Language comparison based on the Our Father
The “ Lord's Prayer ” is occasionally used in comparative linguistics to compare related language varieties .
Suitability for language comparison
The Lord's Prayer is particularly suitable for comparing related languages for several reasons:
- because in its original form it is as old as the Gospels according to Matthew and Luke and is therefore also documented in some extinct languages that are common ancestors of today's languages,
- because as an important part of the Christian liturgy it has been translated into the languages of almost all regions of the world where Christianity is rooted or where Christianization took place,
- because it contains passages with certain grammatical forms: conjunctive / subjunctive , (negative) imperative , relative clause , adverbial clause .
Conversely, since the overwhelming number of constructions does not appear in this prayer , a scientifically complete comparison based on the Our Father cannot be made, nor can only indications and examples of historical developments (e.g. sound shifts ) be found, but not proof for degrees of relationship.
Historical writings
In the 19th century in particular, the comparison of the world's languages and scripts using the Our Father was popular. Various scholars went around the world - partly on their own initiative, partly on academic or court orders - and reported on their observations and records.
Well-known representatives are Johann Christoph Adelung , Johann Severin Vater and Wilhelm von Humboldt with the work “Mithridates or general language linguistic” (4 vol., Berlin 1806-1817), Alois Auer von Welsbach with “Das Vater-Unser in more than 200 languages and Mundarten ”(Vienna around 1850, later expanded and distributed under the name“ Sprachenhalle ”) and Karl Faulmann with“ Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift ”(Vienna 1880, reprinted Nördlingen 1989).
Occurrence of the variations in practice
It should be noted that some of the dialectal and vernacular translations are not used in church practice, but were created for other reasons (e.g. local patriotism ).
In the Greek Orthodox Church, for example, the ancient Greek version is usually prayed, although there are also translations into the modern Greek dialects. Certain liturgical languages are also used in the Roman Catholic Church , so that in the “ Western Church ” prayers are still occasionally in Latin, although the respective national languages have dominated since the liturgical reform as a result of the Second Vatican Council . The variety of idioms and writing systems in the sphere of influence of the Russian Orthodox Church is also hardly apparent in everyday religious life, albeit increasingly since the collapse of the Soviet Union .
The multitude of variations also appears to be greater because in many regions changes are forced to take place as a result of political pressure, which often leads to the need to use a different writing system so that outwardly completely different versions actually try to represent the same spoken language. For some languages, such as Gothic , parallel versions are also given, which differ only in the graphics , in order to increase readability.
Comparison tables
The following languages are partly written in fonts that cannot be displayed by default on many popular operating systems . In the appendix there are web links to fonts with which the characters can be displayed correctly.
Comparison table of Greek and Romance languages
In addition to the Greek and Romance languages, this table also lists other languages:
- Albanian and Armenian because of the lack of other classifiability and relative similarity to Greek
- The Latin language because of its historical importance in the creation of Romance idioms
- Some planned languages based largely on Romance languages
In this respect, this table can also be viewed as "Graeco-Latin", as the other branches of the Latin language family have either died out too long to be able to formulate an Our Father, or at least are insufficiently documented.
