Old Spanish

The old Spanish ( Spanish español medieval or castellano medieval ) is characterized by the alfonsinische era and this era accompanying language change from the origins of the Castilian language education, Origen del español .

This language epoch is dated between the years 1200 and 1450. Burgos ( Ferdinand III ) and later Toledo (Alfonso X) are considered to be the centers of this language development .

But even in the texts of the glosses , which were made in the 10th and 11th centuries in the monasteries of Santo Domingo de Silos and San Millán de la Cogolla , the still different languages ​​of northern Spain, which had developed from Vulgar Latin , clearly distinguishable from each other. For example, a monk in San Millán de la Cogolla wrote the Glosas Emilianenses , a text in Western Aragonese (or Navarro-Aragonese), a language that had developed from Vulgar Latin. The West Aragonese language and the Asturian-Leonese language were later both increasingly “Castilianized” and were incorporated into Old Spanish under the rule of Alfonso X. In San Millán de la Cogolla, the monk Gonzalo de Berceo (approx. 1198–1264), who is considered the first well-known poet of the new popular language, Castilian , lived and worked here in the 12th and 13th centuries .

One of the most important old Spanish texts is the Cantar de Mio Cid , an epic by an unknown author, which - inspired by the life of the Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar , known as El Cid - tells the life and deeds of an exemplary knight . The epic is one of the earliest works in Spanish literature .

The Iberian Peninsula around 1200

History of language origins

The region in which the Castilian language originated geographically lies south of the Cantabrian Mountains ( Spanish Cordillera Cantábrica or Sistema Cantábrico ), a mountain range in northern Spain that is a western extension of the Pyrenees .

The name of the Castile region was first documented in a Latin document from the year 800, which mentions a church in Territorio Castelle 'in Burgenland' . “We have a church in honor of St. Maarten, in the Patriniano area of ​​Castile.” In the Chronicle of Alfonso III. (King of Asturias, 9th century) it says: “The 'Vardulias' are now called 'Castilla'.” The name of the region is traced back to the many castles (Latin castella , Spanish castillos ) that were there to protect against the Berbers and Arabs had been built.

Word examples on the change from Latin to Old Spanish to contemporary Spanish

Latin	Old Spanish	Modern Spanish
acceptare, captare, effectum, respectum	acetar, catar, efeto, respeto	aceptar, captar, efecto, respecto and respeto
et, non, nos, hic	e, et; non, no; nós; í	y, e; no; nosotros; ahí
stabat; habui, habebat; facere, fecisti	estava; ove, avié; far / fer / fazer, fezist (e) / fizist (e)	estaba; hube, había; hacer, hiciste
hominem, mulier, infantem	omne / omre / ombre, mugier / muger, ifante	hombre, mujer, infante
cras, mane (maneana); numquam	cras, man, mañana; nunqua / nunquas	mañana, nunca
quando, quid, qui (quem), quo modo	quando, que, qui, commo / cuemo	cuando, que, quien, como

In the 9th century, Castile was first a county in the Kingdom of Asturias and later in its successor kingdom , the Kingdom of León . The Counts of Castile broke away from the supremacy of the king in the 10th century and became de facto independent. In 1028 the county came into the possession of King Sancho III. of Navarre . His son Ferdinand I the Great took over the Kingdom of León in 1037. He was the first King of León , Castile and Galicia from the House of Jiménez from 1035 to 1065 . He contributed significantly to the rise of the Kingdom of León-Castile. As Ferdinand I's power and influence grew with Ferdinand I from 1035, Castilian began to expand as well. Gradually it absorbed the Asturian language and the Leonese language on the one hand, and the Aragonese language on the other , a process that only stopped before the Catalan language in the east and the Galician-Portuguese language in the west. The avant-garde role of the Castilians and their language began to gradually assert itself in the course of the Repoblación and the Reconquista from the middle of the 11th century over the other Ibero-Roman varieties (see superstrat vs. substrate ). When Ferdinand I died, the title of king remained with Castile, which now remained a kingdom. From 1230 there was a permanent personal union between Castile and León.

Then with Alfonso VI. of León, the conquest of the old Visigoth capital Toledo in 1085 brought about an important event in the history of the Spanish Reconquista (see Islamic expansion ), which underpinned the claim of the Leonese-Castilian royal family in the fight against the Berbers and Arabs.

