Glosas Emilianenses
The Glosas Emilianenses are glosses inserted between linear or at the edge in a Latin codex , which show a mixture of the Latin sacred language and the Romance vernacular of the Rioja region . These notes, submissions and explanations of words show that Latin, but also Vulgar Latin, was experienced as a language separate from the local Romance vernacular. The manuscript probably served the friars to understand the religious text. The insertions in the regional vernacular were added to the original Latin text as interlinear or marginal glosses . They obviously had a didactic value, as they explain words and sections of text that were presumably no longer understandable in the original text.
They were created around the year 977 and were combined from two already existing parts, an adaptation of recorded sayings by some church fathers , in particular Augustine of Hippo , and a homily .
General
The monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla in the Rioja region was located near the original hermitage , the later eponymous Saint Aemilianus of Cogolla ( San Millán in Spanish ), who had withdrawn into the Sierra de la Demanda . Even before his remains were transferred in 1053, the saint's grave and the newly built monastery had become an important place of worship . Construction began in the 6th century when the first buildings of the upper monastery were erected. Monastic life was organized according to the Benedictine rules .
It was in the scriptorium of this monastery where one or more monks ( glossators ) wrote the Glosas Emilianenses , the first lines in West Aragonese (or Navarro-Aragonese), an Ibero-Roman language that originated from Vulgar Latin and is related to Spanish.
The glossas show some peculiarities, such as the numbering and explanations of individual words and text sections, as well as entered Latin interrogative words so quis (German “who”) and quid (German “what”). More precisely, the scribe noted in the spaces and in the margin between the lines of the glosses the meaning of the Latin words in the developing Romance national language.
All of these peculiarities lead to the hypothesis that the work was used for instruction or training. With the marginal comments it becomes clear that the writers were aware of the difference between the Romance local dialect and Latin and that they knew both languages. Because that is the prerequisite for the explanation of the Latin syntax and the word explanations in the Romance texts.
Linguistic
They also contain the first notes in Basque . For this reason, the monastery is also considered the written place of origin of the Spanish and Basque romances .
The glosses consist of interlinear versions or interlinear translations, ie the "word-for-word translation" (lat. Versio ) of the source text between (lat. Inter ) the lines (lat. Lineas ) and marginalia made up of individual words or even syntagmas are written in Latin or a Romance language.
Thus the Glosas Emilianenses contain three languages or the change of these languages:
- Middle Latin ,
- Vulgar Latin or the development of a Romance language, here the transition to West Aragonese , which later changes to Old Spanish ,
- the medieval Basque language .
The purpose of these notes and transcriptions of the glosses may be to provide an explanatory function and a form of reading aid for the oral presentation. There are numbers above individual words, Latin question pronouns and word explanations in Aragonese or Basque and marginalia in Romance syntax above different words.
Spellings
Compare some words from the glosses with their Aragonese, Spanish and Latin equivalents.
| Glosas | Aragonese | Spanish | Vulgar Latin |
|---|---|---|---|
| de los ( delo ) | DOS | de los | < DE ILLOS |
| ela | a, la, l ' | la | < ILLA |
| ena, enos | en (l) a, en (l) os | en la, en los | < IN ILLAM, IN ILLOS |
| fere | fer | hacer (antique: far, fer, fazer) | < FACERE |
| siéculo | sieglo | (sieglo>) siglo | < SAECULU |
| yet | ye | it | < EST |
Las Glosas
The longest sentence of the entire code can be found on the illustrated page 72. In these twelve lines it says:
“ Aragonese language
Con o aiutorio de nuestro
dueno Christo, dueno
salbatore, qual dueno
get ena honore et qual
duenno tienet ela
mandatione con o
Patre cono Spiritu Sancto
en os siéculos de lo siécu
los. Facanos Deus Omnipotes
tal serbitio fere ke
denante ela sua face
gaudioso segamus. Amen.Castellano
Con la ayuda de nuestro
Señor Don Cristo Don
Salvador, Señor
que está en el honor y
Señor que tiene el
mandato con el
Padre con el Espíritu Santo
en los siglos de los siglos.
Háganos Dios omnipotente
hacer tal servicio que
delante de su faz
gozosos seamos. Amen. "
Dámaso Alonso spoke in his assessment of "el primer vagido de la lengua española" (German: "the first cry (of a newborn) of the Spanish language").
Another striking feature of the text is the simultaneity of Latin and Romance forms, e.g. B. cum and con , secula and siéculos , get and est as well as et and e . The Romanesque forms run through the entire work with little constancy and stability.
“ Aragonese language
Con o aiutorio de nuestro
dueno Christo, dueno
salbatore, qual dueno
get ena honore e qual
duenno tienet ela
mandatione con o
Patre cono Spiritu Sancto
en os siéculos de lo siécu
los. adiubante domino nostro
Ihesu Christo, cui
est honor et imperium
cum Patre et Spiritu
Sancto in secula seculorum ... "
In the Basque language of the early Middle Ages two Glosas 31 and 42 are written like this:
- jzioqui dugu guec ajutuezdugu
- hemos encendido, nosotros no nos arrojamos
Work editions
- Glosas emilianenses. Edición Facscimilar, Mº De Educacion y Ciencia Ensayo Literario, Madrid 1977.
