expression of the modality in German and Spanish from a contrasting point of view. Intra Moenia, Palermo 1999, 5, pp. 397-398.
91. ↑ Alexander Malek: The functional areas of the Spanish periphrases with haber + PP and tener + PP. Grin-Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-640-12410-7 , p. 5 f.
92. ^ Leonardo Gómez Torrego: Perífrasis Verbales: Sintaxis, Semántica y Estilística. Español para Extranjeros Series. Español para estranjeros: Serie monográfica Arco Libros, SL, Madrid 1988, ISBN 84-7635-039-2 , p. 80 f.
93. ↑ Peter Schifko: Subjonctif and Subjuntivo. How to use the subjunctive in French and Spanish. W. Braunmüller, Vienna / Stuttgart 1967
94. ↑ For orientation on the linguistic considerations and theses, reference can be made to the overview in Horst Combe's dissertation: Horst Combe: The use of the Spanish subjuntivo in relative clauses. (PDF) Dissertation, University of Tübingen 2010, pp. 5–20.
95. ^ Antoni Badia i Margarit: El subjuntivo de subordinación en las lenguas románicas y especialmente en ibero-románico. Revista de Filología Española, 37, (1953) pp. 95-129.
96. ↑ Ralph Ludwig: Mode between orality and written form. In Ralph Ludwig: Modality and mode in spoken French. Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1988
97. ^ Antoni Badia i Margarit: El subjuntivo de subordinación en las lenguas románicas y especialmente en ibero-románico. Revista de Filología Española, 37, (1953) p. 127.
98. ^ Barry L. Velleman: William E. Bull (1909–1972) y la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) In: Revista argentina de historiografía lingüística , Vol. I, No. 1, 2009, pp. 77–99. 
99. ^ Website of Philip W. Klein
100. ^ Website of Joan L. Hooper
101. ^ Helmut Berschin, Julio Fernández-Sevilla, Josef Felixberger: The Spanish language. Distribution, history, structure. 3rd edition Georg Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 2005, ISBN 3-487-12814-4 , p. 240
102. ↑ Martin Hummel: The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-8233-5125-7 , p. 56
103. ↑ PhiN 30/2004: 50 Annette Endruschat (Leipzig) Martin Hummel (2002): The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Fool, Tübingen
104. ↑ Dolores Anunciación Igualada Belchí: Nueva hipótesis sobre el subjuntivo en español Estudios románicos, ISSN  0210-4911 , Nº. 4, 1987-1989, pp. 643-664
105. ↑ Britta Mattern: The use of modes in temporal sentences of French and Spanish: An empirical investigation. Vol. 289, Europäische Hochschulschriften - Series XIII, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 3-631-57724-9 , pp. 31–32
106. ↑ Martin G. Becker: Worlds in Language: On the Development of the Category "Mode" in Romance Languages. Vol. 386, Supplements to the Journal for Romance Philology, De Gruyter Berlin / Boston 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-034216-1 .
107. ^ Antoni Badia i Margarit: El subjuntivo de subordinación en las lenguas románicas y especialmente en ibero-románico. Revista de Filología Española, 37, (1953) p. 127.
108. ^ Antoni Badia i Margarit: El subjuntivo de subordinación en las lenguas románicas y especialmente en ibero-románico. Revista de Filología Española, 37, (1953) p. 95.
109. ↑ Martin Hummel: The basic value, or basic function of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-8233-5125-7 , pp. 126-142
110. ↑ Martin Hummel: The basic value, or basic function of the Spanish subjunctive. Fool Francke Attempto, 2001, ISBN 3-8233-5125-7 .
111. ↑ Martin Hummel: The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Narr, Tübingen 2001, p 303 ( Summary ( Memento of the original April 16, 2014 Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested Please review the original and archive link under. Instructions and then remove this notice. ) . 
112. ↑ Martin Hummel: The basic value of the Spanish subjunctive. Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-8233-5125-7 , p. 25
113. ↑ J. Borrego, JG Asencio, E. Prieto (ed.): El Subjuntivo. Sociedad General Espanola de Libreria, (Reprint) Alcobendas 1998, ISBN 84-7143-316-8