The dialect spoken in the Burgos and Santander area , a Cantabrian dialect, evolved into Castilian, accompanied by the political primacy of the Kingdom of León-Castile throughout history. Castilian was part of the dialect continuum that includes all Ibero-Roman varieties in the north of the Iberian Peninsula . In addition to Galician - Portuguese , Aragonese and Catalan, it forms one of the five Romance dialect groups of the Iberian Peninsula that still exist today, which, according to the current state of historical and comparative Romance linguistics, emerged directly from the locally widespread Vulgar Latin .

These dialects originated in a marginal area in the extreme northwest ( Cantabria ) of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis ( Hispania citerior ), which was Romanized relatively late and initially incompletely. Under the reign of Augustus , the area was finally occupied by the Romans after lengthy campaigns ( Cantabrian War 29–19 BC). According to Roman sources, the reason for the Roman interventions was the constant raids by the Cantabrians on neighboring Roman regions and their attempt to expand their sphere of rule. In addition, the region of the Cantabrians was of economic interest to the Romans due to its ore wealth, so they began to exploit gold mines ( Las Médulas ) shortly after the conquest under the Roman general Publius Carisius .

Phonology - peculiarities of old Spanish

Some phonological peculiarities of the consonants are:

• the unvoiced affricates alveolar / ⁠ ts ⁠ / : with the letter ç before the vowels a , o , u detected, but with c before the vowels e and i
• the voiced alveolar affricate / ⁠ dz ⁠ / in the letter: z represents
• the unvoiced fricative alveolar / ⁠ S ⁠ / : represented by s at the beginning or end of word and before and after consonants and ss between vowels
• the voiced alveolar fricative / ⁠ for ⁠ / : with the letter s between vowels and before voiced consonants
• the voiceless fricative postalveolar / ⁠ ʃ ⁠ / : with the letter x shown
• the voiced fricative postalveolar / ⁠ ʒ ⁠ / : with the letter j shown, but also with g before the vowels e or i .

Scheme of the medieval Castilian sound change . Castellano medieval : Old Spanish, 1200 to 1450; Castellano clásico : Middle Spanish , 1450 to 1650; Castellano contemporáneo : since 1650.

The old Spanish vocal system :

	Anterior - front tongue vowel	Central - central vowel	Posterior - back vowel
Cerrada - closed vowel	​i​		​u​
Semicerrada - rounded semi-closed rear vowel	​e​		​O​
Semiabierta - unrounded half-open front tongue vowel	* ɛ		* ɔ
Abierta - unrounded open front tongue vowel		​a​

Grammatical peculiarities

pronoun

Old Spanish, which is one of the Old Romanic languages, shows in its beginnings the obligatory adjustment of the clitic object pronouns to the finite verb , if this is in the initial position of the sentence.

Example: Reçibió lo el Çid 'The Cid received him' ( Cantar de Mio Cid 204; in New Spanish it should be El Cid lo (or le) recibió ).

The classical Latin had no klitischen so bound and not betonbare, pronouns . There all pronouns, comparable in the German language , were independent words that could appear freely in the sentence in place of nouns. Then with the development of Vulgar Latin, the distinction between stressed and unstressed forms developed, as can be found in all Romance languages . There was a fundamental restructuring of the pronominal system, which was subsequently an expression of the fundamental restructuring in the syntactic system. The pronouns developed two forms that:

• stressed pronouns,

which appear alone or with a preposition and are characterized by a relatively free position in the sentence, and the

• unstressed pronouns,

which are always right next to the verb.

The stressed object pronouns developed from the declination forms of the Latin dative ( indirect object pronoun ), the unstressed pronouns, however, from the forms of the accusative (direct object pronoun).

The syntactic rule that arranges these pronouns is also called Tobler-Mussafia law , after its first description . It is a variant of the Wackernagel law .

Sample text Old Spanish Modern Spanish

Here an excerpt (verse 330–365) of a text from the Cantar de mio Cid is reproduced ( listen to the specific old Spanish pronunciation ).

