Aragonese language

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Aragonese (Aragonés)

Spoken in

Spain (in Aragon , center and north of the province of Huesca and north of the province of Zaragoza )
speaker 10,000
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in AragonAragon Aragon (own language)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

on

ISO 639 -2

bad

ISO 639-3

bad

Linguistic map of Aragon (Aragonés red)
Historical development of Aragonese

The Aragonese language , also called aragonés and fabla , is one of the Romance languages and is only spoken in some high valleys of the Spanish Pyrenees in the north of the province of Huesca , which together with the provinces of Teruel and Saragossa forms the autonomous region of Aragón . The number of speakers is estimated at about 12,000, between 50,000 and 60,000 people have passive knowledge of the Aragonese language.

Language history

The expansion of the Roman Empire to the Iberian Peninsula was followed by the spread of Latin . Regardless of the Romanization , the spread of the Aragonese language can essentially be traced back to the Reconquista and the territorial expansion of the Kingdom of Aragón . The oldest surviving text in (West) Aragonese language are probably in the region of La Rioja or Navarra incurred glosas emilianenses . It is a bilingual dating from approx. 977 , in which a sacred vulgar Latin text was commented on in Romance vernacular, since it was apparently no longer understood otherwise at this point in time. Up until a few years ago, glosses, which also contain some Basque words, were mostly regarded as early evidence of the Spanish language ( castellano ).

The Kingdom of Aragón reached its greatest extent in the 13th century, up to the border of today's autonomous region of Murcia . From the 16th century, the language was pushed back northwards into the Pyrenees valleys. This process continued into the 19th century. The decisive factor for this was the introduction of Castilian as the official language of diplomacy by Charles I of Spain in 1536, which is why Aragonese could not develop into a standard language .

The time of the Franco dictatorship (1939–1975) later prevented the use of regional languages ​​and local autonomy efforts. With the beginning of democratization after the time of Franco, regional values ​​and peculiarities again moved into focus. The Spanish government put an end to the oppression of the linguistic minorities with a new constitution and made them equal to the Spanish language. In addition, the regional government of Aragón initiated further measures to protect the regional language varieties. These were, however , softened with the passage of the “Language Law of Aragón” ( Ley de Lenguas de Aragón ), decided on May 9, 2013 by the Aragonese regional parliament under the leadership of the Partido Popular . There the language is designated with the glottonym lengua aragonesa propia de las áreas pirenaica y prepirenaica (own Aragonese language of the Pyrenees and Pre-Pyrenees region, LAPAPYP).

Varieties

The Aragonese language is characterized by a wide variety of dialects influenced by Castilian and Catalan. The respective varieties can be divided into four sub-areas:

  1. Western Aragonese (west of the Aragón River to the border with Navarre , includes the Val d'Ansó, Val d'Echo, Aragüés del Puerto and Jaca ): cheso , ansotano , chaqués
  2. Central Aragonese (between the Gállego and Cinca rivers , bounded to the south by the Basa and Guarga rivers): panticuto , bergotés , belsetán , tensino
  3. Eastern Aragonese (between the Cinca and Ésera rivers ): chistabín , fobano , benasqués , grausino , focense , estadillano
  4. South Aragonese (includes the area of Somontano de Barbastro and Huesca ): somontano

Phonology

Animated territorial map of Spain
The spread of the Aragonese language.

Vowels

  • The Aragonese vowels are identical to that of Castilian.
  • / a / - Ex .: palla , faba , taca
  • / e / - Ex .: meter , rete , perera
  • / i / - Differentiation in the palatal area [i] - Example: ibón , filo ; the range of semi-vowels [i] - e.g. pai (Castilian: padre ), foi (Castilian: hago ) and that of the semi-consonant [j] - e.g. ubierto , tiengo (Castilian: tengo )
  • / o / - Ex .: plorar , montelón
  • / u / - differentiation in the velar area [u]: nuquera , otular ; the area of ​​the semi-vowels [u̯] with two diphthongings au and ue - ex .: augua , aspeuto and that of the semiconsonant [w] with three diphthongings ua , ue and ui - ex .: tuara , mueso , muito

Consonants

  • The occlusive , voiceless , intervocal consonants of the Latin epoch have been retained. E.g .: espata (Castilian: espalda ), comito (Castilian: comida ), apierto (Castilian: abierto ), capeza (Castilian: cabeza )
  • There is the sonication of the voiceless consonants when meeting with nasal and liquid sounds. E.g .: aldo (Castilian: alto ), blango (Castilian: blanco )

Occlusive consonants

  • / p / - Ex .: palla (Castilian: paja ), emplir (Castilian: llenar )
  • / t / - Ex .: taca (Castilian: mancha ), rete (Castilian: red )
  • / b / - Ex .: biega (Castilian: viga ), debán (Castilian: delante )
  • / d / - Ex .: dien (Castilian: served ), cado (Castilian: madriguera )
  • Phonemes / k / and / g /
    • realized occlusively, velar and voiceless
    • Use of the graphemes ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ before the vowels [-a], [-o], [-u] and the consonants [l], [r], e.g. caxa (Castilian: caja ), cuco ( Castilian: gusano ), gurrión (Castilian: gorrión )
    • Use of the nexus qu and gu before the vowels [-e] and [-i], e.g. quera (Castilian: carcoma ), guito (Castilian: inquieto )