language | Language area | First appearance approx. | Approximate center of the region | Our Father in heaven | Blessed be your name. | Your kingdom come. | Your will will happen | as in heaven, so on earth. | Our daily bread Give us today. | And forgive us our debts | as we also forgive our debtors. | And lead us not into temptation, | but deliver us from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Albanian | Albania a . a. | 1050 | 41 ° 20 ′ N, 19 ° 50 ′ E | Ati ynë që je në qiell, | u shenjtërofte emri Yt. | Ardhtë mbretëria Jote, | u bëftë dëshira Jote, | si në qiell, ashtu dhe mbi dhé. | Bukën tonë të përditshme epna ne sot, | dhe falna fajet tona, | sikundër dhe ne ua falim fajtorëve tanë. | Dhe mos na shtjer në ngasje, | por shpëtona nga i ligu. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Armenian ( Armenian script and Latin transliteration) | Armenia | -500 | 40 ° 9 'N, 44 ° 31' E |
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Koine (ancient Greek) ; † | Greece , churches | -800 | 35 ° 20 'N, 25 ° 8' E | Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς, | ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά Σου • | ἐλθέτω ἡ Βασιλεία Σου • | γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά Σου, | ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς • | τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον • | καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, | ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν • | καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, | ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Katharevousa | Constructed variant, usually not spoken | 1796 | 37 ° 59 'N, 23 ° 44' E | Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς | ἀς ἁγιασθᾐ τὸ ὄνομά σου • | ἀς ἔλθῃ ἡ βασιλεία σου • | ἀς γείνῃ τὸ θέλημά σου, | ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς • | τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς εἰς ἡμᾶς σήμερον. | Καὶ συγχώρησον εἰς ἡμᾶς τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν, | καθὼς καὶ ἡμεῖς συγχωροῦμεν εἰς τοὺς ἁμαρτάνοντας εἰς ἡμᾶς • | Καὶ μὴ φέρῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, | ἀλλὰ ἐλευθέρωσον ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ ἡμᾶς. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Modern Greek (two variants) |
Greece (in this language the Lord's Prayer is usually not spoken) |
1453 | 37 ° 59 'N, 23 ° 44' E |
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Tsakonic (two variants) |
Eastern Peloponnese | 1668 | 37 ° 30 'N, 22 ° 23' E |
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Pontic | South black sea | -700 | 41 ° 21 'N, 33 ° 46' E | Ουράνιε πατέρα μουν, | ν 'αγιάζ' τ 'όνομα σ', | να έρται η βασιλεία σ ', | το θέλεμα σ 'να' ίνεται, | άμον 'ς σον ουρανόν και σην γήν. | Τ 'αναγκαίον μανάχα ψωμίν εμούν δώσ' 'μας οσήμερον, | και σ'χώρεσον τα αμαρτίας εμούν | άμον το ο 'χωρούμε κι εμείς ατείντ'ς τ' έβλαψαν εμάς. | Μη θέκ'ς εμάς 'ς σον πειρασμόν | και απεμάκρυνον απ 'εμάς το κακόν. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Apulian griko | Apulia | -750 | 40 ° 9 'N, 18 ° 16' E | Patrimò pu stei stin ajèra, | pu n'ajasti o Nomà-su, | pu n'arti i Vasilìa-su, | Pu na jettì to telimà-su, | pos stin ajèra, jùs stin ghì. | Dòstu es emà to fsomì simmerinò. | Fsexorisò-mma tes amartìe-mma, | pos emì efsexorùme us addù, | ce na mi mas fèri es ton àscimo, | ce vlèfse-ma es pa 'kkakò. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cretan Greek | Crete | 1700 | 35 ° 13 'N, 24 ° 56' E | Αφέντη πού 'σαι' σ ουρανούς, | να 'ν' άγιο τ 'όνομα σου, | όντε θα 'ρθείς σαν βασιλιάς | το θέλημα σου ας γίνει | πάνω στη γής, ετσά απού 'ναι στα ουράνια. | Το σημερνό μας το ψωμί δόκε μας μονιτάρου, | τα λάθητα πού κάνουμε οι γι-απατοί μας σχώρνα | όπως κι εμείς τσι κάκητες των αλλονώ σχωρνούμε. | Μη βάνεις μασ σε πειρασμό κι από κακό μαργιόλικο | θε μου ξεμίστευγε μας. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cypriot | Cyprus | 1453 | 35 ° 2 'N, 33 ° 13' E | Badera mas is don uranon, | na ayasti do onoman su. | Na erti i vasilia su. | Well yini do theliman su, | obos is don uranon etsi je is din yin. | Dhose mas simmera do psumin mas do anangeon. | Je sihhora mas da ftesimada mas, | obos je emis sihhorumen jinus bu mas iftesin. | Je men mas feris se birasmon, | alla ghlidose mas bu do gagon. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Latin ; (†) | Rome , churches | -75 | 41 ° 53 'N, 12 ° 29' E | Pater noster , qui es in caelis, | sanctificetur noun tuum. | Adveniat regnum tuum. | Fiat voluntas tua, | sicut in caelo, et in terra. | Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, | et dimitte nobis debita nostra | sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. | Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, | sed libera nos a malo. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Portuguese (along with the Brazilian variant) |
Portugal u. a. | 1100 | 39 ° 52 ′ N, 8 ° 1 ′ W. |
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Crioulo | Cape Verde | 1500 | 16 ° 7 ′ N, 24 ° 2 ′ W. | Nos Pai qui é na céu, | santificóde bos nom, | bem'nu bos reinu, | feit 'vos vontadi | na terra modi qui na céu. | Pam nos di tudo dia bo da'nu odje, | bo perdon'nu nos ofensa modes | qui nos perdon ques qui nos ofendi, | e bo ca tchá nu caí na tentação, | ma bo livrá nu di mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Burgher | Sri Lanka | 1600 | 7 ° 35 'N, 80 ° 41' E | Pai nosse qui está ne céos, | santificádo seja tua nomi, | venho nós a tua Reyno, | seja fêto a tua vontade, | assi ne terra, como ne céos; | O pan nosse de cada dia nos dá ojo, | e perdová nós nosse dívidas, | assi como nós perdovamos nosse dividóris, | e nan nos desse caí em tentaçan, | mas livra nós de mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mirandés | Northeast Portugal | 1150 | 41 ° 38 'N, 6 ° 43' W. | Nôsso padre del cíelo, | santificado ye l tou nome, | víenga a nós l tou reino, | faga-se la tua veluntade | assi na tíerra como ne cíelo. | L nôsso pan de cada die da-ne-lo hoije, | i perdona las nôssas oufensas | como nós tamíen perdonamos ls que nos oufenden. | Non mos deixes caier na tentacion | i lhibra-nos del mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Galician | Northwest Spain | 800 | 42 ° 49 ′ N, 7 ° 39 ′ W | Noso Pai que is no ceo: | santificado sexa o teu nome, | veña a nós o teu reino | e fágase a túa vontade | aquí na terra coma no ceo. | O noso pan de cada día dánolo hoxe; | e perdóano-las nosas ofensas | como tamén perdoamos nós a quen nos ten ofendido; | e non nos deixes caer na tentación, | corn líbranos do mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Asturian | Northern Spain | 1155 | 43 ° 10 ′ N, 5 ° 40 ′ W. | Padre nuesu que tas en cielu: | santificáu seya'l to nome, | amiye'l to reinu, | fáigase la to voluntá | lo mesmo na tierra qu'en cielu. | El nuesu pan de tolos díes, dánoslo güei, | perdónamos les nueses ofenses | lo mesmo que nós facemos, colos que mos faltaren; | now mos dexes cayer na tentación, | y llíbramos del mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Extremadurian | Western spain | 1150 | 39 ° 28 ′ N, 6 ° 17 ′ W. | Pairi muestru qu'estás nel cielu. | Santificau seya el tu nombri | venga a musotrus el tu reinu. | Hágasi la tu voluntá | assina ena tierra cumu nel cielu. | Damus oi el muestru pan de ca dia | i perdónamus las muestras ofensas | assín cumu musotrus perdonamus a los que mos ofendin; | nu mos ehis cayel ena tentación | i líbramus del mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Castu | Western spain | 1921 | 39 ° 28 ′ N, 6 ° 17 ′ W. | Pare nuestru que estás nel cielu. | Santificau sea el tu nombri | venga a nojotrus el tu reinu. | Jágase la tu voluntá | asina en la tierra comu en el cielu. | Damos hoy el nuestru pan de cá día | y perdónamos las nuestras ofensas | como nojostrus perdonamos a los que mos ofenden; | no mos dejis cael en tentación | y líbramos del times. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Spanish | Spain and a. | 400 | 40 ° 25 ′ N, 3 ° 42 ′ W. | Padre nuestro que estás en el cielo, | santificado sea tu nombre. | Venga tu reino. | Hágase do voluntad, | en la tierra como en el cielo. | Danos hoy nuestro pan de cada día. | Perdona nuestras ofensas, | como también nosotros perdonamos a los que nos ofenden. | No nos dejes caer en tentación, | y líbranos del mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mozarabic ; † | Spain, churches | 500 | 40 ° 25 ′ N, 3 ° 42 ′ W. | Padre nuoso dal ciel | sanctificadu sia al teu nomne | venga a nos al teu reynu | ed faya-se al tua voluntade | ansi en al tierra quomo en al ciel. | Al pane nuostru de cada dia da-nos-lu huoi | e perdonad-nos al nuostras offensas | quomo nos autrossi perdonamos al qui nos offended | ed non nos layšes cadere in al tentatzione | ed liberad-nos dal male | ||||||||||||||||||||
Chabacano | Philippines | 1650 | 11 ° 52 'N, 123 ° 13' E | Tata diamon talli na cielo, | bendito el di Uste nombre. | Manda vene el de Uste Reino. | Ace el di Uste voluntad | aqui na tierra, igual como alli na cielo. | Dale kanamon el pan para cada dia. | Perdona el diamon maga culpa, | como ta perdona kame con aquellos tiene culpa kanamon. | No deja que ay cae kame na tentacion | Y libra kanamon del mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Zamboangueño | Southern philippines | 1650 | 7 ° 48 'N, 125 ° 7' E | Tata de amon talli na cielo, | bendito el de Usted number. | Manda vene con el de Usted reino; | Hace el de Usted voluntad | aqui na tierra, igual como alli na cielo. | Dale kanamon el pan para cada dia. | Perdona el de amon maga culpa, | como ta perdona kame con aquellos, quien tiene culpa kanamon. | No deja que hay cae kame na tentacion | y libra kanamon na mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Caviteño | Northern philippines | 1650 | 16 ° 58 'N, 121 ° 17' E | Niso Tata Qui ta na cielo, | quida santificao Tu nombre. | Manda vini con niso Tu reino; | Sigui el qui quiere Tu | aqui na tierra, igual como na cielo! | Dali con niso ahora, niso comida para todo el dia. | Perdona el mga culpa di niso, | si que laya ta perdona niso con aquel mga qui tiene culpa con niso. | No dija qui cai niso na tentacion, | pero salva con niso na malo. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ternateño | Ternate , Indonesia | 1550 | 0 ° 49 'N, 127 ° 21' E | Padri di mijotru ta allí na cielo, | quidá alabaó Bo nombre. | Viní con mijotru Bo reino; | Siguí cosa qui Bo mandá | aquí na tiehra, parejo allí na cielo! | Dali con mijotro esti día, el cumida di mijotro para cada día. | Perdoná quél mgá culpa ya hací mijotro con Bo, | como ta perdoná mijotro 'quel mga culpa ya hací el mga otro genti cun mijotro. | No dijá qui caí mijotru na tintación, | sinó hací librá con mijotro na malo. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Aragonese | Northern Spain | 800 | 41 ° 38 'N, 0 ° 47' W. | Pai nuestro , que yes en ozielo | santificato siga o tuyo nombre; | bienga ta nusatros o reino tuyo; | y se faiga la tuya boluntá | en la en a tierra como en ozielo. | O pan nuestro de cada diya da-lo-mos güei; | perdona las nuestras faltas | como tamién nusatros perdonamos a os que mos faltan; | no mos dixes cayer n'a tentazión | y libera-mos d'o mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Catalan | Northeast Spain u. a. | 900 | 41 ° 23 'N, 2 ° 10' E | Pare nostre , que esteu en el cel: | Sigui santificat el vostre nom. | Vingui a nosaltres el vostre rain. | Façis la vostra voluntat, | així a la terra com es fa en el cel. | El nostre pa de cada dia doneu-nos el dia d'avui. | I perdoneu les nostres culpes, | així com nosaltres perdonem els nostres deutors. | I no permeteu que nosaltres caiguem a la temptació, | ens deslliureu-nos de qualsevol times. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Majorcan | Balearic Islands | 1229 | 39 ° 37 'N, 2 ° 57' E | Pare nostre, que estau en el cel: | Sigui santificat el vostre nom. | Véngui a nosaltres el vostre rain. | Es faci la vostra voluntat, | aixi a la terra com es fa en el cel. | El nostre pa de cada dia donau-nos el dia d'avui. | I perdonau les nostres culpes, | aixi com nosaltres perdonam els nostres deutors. | I no permeteu que nosaltres caiguem a la temptació, | ans alliberau-nos de qualsevol times. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Valencian | Valencia | 1346 | 39 ° 28 'N, 0 ° 23' W. | Pare nostre que esteu en el cel, | siga santificat el vostre nom, | vinga a nosaltres el vostre Regne, | faça's la vostra voluntat | així a la terra com es fa en el cel; | el nostre pa de cada dia doneu-nos el dia de hui, | i perdoneu les nostres culpes | així com nosaltres perdonem els nostres deutors | i no permeteu que nosatres caiguem a la tentació | ans allibereu-nos de qualsevol mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Algherese | Alghero , Sardinia | 1400 | 40 ° 33 'N, 8 ° 19' E | Pare nostro, que sés en lo cel, | sia santificat lo teu nom, | vengui a nosaltros lo tou rain. | Sia feta la tua voluntat, | com en lo cel així en la terra. | Dona-nos avui lo pa nostro de cada dia, | i perdona-nos los nostros pecats, | així com nosaltros perdonem a los nostros enemics. | No nos deixis caure en tentació | ma llibera-nos de cada times | ||||||||||||||||||||
Aranese | Val d'Aran , Pyrenees | 1000 | 42 ° 48 'N, 0 ° 45' E | Paire Nòstre qu'ei ath cèl, | qu'eth tièu nòm sia sanctificat; | qu'eth tièu règne venga. | qu'era tia volontat sia hèita | ara tèrra coma ath cèl. | Dòna-nos agüèi eth nòstre pan de cada dia, | e perdona-nos es nòstres ofènses | coma nosàti perdonam es d'aqueths que nos an ofensats | e no nos deishes pas caure en tentacion; | mai deliura-nos deth malin. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Occitan | South of france | 800 | 43 ° 36 'N, 1 ° 27' E | Paire nòstre que siès dins lo cèl, | que ton nom se santifique, | que ton rènhe nos avenga, | que ta volontat se faga | sus la tèrra coma dins lo cèl. | Dona-nos nòstre pan de cada jorn, | perdona-nos nòstres deutes | coma nosautres perdonam as nòstres debitors | e fai que tombèm pas dins la tentacion | mas deliura-nos del mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Gaskognisch | South West France | 1000 | 43 ° 53 'N, 0 ° 30' W. | Pair noste qui ès dens lo cèu, | que ton nom se santifique, | que ton renhe nos avenga, | que ta volentat se hasca | sus la tèrra coma dens lo cèu. | Dona-nos uei noste pan de cada jorn, | perdona-nos nostes deutes | coma nosauts perdonam from nostes debitors | e hè que tombem pas den la temptacion | mès deliura-nos deu mau. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Provencal | South France | 1600 | 43 ° 32 'N, 5 ° 27' E | Paire nostre que siés dins lou cèu, | que toun noum se santifique, | que toun Règne nous avèngue, | que ta volonta se fague | sus la terro coume dins lou cèu. | Douno nous vuei noste pan de cade jour, | perdouno nous nòsti dèute | coume nous autre perdounan à nòsti debitour. | E fai que toumben pas dins la tentacioun, | may deliéuro nous dóu mau. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Nissart | Nice , south east France | 1800 ? | 43 ° 43 'N, 7 ° 16' E | Paire noastre que siatz en ciel, | Que lo voastre nom sigue sanctificat, | Que lo voastre rènho arribe, | Que la voastra volontat sigue facha | Sus la terra coma au ciel. | Donatz-nen ancuei lo noastre pan de cada jorn, | Perdonatz-nen li noastri ofensas | Coma perdonam en aquelu que n 'an ofendut. | Non nen laissetz sucombar a la tentacion, | Mas liberatz-nen take it easy. | ||||||||||||||||||||
