Condicional

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The Spanish conditional , condicional , was considered a mode of the Spanish language , more precisely the conjugable Spanish verb , in the 20th century . The Spanish term "condicional" comes from the Latin word condicio (in English "condition", "situation", "conditions", "condition", "condition", "appointment", later also written in Middle Latin as conditio "condition") ) and refers to the Spanish noun "condición" (English condition, condition, condition). The term potencial is also used for the Spanish conditional .

In the period from the early 1930s to 1973, the condicional was viewed as an independent mode, it was also called modo potencial . Andrés Bello (1847) described the condicional as "pos-pretérito", the Real Academia Española (RAE) (1917) as "potencial simple", Gili Gaya (1943) as "futuro hipotético" and the "Esbozo" ( Spanish : draft , Sketch ) of the RAE from 1973 finally “condicional”.

Explanation

The consideration of the condicional as a separate mode is not uniform, multiple and since 1973 it has been subsumed under the mode of the indicative as a specific tense form.

An immanent concern of every speaker is to express both personal attitudes and time references to his statements. The verbal categories of modus and tense serve as important means in the inflected languages . Of fundamental importance in considering verb inflection is the grammatical category of tense . Here the speaker has the possibility of realizing temporal relations at the moment of speaking to the content of what is to be said with morphological means.

The mode, in turn, enables the speaker to present his or her subjective attitude to the matter to be said. The unmarked mode is the indicative, modo indicativo , the other modes subjunctive , conditional and imperative reflect the subjective attitude, the conditionality, i.e. connections between objects and the representations in human consciousness as well as the request.

In Spanish, the aspect category , in turn, defines the pair of opposites of the pretérito perfecto (compuesto) for the unfinished event and the pretérito imperfecto for a completed action . If all these markings that change the verb take place, then this verb is to be regarded as a limited, finite verb , but all other verb forms are to be regarded as unlimited, infinite verbs .

Both tenses , tiempos gramaticales , the condicional for the verb gender (genus verbi) Aktiv (activity form), voz activa , can also be set in the passive (suffering form), voz pasiva . A process passive , pasiva de proceso , with the auxiliary verb conjugated in the conditional simple or copula verb ser and a variable participle becomes . The same applies to the state passive , pasiva de estado . Here the auxiliary or copula verb estar and a changeable participle are used. In the Spanish language, certain peculiarities must be taken into account for the passive voice in general and for the condicional in particular.

Overview table of the endings in regular verbs , comparison of the modes
Modo indicativo
Presente Pretérito perfecto simple Pretérito imperfecto Futuro simple Conditional simple
I. II. III. I. II. III. I. II. III. I. II. III. I. II. III.
-O -O -O -é -í -í -aba -ía -ía -aré -eré -Irishman -aría -ería -iría
-as -ás -it -it -it -ís -aste -ist -ist * -abas -ías -ías -arás -erás -irás -arías -erías -irías
-a -e -e -O -ió -ió -aba -ía -ía -era -erá -irá -aría -ería -iría
-amos -emos -imos -amos -imos -imos -abamos -íamos -íamos -aremos -eremos -iremos -aríamos -eríamos -iríamos
-áis -ice -ís -asteis -isteis -isteis -abais -íais -íais -aréis -eréis -iréis -aríais -eríais -iríais
-on -en -en -aron -ieron -ieron -aban -ían -ían -arán -erán -Iran -arían -erían -irían
Modo subjuntivo Modo imperativo
Presente Pretérito imperfecto I. Pretérito imperfecto II Futuro simple Imperativo positivo
I. II. III. I. II. III. I. II. III. I. II. III. I. II. III.
-e -a -a -era -iera -iera -ase -these -these -are -iere -iere - - -
-it -as -as -aras -ieras -ieras -ases -this -this -ares -ieres -ieres -a -á -e -é -e -í
-e -a -a -era -iera -iera -ase -these -these -are -iere -iere -e -a -a
-emos -amos -amos -áramos -iéramos -iéramos -ásemos -iésemos -iésemos -áremos -iéremos -iéremos -emos -amos -amos
-ice -áis -áis -arais -ierais -ierais - ice cream - ice cream - ice cream -areis - ice cream - ice cream -ad -ed -id
-en -on -on -aran -ier on -ier on -asen -this -this -aren -ieren -ieren -en -on -on
Formas no personales * Forms in -astes and -istes have been condemned by academic institutions, but are used in everyday language in informal situations.
Infinitivo Participio Gerundio
I. II. III. I. II. III. I. II. III.
-ar -he -ir -ado / a
(-ante)		 -ido / a
(-iente)		 -ido / a
(-iente)		 -ando -iendo -iendo