-Ya Señor glorioso, Padre que en Cielo estás,
Fezist Cielo e tierra, el tercero el mar,
Fezist estrellas e luna, e el sol pora escalentar,
Prisist Encarnacion de Santa María madre,
En Beleem apareçist, commo fue tu veluntad,
Pastores te glorificaron, oviéronte a laudare,
Tres reyes de Arabia te vinieron adorar,
Melchior e Gaspar e Baltasar, oro e tus e mirra
Te ofreçieron, commo fue tu veluntad.
Salvest a Jonás quando cayó en la mar,
Salvest a Daniel con los leones en la mala cárçel,
Salvest dentro en Roma al señor San Sabastián,
Salvest a Santa Susaña del falso criminal,
Por tierra andidiste treinta e dos años, Señor spirital,
Mostrando los miráclos, por én avemos qué fablar,
Del agua fezist vino e de la piedra pan,
Resuçitest a Lázaro, ca fue tu voluntad,
A los judíos te dexeste prender, do dizen monte Calvarie
Pusiéronte en cruz, por nombre en Golgotá,
Dos ladrones contigo , éstos de señas partes,
El uno es en paraíso, ca el otro non entró allá,
Estando en la cruz vertud fezist muy grant,
Longinos era çiego, que nunquas 'vio alguandre,
Diot' con la lança en el costado, dont ixió la sangre,
Corrió la sangre por el astil ayuso, las manos se ovo de untar,
Alçólas arriba, llególas a la faz,
Abrió sos ojos, cató a todas partes,
En ti crovo al ora, por end es salvo de mal.
En el monumento resuçitest e fust a los infiernos,
Commo fue tu voluntad,
Quebranteste las puertas e saqueste los padres santos.
Tú eres rey de los reyes e de tod el mundo padre,
A ti adoro e creo de toda voluntad,
E ruego a San Peidro que me ajude a rogar
Por mio Çid el Campeador, que Dios le curie de mal,
Quando oy nos partimos, en vida nos faz juntar.–

–O Señor glorioso, Padre que en cielo estás,
Hiciste cielo y tierra, el tercero el mar,
Hiciste estrellas y luna, y el sol para calentar,
Te encarnaste en Santa María madre,
En Belén apareciste, como fue tu voluntad,
Pastores te glorificaron, te tuvieron que loar,
Tres reyes de Arabia te vinieron a adorar,
Melchor y Gaspar y Baltasar, oro e incienso y mirra
Te ofrecieron, como fue tu voluntad.
Salvaste a Jonás cuando cayó en la mar,
Salvaste a Daniel con los leones en la mala cárcel,
Salvaste dentro de Roma al señor San Sebastián,
Salvaste a Santa Susana del falso criminal,
Por tierra anduviste treinta y dos años, Señor espiritual,
Mostrando los milagros, por ende tenemos qué hablar,
Del agua hiciste vino y de la piedra pan,
Resucitaste a Lázaro, porque fue tu voluntad,
A los judíos te dejaste prender, donde dicen monte Calvario
Te pusieron en cruz, por nombre en Gólgota,
Dos ladrones contigo, éstos de sendas partes,
El uno es en paraíso, porque el otro no entró allá,
Estando en la cruz virtud hiciste muy grande,
Longinos era ciego, que nunca se vio jamás,
Te dio con la lanza en el costado, donde salió la sangre,
Corrió la sangre por el astil abajo, las manos se las tuvo que untar,
Las alzó arriba, las elevó a la faz,
Abrió sus ojos, miró a todas partes,
En ti creyó entonces, por ende es salvado de mal.
En el monumento resucitaste y fuiste a los infiernos,
Como fue tu voluntad,
Quebrantaste las puertas y sacaste los padres santos.
Tú eres rey de los reyes y padre de todo el mundo,
A ti te adoro y creo de toda voluntad,
Y ruego a San Pedro que me ayude a rogar
Por mi Cid el Campeador, que Dios le cure de mal,
Cuando hoy nos partamos , en vida haznos juntar.–

See also

• Spanish language
• Middle Spanish
• Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española
• Real Academia Española
• Diccionario de Autoridades
• Word stress in the Spanish language
• Spanish alphabet
• Pronunciation of the Spanish language
• Spanish grammar