French | France and a. | 842 | 48 ° 52 'N, 2 ° 19' E | Notre Père , qui es aux cieux, | Que ton nom soit sanctifié, | Que ton règne vienne, | Que ta volonté soit faite | sur la terre comme au ciel. | Donne-nous aujourd'hui notre pain de ce jour | Pardonne-nous nos offenses, | Comme nous pardonnons aussi à ceux qui nous ont offensés | Et ne nous soumets pas à la tentation, | Mais délivre-nous you mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Berrichon | Central France | 980 ? | 47 ° 5 'N, 2 ° 24' E | Nouestre Pere, che sias dins l'ou ciel, | vouestre nom siet santifia, | vouestre royame nous arribe, | vouestre volontà siet fold | a la terre, comme a ou ciel, | dona nous aujourdhui nouestre pan quotidien, | e perdona nous nouestros debits, | como nos outros pardonem a na quotiesque nous an offsa, | et ne nous laissa pas tomber dins la tentation, | mai delivra nous dou mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Jèrriais | Jersey Island | 1204 | 49 ° 13 'N, 2 ° 8' W. | Nouot 'Péthe qu'es au ciel | qu'Tan nom sait sanctifié | qu'Tan règne veinge | qu'Ta volanté sait faite | sus la tèrre coumme au ciel | baille-nouos aniet not 'pain d'la journée | et nouos pardonne nouos offenses | Coumme nou pardonne les cheins tchi nouos ont offensive | et n'nouos mène pon dans la tentâtion | mais délivre-nouos du ma | ||||||||||||||||||||
Picard | Northeast France | 980 ? | 49 ° 54 'N, 2 ° 17' E | Vous no Pa, qu 'vos ètes ô Cièl, | Qu 'vo nom sunche sanctifieu, | Qu 'vo rin.gne ariviche, | Qu 'tout chô qu' vos voleuz sunche fét | Dôchi, come é ôt. | Douneuz-nous ôjordwî eùl pin qu 'nos d' avons danjeu tous lès joûs. | Pardouneuz-nous chô qu 'nos avons fét d' mô | dë l 'min.me maniêre quë nos pardounons à lès ciuns qui nos ont fét du tôrt. | Èt fètes quë nos n 'sunche gneu ratireus pô djâle, | mès dèlèbèreuz-nous dou mô. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Walloon | Belgium a . a. | 980 | 50 ° 25 'N, 4 ° 26' E | Vos, nosse Pére , k 'est e cir, | Ki vosse no seuye beni, | Vegne li djoû k 'on vs ricnoxhrè come Rwè, | K'on vs xhoute | sol tere, come e cir. | Dinoz-nos ouy nosse pwin po l 'djournêye; | Fijhoz ene croes so tos nos måkmints, | come nos l 'fijhans avou po les måkmints des ôtes. | Ni nos leyîz nén aler a voleur må fé, | mins tchessîz l 'må erî d' nozôtes. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Rumantsch Grischun | Switzerland u. a .; a constructed script variant of the Romansh languages | 1982 | 46 ° 51 'N, 9 ° 32' E | Bab noss , ti che es en Tschiel, | sanctifitgà vegnia tes num; | tes reginavel vegnia tar nus, | tia veglia daventia, | sin terra sco en Tschiel. | Noss paun da mintgadi dà a nus oz, | ed ans perduna noss debits, | sco era nus perdunain a noss debiturs. | E n'ans maina betg en empruvament, | ma spendra nus dal mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sursilvan | Surselva Valley, Graubünden | 500 ? | 46 ° 44 'N, 9 ° 0' E | Bab nos qual che ti eis en tschiel, | sogns vegni fatg il tiu num, | tiu reginavel vegni tier nus, | tia veglia daventa | sin tiara sco en Tschiel. | Nies paun da mintga di dai a nus oz, | perduna a nus nos puccaus, | sco nus perdunein a nos culponts | e meina nus buc en empruament, | mobein spendra nus dal mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sutsilvan | Domleschg , Heinzenberg , Schams | 500 ? | 46 ° 44 'N, 9 ° 26' E | Bab noss, igl qual ca share it with Tschiel! | Sontg vigni fatg igl tieus num! | Il tieus raginavel vigni na tier nus! | La ti viglia davainti | sen teara sco to Tschiel! | De a nus oz igl noss pàn da mintga di! | A perdùna igls noss putgeas | sco nus pardunagn ear aglis noss culpànts. | A betga nus manar to ampruamaint, | ma nus spendra digl mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Surmiran | Oberhalbstein , parts of the Albula valley | 500 ? | 46 ° 36 'N, 9 ° 36' E | Bab noss, tgi te is ainten tschiel. | Santifitgia seia igl ties nom. | Igl ties reginavel vigna. | La tia viglia davainta | sen tera scu ainten tschiel. | Igl noss pan da mintgade dô a nous oz. | E pardun'a nous igls noss dabets, | scu er nous vagn parduno agls noss debituors. | Betg laschans crudar to malapruamaint, | ma spendra nous digl mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Putér | Upper Engadin , Bergün | 500 ? | 46 ° 37 'N, 9 ° 45' E | Bap nos, tü chi est in tschêl! | Sanctificho vegna tieu nom! | Tieu reginam vegna tiers nus! | Tia voglia dvainta | in terra scu in chel! | Nos paun d'iminchadi do a nus hoz! | E parduna'ns noss dbits | scu cha eir nus pardunains a noss debitaduors! | E now to the man in appruvamaint, | ma spendra'ns dal mel! | ||||||||||||||||||||