General

The mode of condicional or potencial is used to verbalize actions, events or states that would or could actually come about after the occurrence or fulfillment of very specific prerequisites.

In Spanish, the conditional has two tenses, the condicional simple and the condicional perfecto (compuesto) . The formation of the conditional goes back to the high Latin form of the past perfect indicative, but now fulfills a different function. In Old Spanish , the past perfect indicative remains, but changes over time, so that from the 14th century it is used exclusively as a subjuntivo imperfect or in the condicional, i.e. its current application.

An example: high Latin cantaveram to cantaram to old Spanish cantara to Spanish cantara . A comparison of some Romance languages in the formation of the condicional simple in the broadest sense:

language example
Latin cantāre habēbam
Italian canterei
Spanish cantaría
Portuguese cantaria
French je chanterais
Catalan cantaria

The condicional simple is required in order to verbalize the following facts:

  • to express a request or wish;
  • construct a hypothetical issue ;
  • an invitation, but also advice to be given;
  • To soften expressions in the conversation situation;
  • to formulate the so-called "future in the past";
  • make a guess about the past;
  • reproduce the indirect speech .

The following application possibilities arise for the condicional perfecto :

  • Uncertainties and guesswork in indirect speech;
  • a hypothetical fact;
  • unreal conditional or if-then clauses;
  • the so-called "closed future in the past".

The Spanish romanist Samuel Gili Gaya completely abolishes the concept of the condicional of the endings -ría and instead speaks of the “futuro hipotético” for the condicional simple ( cantaría ) and of the “antefuturo hipotético” for the condicional perfecto ( habría cantado ). The forms of a future of acceptance, futuro hipotético , and of the future of the past, antefuturo hipotético as forms with modal and temporal functions, as offered by the Spanish condicional , do not exist in the German language. The German language offers the following expressions:

the German subjunctive She said he was coming. Dijo que vendría
the German indicative She said he's coming. Dijo que vendría (venía).
the future tense of the subjunctive II with "would", also subjunctive III after Becher u. Bergenholtz (1985) She said he was coming. Dijo que iba a venir.
the periphrase should, as a distancing from the truth content He is supposed to have said. Parece que dijo.

The condicional as a future seen from the past can also be replaced by a periphrase , perífrasis verbal des Pretérito imperfecto of "ir" and the preposition "a": "iba + a + infinitivo" (German: later should or would ...) .

Other names are potencial simple and potencial compuesto and prospretérito and antepospretérito . Taken together, the different terms show the problems that exist for this inflected , verbal construction with regard to classification under mode, tense and / or aspect .

The condicional simple or potencial simple expresses an event or an action which, under certain specifications and conditions, really is or could be in the present or the future. In this way, the speaker promises a possible event, the implementation or realization of which could be questionable, since it depends on questionable presumptions or because the speaker also makes it dependent on the will of his counterpart in the sense of a manipulative assumption. There is then almost always a relationship to a conditional statement, either explicitly or implicitly .

The condicional perfecto or potencial compuesto expresses an event or an action that did not materialize because certain presumptions about it were missing in the remembered past.

If one supposes that the action expressed by the speaker is to be understood as a possible, a potential reality, albeit prevented by certain circumstances, then the condicional would be closer to the modus indicativus , modo indicativo , than the modus coniūnctīvus , modo subjuntivo . This also explains why the condicional is often in the “main or then clause” and the subjunctive predominantly in the “subsidiary or if clause”. In other words, the actual conditional clause (mostly) comes before the main clause.