Fricative and affricative consonants

  • The fricative , voiceless, labiodental phoneme / f / and the interdental / θ / are realized by the graphemes ⟨f⟩ and ⟨z⟩. E.g .: forato (Castilian: agujero, hoyo ), fer (Castilian: hacer ), zarrar (Castilian: cerrar ), zorze (Castilian: ratón, roedor )
  • The fricative unvoiced phoneme / x / is represented by the graph ⟨j⟩. E.g .: majo (Castilian: majo ) joriar (Castilian: orear )
  • The affricative, palatal, voiceless / ʧ / is represented by ⟨ch⟩. E.g .: chelo (Castilian: hielo ), chugar (Castilian: jugar )
  • The fricative, prepalatal, voiceless phoneme / ʃ / is realized by the grapheme ⟨x⟩. E.g .: baxo (Castilian: bajo ), alox (Castilian: alojamiento )

Nasal phonemes

  • The voiced , nasal, bilabial phonemes / m / and alveolar / n / as well as the palatal / ɲ / are realized by the graphemes [m], [n] and [ñ]. E.g .: muito (Castilian: mucho ), erenzio (Castilian: herencia ), añada (Castilian: año )

Lateral phonemes

  • The alveolar , lateral , voiced / l / is represented by the graphem ⟨l⟩, e.g. lolo (Castilian: abuelo )
  • The palatal, lateral, voiced / ʎ / is realized by the grapheme ⟨ll⟩, e.g. biello (Castilian: viejo )

Vibrants

  • The simple alveolar vibrant / r / is denoted by the graph ⟨r⟩.
    • Intervowel - e.g .: zuro , corcho , farsante
    • End syllable - e.g. niérbol , zarza , meter
  • The final [-r] is not implemented. Example: fer-lo (Castilian: hacerlo ) is pronounced [ felo ].
  • In the final group of consonants ⟨-rs⟩, the ⟨r⟩ is not spoken: Example: flors (Castilian: flores ) is pronounced [ flos ].
  • The double alveolar vibrant / r / is graphically realized as ⟨rr⟩ in the intervocalic position. E.g .: fierro (Castilian: hierro )

Morphosyntactic features

items

  • The specific articles o / os (mask. Sg./Pl.) And a / as (fem. Sg./Pl.) Are used. E.g .: o zucre (box : el azúcar ), a tabierna (box : la taberna ), os chemecos (box : los gemidos ), as garras (box : las piernas )
  • The indefinite articles un / unos (mask. Sg./Pl.) And una / unas (fem. Sg./Pl.) Are identical to those of Castilian.

genus

  • Many nouns that end in [-or] are feminine. E.g .: a fridor (box : el fresco ), a clamor (box : el barranco )
  • Many nouns whose meanings differ from Castilian therefore have a different gender . E.g .: o chordón (box : la famburesa ), o maitín (box : la mañana )
  • In addition, there are nouns that do not differ lexically from Castilian, but have a different gender. E.g .: a fin ( box: el fin ), o costumbre ( box: la costumbre )
  • For the use of nouns and adjectives, the final [-a] is used to denote the feminine word stock and the final [-o] to denote the masculine words.
  • The congruence in number and gender of nouns and adjectives does not differ from Castilian.

Plural

  • Usually the noun is extended by a final [-s]. E.g .: chóben - chobens (cast .: jovene s), mon - mons ( cast .: montes )
  • If the noun ends in a vowel, the plural form is formed as in Castilian. E.g .: onso - onsos, fillo - fillos
  • If the noun ends in [-ero], the plural is formed with [-ers]. E.g .: entero - enters, minero - miners
  • The declension of many nouns is irregular. So z. B. the singular ending on [-t] and [-d] replaced by [-z]. E.g .: purpút - purpúz, negrút - negrúz
  • If the noun ends in [-ch], [-x], [-z], [-s], the plural form is formed with [-es]. E.g .: pex - pexes, zorz - zorzes

possessive pronouns

  • The pronouns and possessive adjectives have the same form.
  • When using the possessive pronoun as an adjective, the article is placed in front of the possessive pronoun. E.g .: o mío libro ( box: mi libro ), a mía casa ( box: mi casa )
  • Other forms:
    • o tuyo - o tuyo fillo (box : tu hijo ), a tuya chirmana (box : tu hermana )
    • o suyo - o suyo auto ( box: su auto ), a suya tufa (box : su melena )
    • os míos and as mías if the quantities are not the same
    • Plural forms: o nuestro, o buestro, o suyo

Comparison with Spanish language

As a language comparison the Lord's Prayer in Aragonese and Spanish:

Aragonese:

Pai nuestro, que yes en o cielo,
satificato siga lo tuyo nombre,
vienga ta nusatros lo reino tuyo
e se faiga la tuya voluntat n'a tierra como n'o cielo.
Da-mos hué lo pan nuestro de cada dia,
perdona las nuestras faltas como tamien nusatros perdonamos a los que mos faltan,
no mos dixes cayer en a tentacion
e libera-mos do m'al. Amen.