literature

• Stefan Barme, Michael Frings: Introduction to Old Spanish. ibidem, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-8382-0683-7 .
• Montse Batllori Dillet, Francesc Roca Urgell: Los determinantes y los cuantificadores en español medieval y moderno . XXVIII Simposio de la Sociedad Española de Lingüística. Madrid 1998 (Spanish, udg.edu [PDF]).
• Annegret Bollée , Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh : Spanish language history. 5th edition. Klett, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 3-12-939624-1
• Friedrich Hanssen: Spanish grammar on a historical basis . Max Niemeyer, Halle 1910 ( archive.org ).
• Daniel Jacob: From subject relevance to relevance to the present. Use and development of the perfect phrasal aver + past participle passive in old Spanish . In: Andreas Kablitz, Bernhard König, Margot Kruse, Christian Schmitt, Wolf-Dieter Stempel (eds.): Romanistisches Jahrbuch . tape 46 . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1996 ( academia.edu ).
• Adolf Keller: Old Spanish reader. With grammar and glossary . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1890 ( archive.org ).
• Carlos E. Sánchez Lancis: Estudio de los adverbios de espacio y tiempo en el español medieval . Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, ​​Barcelona 1990 (Spanish, tdx.cat [PDF] dissertation).
• Rafael Lapesa: Historia de la lengua española. Ed. Gredos, Madrid 1988.
• Paul M. Lloyd: From Latin to Spanish. Volume 1: Historical phonology and morphology of the Spanish language. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1989, ISBN 0-8716-9173-6 .
• Bodo Müller: Diccionario del español medieval. Collection of Romance elementary and handbooks: series 3, dictionaries 12, Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 1994.
• Adolf Mussafia : About the source of the old Spanish "Vida de S. Maria Egipciaca". Vienna 1863.
• Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh: The arrangement of parts of the sentence in Spanish. A diachronic analysis (=  supplements to the journal for Romance philology . Volume 284 ). Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1997, ISBN 3-484-52284-4 .
• Ralph Penny: A History of Spanish Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995, ISBN 0-5218-0587-2
• David A. Pharies: Breve historia de la lengua española: Spanish edition. University of Chicago Press, 2010, ISBN 0-2266-6685-9 .
• Claus Pusch: Spanish Linguistics. Narr, Tübingen 2011

Web links

• Diccionario del Español Medieval. Research center of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences.
• Development towards Castilian
• Paul M. Lloyd: From Latin to Spanish (in English).
• Carmen Hernández Valcárcel: Menéndez Pelayo, el hombre tras el bibliófilo. Orígnes de la novela, capítulo IX: cuentos y novelas cortas. Universidad de Murcia, pp. 335-379

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Hans-Josef Niederehe: The language version of Alfonso the wise. Studies on the history of language and science (=  supplements to the journal for Romance philology . Volume 144 ). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-11-158121-7 .
2. ^ Johannes Kabatek, Claus D. Pusch: Spanish Linguistics. Gunter Narr, Tübingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8233-6404-7 , p. 253.
3. ↑ From Burgos to Toledo: Old Castilian Conflict of Norms and Problems of Reconstruction.
4. ^ Trudel Meisenburg: Romanesque writing systems in comparison. A diachronic study (=  Script Oralia . Volume 82 ). Gunter Narr, Tübingen 1996, ISBN 3-8233-4572-9 , p. 207 f .
5. ^ List of the kings of Asturias
6. ↑ Francisco Diego Santos: The integration of north and north-west Spain as a Roman province in the imperial policy of Augustus. In Wolfgang Haase, Hildegard Temporini (Hrsg.): Rise and decline of the Roman world . Volume 3. De Gruyter, Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-11-005838-3 , p. 528 ( limited online version in the Google book search).
7. ↑ Meret Strothmann : Augustus - father of the res publica. On the function of the three terms restitutio-saeculum-pater patriae in the Augustan Principate. Stuttgart 2000, p. 145 ( restricted online version in the Google book search).
8. ↑ Ulrich Detges: Historical phonology. 1. Vowels. Winter semester 2005/2006 University of Tübingen ( Memento of the original from June 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
9. ↑ Marta Cozzolino, Melanie Reiner: The object pronouns. Contrastive Grammar Spanish - Portuguese, Dr. phil. Barbara Schäfer-Prieß, June 24, 2011
10. ↑ History of the Spanish clitic pronouns.
11. ↑ Martin Hummel, Christina Ossenkop: Lusitanica et Romanica. Vol 1. Romance Studies in Past and Present: Supplement, Romance Studies in Past and Present Buske Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-8754-8172-0 , p. 262 f.
12. ↑ Ulrich Detges: Historical theory of forms, 2nd pronouns. see. Lathrop (1989), Lloyd (1987), winter semester 2005/2006 Paul Gévaudan ( Memento of the original dated June 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
13. ↑ Imme Kuchenbrandt: Prosodic Aspects in the Development of the Spanish and French Klitika. Dissertation, Hamburg 2009
14. ↑ Class 8. Ley de Tobler-Mussafia ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
15. ^ Georg A. Kaiser: German Romance Studies - generative. Bd. 489 von Tübingen Contributions to Linguistics. Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 2005, ISBN 3-8233-6174-0 , p. 88