The Spanish if-then sentence

Clause 1 Clause 2
Protasis Apodosis
subordinate clause main clause
Oración subordinada Oración principal
Antecedents, antecedents Consistent, consiguiente
if ("si") then
"Antecedent" "Subsequent or subsequent sentence"
conditions Happening, events
Requirements , reasons consequences
Independently Dependent
"Tension-creating antecedent" "Tension-releasing addendum"
" Premise (logic)" " Conclusion "
coordination Subordination
Imagination , mental space statement
Realis: Indicativo (presente) Realis: Indicativo (presente, futuro), Imperativo
Potentialis: Subjuntivo (pasado) Potentialis: Condicionalis (presente)
Irrealis: Subjuntivo (posterioridad) Irrealis: Condicionalis, Subjuntivo (perfecto, posterioridad)

The if-then clause or conditional clause , protasis belongs to the group of subordinate clauses , oraciones subordinadas , more precisely to the adverbial clauses; the latter formulate a prerequisite or condition. The adverbial clauses, oraciones adverbiales , appear as subordinate clauses, which have the function of an adverbial definition for the span main clause , apodosis . In this way, they define the facts or the event or the action in more detail in the main clause. The subordinate conjunctions or subordinating conjunctions, conjunciones subordinantes o subordinativas , connect the main clause with a subordinate clause, the special forms that appear in the conditional clause are called conditional conjunctions, conjunciones condicionales .

In the “secondary or if clause” the condition is mentioned under which what is said in the “main or then clause” occurs or does not occur. One part of the sentence names the condition, the other part, the main clause, the actual event. The antecedent, protasis, is the conditional or if-clause in front of the main clause , and the after -clause , main clause or then-clause (apodosis) follows (mostly) in the structure of the conditional clause . In the “secondary or if sentence” the presumption is mentioned under which what is promised in the “main or then sentence” occurs or not.

In the Spanish language , as in German, there are three types of conditional clauses from a grammatical point of view :

  • the real conditional clauses (Type I), oraciones condicionales reales ; the conditions can or will occur;
  • the potential conditional clauses (Type II), oraciones condicionales potenciales ; there is a possibility that the conditions could come true;
  • the unreal conditional clauses (Type III), oraciones condicionales irreales ; Since the condition mostly relates to the past, a realization is not conceivable.

In Spanish, the conditional or subordinate clauses, introduced by the conditional conjunction, conjunción condicional , si or their word combinations such as excepto si , salvo si , por si , are in the subjunctive , unless the conditions of the following main clause can be fulfilled. - example: 

Si tengo tiempo, te ayudo.

In other words, only if the conditional or if-clause is introduced by the conjunction si and the statement is in a conditional clause type I, the presente de indicativo follows . The presente de subjuntivo is always used for the other conjunctions and formulations that introduce a conditional sentence . In the case of conditional sentence types II or III, however, the tenses remain in all conjunctions without an imperative subjunctive .

Further conjunctions that always have the subjunctive in their sequence are, for example, en caso de que , siempre que , en tanto que , con tal que , excepto que , a poco que , en previsión que , a reserva que , supuesto que , en tanto que , ya que etc.

The first two forms of the Spanish conditional sentence differ from the German conditional sentence. The following rules apply: In the conditional or if part of the sentence, i.e. si (if), there is a form of the subjunctive, subjuntivo . In the subsequent then-part, which gives expression to the sequence, follows a form of the Spanish conditional, condicional . In Spanish, the condicional can never be in a subordinate, conditional or if clause. - example: 