- Glosas emilianenses. Editor: Heinz Jürgen Wolf. Buske, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-87118-976-6 .
- Las Glosas emilianenses. Ed. Heinz Jürgen Wolf, version española de Stefan Ruhstaller. Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 1996, ISBN 84-472-0326-3 .
See also
- Reconquista chronological table
- The Arab conquests in Europe
- Emirate of Cordoba
- Asturias-Leon, Castile
- Independence from the Islamic world empire, Emirate of Córdoba (750–929)
- History of Spain
literature
- Heinz Jürgen Wolf: Las Glosas Emilianenses. Spanish edition by Stefan Ruhstaller. Universidad de Sevilla, 1996, pp. 108-112.
- Lapesa, Rafael: Historia de la lengua española. Escelicer, Madrid 1968; Gredos, Madrid 1981, p. 162.
- Tomás Navarro Tomás: El perfecto de los verbos en -AR en aragonés antiguo. Revue de Dialectologie Romane, I, Bruselas, 1905, pp. 110–121. Versión en castellano: Archivo de Filología Aragonesa, X-XI, 1958–59, pp. 315–324.
- Eduardo Vicente de Vera: El Aragonés: Historiografía y literatura. Estudios Mira, Zaragoza 1992.
- Germán Colón: Español y catalán, juntos y en contraste. Ariel, 1989, p. 243.
- Kurt Baldinger: La formación de los dominios lingüísticos de la Península Ibérica. Gredos, Madrid 1972, pp. 48-54.
- Philippe Wolf: Origen de las lenguas occidentales. Guadarrama, Madrid 1971, p. 212.
- Bérnard Pottier: L'évolution de la langue aragonaise à la fin du moyen age. Bulletin Hispanique, Burdeos, LIV, 1952, pp. 184-199. Traducción en Archivo de Filología Aragonesa, XXXVIII (1986), pp. 225-240.
- Jean Saroïhandy: Mission de M. Saroïhandy en Espagne. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. Annuaire 1898, pp. 85-94. También en: ALVAR, M. (trad.): "Misión de J. Saroïhandy en España (1896)", Archivo de Filología Aragonesa, VI, 1954, pp. 9-26.
- Jean Saroïhandy: Mission de M. Saroïhandy en Espagne. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. Annuaire 1901, pp. 106-118. also: LABORDA (trad.): "Informe del señor Saroïhandy en España", Revista de Aragón, 1902, pp. 644–654.
- C. García Turza y MA Muro: Introducción a las Glosas Emilianenses. Logroño, Gobierno de la Rioja, 1992.
- R. Menéndez Pidal: Orígenes del español. Espasa Calpe, Madrid 1976, p. 395.
- Alonso Zamora Vicente: Dialectología Española. Gredos, Madrid 1967
- Stephanie Huemann: From Castilian to Spanish - from variety to state language. Diploma thesis, University of Vienna, Vienna 2013, p. 24
Web links
- Biblioteca Gonzalo de Berceo. Glosas Emilianenses.
- Hans-Jörg Neuschäfer: Spanish literary history. (PDF) JB Metzler, Neuchatel 2006, ISBN 978-3-476-02168-7 Extract chapter: Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages.
- Vergaz, M. (2010): La RAE avala que Burgos acoge las primeras palabras escritas en castellano. El Mundo
Individual evidence
- ^ Helmut Berschin , Julio Fernández-Sevilla, Josef Felixberger: The Spanish language. Distribution, history, structure. 3. Edition. Georg Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 2005, ISBN 3-487-12814-4 , p. 81
- ↑ Reinhard Kiesler: Introduction to the problem of vulgar Latin . In: Romanistische Arbeitshefte , 48. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2006, ISBN 3-484-54048-6 , pp. 119–122
- ↑ Ramón Menéndez Pidal: Manual elemental de gramática histórica española. (PDF) V. Suárez, Madrid 1904.
- ^ Claudio García Turza, Javier García Turza: La datación y procedencia de las glosas emilianenses y silenses. Cuadernos de investigación histórica, ISSN 1885-8309 , Nº 19, (1995), pp. 49-64.
- ↑ Wolf Dietrich: Introduction to Spanish Linguistics: A Text and Work Book. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin-Tiergarten 2006, ISBN 3-503-06188-6
- ↑ Reinhard Meyer-Hermann: The syntax of the Latin documents of the Cartulario de San Millán de la Cogolla (759-1076) does not correspond to the "patrones del español antiguo". Methodological Notes on Blake. (PDF) ZRPh, 127, 1, 2011, doi: 10.1515 / zrph.2011.002 , p. 24.
- ^ Johannes Kabatek, Claus D. Pusch: Spanish Linguistics. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8233-6404-7 , pp. 255 f.
- ^ Dámaso Alonso: El primer vagido de nuestra lengua. Biblioteca Gonzalo de Berceo. Catálogo general en línea.
- ↑ Johannes Kabatek; Claus D. Pusch: Spanish Linguistics: An Introduction. Gunter Narr Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8233-6404-7 , pp. 255-256.