Spanish:

Padre nuestro que estás en los cielos,
santificado sea tu nombre.
Venga a nosotros tu Reino.
Hágase tu voluntad, así en la tierra como en el cielo.
El pan nuestro de cada día dánosle hoy,
y perdónanos nuestras deudas, así como nosotros perdonamos a nuestros deudores.
Y no nos dejes caer en la tentación,
mas líbranos del mal. Amen.

research

According to UNESCO, Aragonese is an endangered language . A number of organizations deal with the Aragonese language problem. The most important organization is the language academy "Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa", founded in May 1976, which is committed to the research and promotion of the Aragonese language as well as its introduction in the fields of culture, school education and administration. The Academy publishes the magazine "Fuellas" in Aragonese and also promotes regular language courses on a private basis. Since 1987 Aragonese has been offered as an elective in the teachers' college in Huesca.

literature

  • Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin , Christian Schmitt (eds.): Lexicon of Romance Linguistics (LRL). Niemeyer, Tübingen 1988-2005 (12 volumes); Volume VI, 1: Aragonese / Navarre, Spanish, Asturian / Leonese , 1992. ISBN 3-484-50236-3
  • Teresa Echenique Elizondo, Juan Sánchez Méndez: Las lenguas de un reino. Historia lingüística hispánica. Gredos. Biblioteca románica hispánica, Madrid 2005, ISBN 84-249-2760-5 .
  • Francho Nagore Laín: Gramática de la lengua aragonesa. Mira Editores, Zaragoza 1989, ISBN 84-86778-16-6 .
  • Artur Quintana: The Codification of the New Aragonese Written Language. In: Wolfgang Dahmen et al. (Ed.): On the status of the codification of small Romance languages. Romance Languages Symposium V . Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1991, ISBN 3-8233-4199-5 , pp. 199-215.
  • Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-57606-9 .
  • Otto Winkelmann: The Romance minority languages ​​on the threshold of the 21st century . In: Wolfgang Dahmen et al. (Ed.): The importance of the Romance languages ​​in the Europe of the future. Romanesque Colloquium IX. Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1996, ISBN 3-8233-5073-0 , pp. 185-198.

Web links

Wikipedia in Aragonese

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Aragon in Ethnologue
  2. ^ Francho Nagore Laín: Gramática de la lengua aragonesa, 1989, p. 25.
  3. ↑ Otto Winkelmann: The Romance minority languages ​​on the threshold of the 21st century. 1996, p. 189.
  4. ^ HJ Wolf: Las glosas emilianenses otra vez , in: Revista de Filología Románica , Universidad Complutense, Madrid, No. 14, Vol. 1, 1997, pp. 597-604.
  5. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, pp. 13-16.
  6. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 16f.
  7. ↑ Artículo 5b de la Ley de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas y modalidades lingüísticas propias de Aragón. Retrieved June 3, 2013 (Spanish).
  8. ↑ El 'lapao' y el 'lapapyp', las nuevas lenguas oficiales de Aragón. Antena 3.com, May 9, 2013, accessed May 3, 2013 (Spanish).
  9. ↑ Aragó aprova la llei segons la qual i català Aragonès deixen de dir-se Aixi. (No longer available online.) Europapress.cat, Zaragoza, May 9, 2013, archived from the original on February 28, 2014 ; Retrieved May 19, 2013 (Catalan). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.europapress.cat
  10. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 17.
  11. ↑ a b Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 24.
  12. ^ A b c Teresa Echenique Elizondo, Juan Sánchez Méndez: Las lenguas de un reino. Historia lingüística hispánica. 2005, p. 177.
  13. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 25.
  14. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 24f.
  15. ↑ Teresa Echenique Elizondo, Juan Sánchez Méndez: Las lenguas de un reino. Historia lingüística hispánica, 2005, p. 178.
  16. ^ Francho Nagore Laín: Gramática de la lengua aragonesa, 1989, p. 38.
  17. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 30f.
  18. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 31f.
  19. ↑ According to Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio, an aragonism in Spanish, cf. Altos Estudios Eclesiásticos , § 26 in the google book search.
  20. ^ Francho Nagore Laín: Gramática de la lengua aragonesa, 1989, p. 40.
  21. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 33.
  22. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 33.
  23. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 33f.
  24. ^ Francho Nagore Laín: Gramática de la lengua aragonesa, 1989, p. 51.
  25. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 36.
  26. ^ Francho Nagore Laín: Gramática de la lengua aragonesa, 1989, p. 63.
  27. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 37.
  28. ↑ Torsten Sotta: Unity and diversity of the Aragonese dialects. A morphological and lexical study. 2010, p. 38.
  29. ↑ Language comparison based on the Our Father
  30. ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages ​​in Danger
  31. ^ Artur Quintana: The Codification of the Neo-Aragonesian Written Language, 1991, pp. 201-204.