Si tuviera dinero, me compraría un coche.
Types of conditional clauses Level of feasibility of events Relationships on the different aspects Indicativo vs. Subjunctive Conditional, subordinate or if clause (protasis) Follow-up, main or then sentence (apodosis)
Real conditional clauses , oraciónes condicionales reales (Type I) The prerequisite condition can be realized : if ... Present, perfect aspect Indicativo Presente de indicativo (But only after si , excepto si , por si , salvo si . After si clauses, however, a futuro must never be used. After other conditional conjunctions, the subjuntivo is always used, see below.) Presente de indicativo, Futuro simple de indicativo, Imperativo
Potential conditional clauses , oraciónes condicionales potenciales (Type II) The feasibility of the presupposed condition is likely : if ... Present, perfect aspect Subjunctive Presente de subjuntivo Futuro simple, imperativo
Feasibility of the presupposed condition is unlikely : should ... Present, perfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional simple , Pretérito imperfecto de indicativo, Pretérito indefinido de indicativo, Imperativo
Irreal conditional clauses , oraciones condicionales irreales (Type II) Realizability of the presupposed condition is impossible : if ..., then would ... Present, perfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional simple , Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo
Past, perfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional perfecto , Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo
Past affecting the present, imperfectual aspect Subjunctive Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional perfecto , Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo

Special

The Spanish condicional expresses a condition as a mode. It can, however, also show itself as a tense, where in this form and function it then designates a process or an action that refers to the present or future.

education

There is a simple time, the Condicional simple or Potencial simple also Futuro hipotético ("future tense of assumption"), pospretérito and a compound time, the condicional perfecto or potencial compuesto also Futuro del pasado ("future tense of the past").

Condicional simple or potential simple

You can guess that an action shows up in a certain way, but you don't know for sure. You can put yourself in the shoes of another person and offer solutions or give advice. This tense can also be used to communicate unrealistic or unrealizable wishes. For verbs that end in -ar -er and -ir , the following endings are appended to the root of the word in the conditional simple :

person Ending
yo -ía
do -ías
usted, él, ella -ía
nosotros / -as -íamos
vosotros / -as -íais
ustedes, ellos, ellas -ían

Example of the regular verbs tomar , comer and vivir :

person Conditional simple Formal German translation ( future tense I in subjunctive II of "werden" plus the "infinitive")
tomar yo tomaría would take
do tomarías would take
usted, él, ella tomaría would take
nosotros / -as tomaríamos would take
vosotros / -as tomaríais would take
ustedes, ellos, ellas tomarían would take
person Conditional simple Formal German translation ( future tense I in subjunctive II of "werden" plus the "infinitive")
comer yo comería would eat
do comerías would eat
usted, él, ella comería would eat
nosotros / -as comeríamos would eat
vosotros / -as comeríais would eat
ustedes, ellos, ellas comerían would eat
person Conditional simple Formal German translation ( future tense I in subjunctive II of "werden" plus the "infinitive")
vivir yo viviría would live
do vivirías would live
usted, él, ella viviría would live
nosotros / -as viviríamos would live
vosotros / -as viviríais would live
ustedes, ellos, ellas vivirían would live

There is also a passive form for the condicional simple , the process passive , pasiva de proceso . It is conjugated with the copula verb .

person Process passive Subjuntivo Condicional (Condicional simple de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso) Formal German translation
tomar yo sería tomado would be drunk
do serías tomado would be drunk
usted, él, ella sería tomado would be drunk
nosotros / -as seríamos tomado would be drunk
vosotros / -as seríais tomado would be drunk
ustedes, ellos, ellas serían tomado would be drunk
person Process passive Subjuntivo Condicional ( Condicional simple de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso ) Formal German translation
comer yo sería comido would be eaten
do serías comido would be eaten
usted, él, ella sería comido would be eaten
nosotros / -as seríamos comido would be eaten
vosotros / -as seríais comido would be eaten
ustedes, ellos, ellas serían comido would be eaten
person Process passive Subjuntivo Condicional ( Condicional simple de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso ) Formal German translation
vivir yo sería vivido would be used to
do serías vivido would be used to
usted, él, ella sería vivido would be used to
nosotros / -as seríamos vivido would be used to
vosotros / -as seríais vivido would be used to
ustedes, ellos, ellas serían vivido would be used to

Examples of using the conditional simple

Conditional expressions are used when something is attached to a condition. In German, this often corresponds to forms with “would”, “would” and “would”. Therefore one finds the conditional simple in the following cases:

  • If you use the phrase “could / would” in German to ask a question. - example:
¿Podrías darme el vaso? Könntest du mir das Glas geben?
  • To express a wish . - example:
Me gustaría vivir en Menorca. Ich würde gern auf Menorca wohnen.
  • But also to weaken your own opinion or a wish. - example:
No lo haría. Ich würde es nicht machen.