Vallader | Lower Engadine , Val Müstair | 500 ? | 46 ° 42 'N, 10 ° 6' E | Bap nos, tu chi est in tschêl! | Fat sonch vegna teis nom! | Teis reginam vegna nanpro! | Tia vöglia dvainta | sco in tschêl eir sun terra! | Nos pan d'iminchadi dà a nus hoz! | E parduna'ns noss debits, | sco cha eir nus pardunain a noss debitaduors! | E now to manar in provamaint, | ma spendra'ns dal times! | ||||||||||||||||||||
Corsican | Corsica | 900 | 42 ° 7 'N, 9 ° 8' E | Patre nostru chì sì in celu, | ch'ellu sia santificatu u to nome; | ch'ellu venga u to regnu; | ch'ella sia fatta a to vuluntà, | in terra cum'è in celu. | Dacci oghjeghjornu u nostru pane cutidianu; | è rimettici i nostri debbiti, | cum'è no i rimettimu à i nostri debbitori; | ùn ci induce micca in tentazione, | ma francaci da u male. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | Italy and a. | 960 | 41 ° 53 'N, 12 ° 29' E | Padre nostro , che sei nei cieli, | sia santificato il tuo nome. | Venga il tuo regno. | Sia fatta la tua volontà, | come in cielo so in terra. | Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano | E rimetti a noi i nostri debiti, | come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori. | E non ci indurre in tentazione, | ma liberaci dal male. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sicilian | Sicily | 1100 ? | 37 ° 37 'N, 14 ° 11' E | Patri nostru , ca siti nnô celu, | Fussi santificatu lu nomu vostru. | Vinissi n prescia lu regnu vostru, | Fussi faciuta la vostra Divina Vuluntati, | Comu nnô celu, d'accussì nnâ terra. | Ni dati sta jurnata lu nostru panuzzu cutiddianu, | E ni pirdunati li nostri piccati, | D'accussì niàvutri li pirdunamu ê nostri dibbitura. | E mancu ni lassati a cascari nnâ tintazzioni, | Ma ni scanzati dû mali. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Salentine | Salento region , southeastern Italy | 1100 ? | 40 ° 29 'N, 17 ° 44' E | Sire nesciu ca stai to cielu | Cu'bbessa santificatu lu nume tou | Cu'bbegna 'mprima lu regnu tou | Cu'bbessa semper fatta la Vuluntate toa | Comu to cielu cussì to terra | Dànnilu osce lu pane quotidianu nesciu | E perdunanni li peccati nesci | Cussì comu nui li rimentimu a li nemici nesci | E nu 'lassare cu cadimu' n tentazzione | ma 'lléandenni te lu male. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Tarantine | Taranto , Southeast Italy | 1000 ? | 40 ° 28 'N, 17 ° 15' E | Paternostre ca si 'jndr'à' u cìele, | cu ssia sandefecáte 'u nome tuje, | cu avéne 'u règne tuje | e ccu ssia fatta 'a vuledà toje. | cume jndr'à 'u cìele e nderre. | Danne ôsce 'u pane nuèstre sciurnalére, | then le dìebbete nuèstre, | cume nu 'le dame a lle debbeture nuèstre, | e no 'n'annùscere' ndendazzióne | e llìbberene d'ô male. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Neapolitan | Naples , Southwest Italy | 1000 ? | 40 ° 51 'N, 14 ° 15' E | Pate nuoste ca staje ncielo, | santificammo 'o nomme tujo | faje vení 'o regno tujo, | sempe c '' a vuluntà toja, | accussí ncielo e nterra. | Fance avè 'o ppane tutt' 'e juorne | lèvece 'e rièbbete | comme nuje 'e llevamme all'ate, | now nce fa spantecà, | e llevace 'o male' a tuorno. | ||||||||||||||||||||