Dijo que me llamaría. Er sagte, er riefe mich an.

Sería mejor que no tomaras tanto. Es wäre besser, wenn du nicht so viel trinken würdest.

Condicional perfecto or Potencial compuesto

An act or fact would have become possible if other prerequisites or conditions had been met. The speaker reproduces a state of affairs that he knows will not occur or will no longer occur. He expresses conjectures about the past. The condicional perfecto is formed from the forms of the condicional simple of the verb haber and the past participle, participio perfecto , of the corresponding verb. The forms of the regular verbs from the example above then look like this:

Example of the regular verbs tomar , comer and vivir :

person Condicional perfecto Formal German translation ( future tense II in the subjunctive II of "werden" plus the "past participle" and the "infinitive" of "haben" or "sein")
tomar yo habría tomado would have taken
do habrías tomado would have taken
usted, él, ella habría tomado would have taken
nosotros / -as habríamos tomado would have taken
vosotros / -as habríais tomado would have taken
ustedes, ellos, ellas habrían tomado would have taken .
person Condicional perfecto Formal German translation ( future tense II in the subjunctive II of "werden" plus the "past participle" and the "infinitive" of "haben" or "sein")
comer yo habría comido would have eaten
do habrías comido would have eaten
usted, él, ella habría comido would have eaten
nosotros / -as habríamos comido would have eaten
vosotros / -as habríais comido would have eaten
ustedes, ellos, ellas habrían comido would have eaten
person Condicional perfecto Formal German translation ( future tense II in the subjunctive II of "werden" plus the "past participle" and the "infinitive" of "haben" or "sein")
vivir yo habría vivido would have lived
do habrías vivido would have lived
usted, él, ella habría vivido would have lived
nosotros / -as habríamos vivido would have lived
vosotros / -as habríais vivido would have lived
ustedes, ellos, ellas habrían vivido would have lived

There is also a passive form for the condicional perfecto, the process passive , pasiva de proceso , is conjugated with the copula verb .

person Process passive Subjuntivo Condicional (Condicional perfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso) Formal German translation
tomar yo habría sido tomado would have been drunk
do habrías sido tomado would have been drunk
usted, él, ella habría sido tomado would have been drunk
nosotros / -as habríamos sido tomado would have been drunk
vosotros / -as habríais sido tomado would have been drunk
ustedes, ellos, ellas habrían sido tomado would have been drunk
person Process passive Subjuntivo Condicional ( Condicional perfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso ) Formal German translation
comer yo habría sido comido would have been eaten
do habrías sido comido would have been eaten
usted, él, ella habría sido comido would have been eaten
nosotros / -as habríamos sido comido would have been eaten
vosotros / -as habríais sido comido would have been eaten
ustedes, ellos, ellas habrían sido comido would have been eaten
person Process passive Subjuntivo Condicional ( Condicional perfecto de subjuntivo, pasiva de proceso ) Formal German translation
vivir yo habría sido vivido would have been used
do habrías sido vivido would have been used
usted, él, ella habría sidovivido would have been used
nosotros / -as habríamos sido vivido would have been used
vosotros / -as habríais sido vivido would have been used
ustedes, ellos, ellas habrían sido vivido would have been used

Examples of using the condicional perfecto

The condicional perfecto is used for different situations:

  • To express an action or event that, due to its condition, could not be fulfilled. - example:
Te habría visitado, pero no tuve tiempo. Ich würde dich besucht haben, aber ich hatte keine Zeit.
  • To express a guess or possibility in the past. - example:
Oí un choque. ¿Qué habría sido? Ich hörte einen Schlag. Was mag das wohl gewesen sein?
  • In conditional sentences, when the condition was not met in the past. - example:
Si me hubieras hecho caso, no te habrías ido a esquiar y no te habrías roto la pierna. Wenn du auf mich gehört hättest, würdest du nicht zum Skifahren gegangen sein und würdest dir nicht das Bein gebrochen haben.

Example of the Spanish conditional sentence , oración condicional

The in the preceding sentence (protasis) or “conditional or if sentence” in the examples listed in the table are marked with #… # and the suffix (apodosis) or “main or then sentence” with the characters ‡… ‡ .

Types of conditional clauses Level of feasibility of events Relationships on the different aspects Indicativo vs. Subjunctive Subordinate, conditional or if clause (protasis) Main, subsequent or then sentence (apodosis) Examples
Real conditional clauses , oraciones condicionales reales (Type I) The prerequisite condition can be realized : if ... Present, perfect aspect Indicativo Presente de indicativo (But only after si , excepto si , por si , salvo si . After si clauses, however, a futuro must never be used. Subjuntivo is always used after other conditional conjunctions, see below.) Presente de indicativo, Futuro simple de indicativo, Futuro prosimo, Imperativo Te voy ahabenrar si vienes a tiempo.

( Pres. Indicat. Si Pres. Indicat. )

Te iré ahabenrar si vienes a tiempo. ( Fut.pros. Si indicat Pres.. )

Viajaré a Chile si me dan el peso. ( Fut.simpl. Si Pres. Indicat. )

Cómprare el yerba mate si vas a Argentina. ( Imper. Pres. Indicat. )

Potential conditional clauses , oraciones condicionales potenciales (Type II) The feasibility of the presupposed condition is likely : if ... Present, perfect aspect Subjunctive Presente de subjuntivo Futuro simple, imperativo
Feasibility of the presupposed condition is unlikely : should ... Present, perfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional simple , Pretérito imperfecto de indicativo, Pretérito indefinido de indicativo, Imperativo Si pudiera , viajaría por toda la America Latina.

Si Imperf.subj. , Condicional

Irreal conditional clauses , oraciones condicionales irreales (Type III) Realizability of the presupposed condition is impossible : if ..., then would ... Present, perfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional simple , Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo Si pudiera viajaría por toda la America del Sur.
Past, perfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional perfecto , Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo Habríamos comprado el coche si hubiéramos tenido dinero.
Past affecting the present, imperfect aspect Subjunctive Pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo Condicional perfecto , Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo Si hubiera sabido que fuisteis ayer al restaurante hubiera ido con vosostros.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Modo condicional in the Spanish language Wikipedia
  2. ↑ Wolfgang Halm: Modern Spanish short grammar. Max Hueber, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-19-004020-6 , p. 85.
  3. ^ Justo Fernández López: Modo potencial - tiempo condicional. ¿Potencial o condicional?
  4. ↑ 34.ª Gramática de la lengua española (1931), p. 45 lists a total of five modes: in addition to the three still valid modes, the said "modo potencial" and the "modo infinitivo"
  5. ↑ Modo potencial - Tiempo condicional ¿Potencial o condicional? Justo Fernández López, hispanoteca.eu
  6. ^ Salvador Fernández Ramírez , José Polo: La nueva gramática académica: el camino hacia el Esbozo (1973) Colección filológica, Paraninfo, Madrid 1987.
  7. ^ Andrés Bello: Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos. ("Grammar of the Spanish Language for American Usage"), 1847
  8. ^ Samuel Gili Gaya: Curso superior de sintaxis condicional futuro hipotetica. 1943, new edition Bibliograf, Barcelona 1969
  9. ↑ 1.ª Esbozo de una nueva gramática de la lengua española 1973 Real Academia Española (RAE), Madrid 1973, p. 260
  10. ↑ Gerda Haßler: Temporality, Aspectuality and Modality in Romance Languages. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2016, ISBN 3-11-031299-9 , p. 180
  11. ^ Hans-Georg Beckmann: New Spanish grammar. dnf-Verlag, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 3-9803483-3-4 , pp. 190 f.
  12. ↑ Wolfgang Halm : Modern Spanish short grammar. Max Hueber, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-19-004020-6 , p. 64.
  13. ↑ Ulrike Schwall: Aspectuality: a semantic-functional category. Volume 344 of Tübingen Contributions to Linguistics, Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1991, ISBN 3-8233-4207-X , p. 274 f.
  14. ↑ Heinrich Blase: The history of the past perfect in Latin. J. Ricker'sche Buchhandlung, Giessen 1894, p. 4
  15. ^ Ralph Penny: A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge University Press 2002, ISBN 0-521-80587-2 , pp. 205 f.
  16. ^ Samuel Gili Gaya: Curso superior de Sintaxis española. Mexico 1943, 2nd edition, Barcelona 1948, 15th edition 2002
  17. ↑ Olalla Martínez Oronich: El sistema verbal español según Samuel Gili Gaya. (PDF) EPOS, XXIV, 2008, pp. 57-58
  18. ↑ Originally it concerns the future tense forms of the subjunctive II, which have changed their function and acquired a certain independence, so that Becher u. Bergenholtz (1985) speak of "subjunctive III". In: Henning Bergenholtz, Marlis Becher: Be or not be. Problems of mode use in offline speech. Nouveaux Cahiers d'Allemand, Vol. 3, 1985, pp. 443-457
  19. ↑ Lotti Wüest: The would construction as a variant with "added value". Seminar paper, University of Zurich February 9, 2008
  20. ^ Subjuntivo - Futuro - Condicional - Contrastive viewing. Justo Fernández López
  21. ↑ Wolfgang Halm: Modern Spanish short grammar. Max Hueber, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-19-004020-6 , pp. 83-85 and 92-93.
  22. ^ Klaus Heger: The designation of temporal-deictic concept categories in the French and Spanish conjugation systems. Supplements to Ztschr. F. Rome. Phil., Issue 104, Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1963, p. 163
  23. ↑ oración subordinada in the Spanish language Wikipedia
  24. ↑ Stefanie Theil: The Spanish conditional sentence. GRIN Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-638-28461-1
  25. ↑ Denice Berndt, Theresa Stockmann, Maike Tannert: Oraciones condicionales reales en español, inglés, alemán y otros idiomas. Lesson ideas for a Spanish class taking into account migration-related multilingualism. (PDF) University of Duisburg-Essen. Cooperation events between the Spanish didactics and ProDaZ. Direction: Diana Granados Londoño, Erkan Gürsoy, Maren Siems, SS 13, 2013, pp. 1–5.
  26. ↑ Spanish / sentence structure. Wikibooks.
  27. ↑ José Vera-Morales: Spanish grammar. 5th edition. Oldenbourg 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-58645-9 , p. 656
  28. ^ A b Juan Fernández: The conditional structure. La estructura condicional. Hispanoteca.eu
  29. ^ A b Rainer Freyer: Spanish grammar. The conditional clause (la oración condicional) .
  30. ^ Klaus Heger: The designation of temporal-deictic concept categories in the French and Spanish conjugation systems. Vol. 104 Supplements to the Journal for Romance Philology, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1963, ISBN 3-11-132800-7 , p. 163
  31. ^ Paul Foerster: Spanish language teaching. Weidmann. Berlin 1880, p. 347 f.
  32. ^ Theodor Heinermann , Francisca Palau-Ribes Casamitjana: Spanish textbook on a scientific basis. 19th edition, Max Hueber, Munich 1952, p. 63
  33. ^ Justo Fernández López: The conditional - el condicional.
  34. ↑ Margarita Görrissen: Practice Grammar. Spanish. Pons, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-12-561954-8 , pp. 142-149
  35. ^ Hans-Georg Beckmann: New Spanish grammar. dnf-Verlag, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 3-9803483-3-4 , pp. 178-179