North Calabrian | Calabria , southern Italy | 1000 ? | 39 ° 7 'N, 16 ° 33' E | Patre nuorru chi sta ntru cielu, | chi sia santificatu u nume tuoio, | venisse u riegnu tuoio, | se facisse a vuluntà tuoia, | sia ntru cielu ca nterra. | Ranne oje u pane nuorro e tutti i juorni, | perdunacce i rebita nuorri, | cumu nue perdunammu i rebituri nuorri. | Un ce mannare ntra tentazione, | ma liberacce e ru male. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Calabrian | Area of Mount Poro , Calabria | 1000 ? | 38 ° 36 'N, 15 ° 55' E | Patri nostru, chi si nt'o celu, | u nomi Toi u jè santificatu, | u veni u regnu Toi, | e pemm'u jè fatta a volontà Toi, | comu nt'o celu, cusì subb'a terra. | Dandi oi u pani nostru d'ogni jornu, | e càcciandi i debbita nostri, | comu nui nc'i cacciamu e debbitura nostri, | e no 'ndi portari nt'a tentazzioni, | ma libbaràndi d'u mali. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Catanzaresis | Catanzaro, Calabria | 1000 ? | 38 ° 55 'N, 16 ° 35' E | Patra nostru, chi si 'ntô cielu, | sia santificatu u noma toi, | ma vena u regnu toi, | e pemm'a vena fhatta a volontà toi, | comu'n cielu, puru ntà terra, | Danni oja u pana nostru quotidianu, | e cacciani i nostri debbiti, | cumu nui i cacciamu ali nostri debbitùri, | e u'unni lassara cadire nta tentazione, | ma lìbberacci d'u male. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cosentino | Cosenza , Calabria | 1000 ? | 39 ° 18 'N, 16 ° 15' E | Patre nùastru, ca si 'ntru cielu, | sia santificatu u nume tua, | venissa u règnu tua, | si facissa a vuluntà tua, | cumu aru cielu d'accussì sup'a terra. | Dùnani oji u pane nùastru quotidianu, | e cacciani i nuastri debbiti, | cumu nua ii cacciamu ari nùastri dibbitùri, | e 'un ni lassa' cada ntra tentazione, | ma lìbberani d'u male. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Reggino | Reggio di Calabria, Calabria | 1000 ? | 38 ° 7 'N, 15 ° 39' E | Patri nostru, chi ssi ntô cielu, | m'esti santificatu u nomu Toi, | mi veni u regnu Toi, | e mi si faci 'a volontà Tua, | comu ntô cielu, cusì 'ntà terra. | Randi oji 'u pani nostru d'ogni jornu, | e càcciandi i debbiti nostri, | comu nui nc'î cacciamu ê debbituri nostri, | e nno 'ndi purtari â tentazzioni, | ma libberàndi rû mali. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sardinian | Sardinia | 900 | 40 ° 5 'N, 9 ° 5' E | Babbu nostru , chi stas in sos celos, | Santificadu siat su numene Tuu; | Benjat a nois su rennu Tuu; | Siat fatta sa voluntade Tua | Comente in su celu in sa terra. | Dae-nos oe su pane nostru cotidianu, | Perdona-nos sos peccados nostros | Comente nois los perdonamus; | Libera da onji tentathione, | Libera-nos a male. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Venetic | Venice , Eastern Italy | 1300 | 45 ° 33 'N, 12 ° 5' E | Pare Nostro che Te si nei ciei | Sia santificà el to nome | Vegna el to Regno | Sia fata ea To vołontà | in tera so come ea xe fata nei ciei. | Dane unquo el nostro pan quotidiano | Rimeti a nialtri i nostri debiti | Come noialtri i rimetemo ai nostri debitori | E non sta portarne in tentathion | Ma liberane dal maigno. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Emilian | Emilia , Northern Italy | 1200 ? | 44 ° 44 'N, 10 ° 35' E | Pader noster , ch 't'ì in zil, | sia santificâ al to nom, | vegna al to regn, | sia fatta la to vuluntâ | com in zil anc in têrra. | Dazz'incù al noster pan per sustintameint | e dscanzella i nuster dêbit, | com nú i dscanzlein a qui, ch'ein nuster debitur | e en 'permetter ch'a z'arrindamn' alla tentazion, | ma liberez 'dal mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Bolognese | Bologna Province , Northern Italy | 1200 ? | 44 ° 30 'N, 11 ° 21' E | Pèder nòster, ch't î int al zîl, | ch'al séppa santifichè al tô nómm, | ch'ai véggna al tô raggn, | ch'ai séppa fâta la tô volontè, | cómm in zîl, acsé anc in tèra. | Dâs incû al nòster pan d ògni dé, | e dscanzèla i nûster dèbet, | cme nuèter ai dscanzlän ai nûster debitûr, | e brîsa lasèr ch'a cascaggna in tentaziån, | mo lébbres dal mèl. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Piedmontese | Piedmont , Northwest Italy | 1200 | 45 ° 5 'N, 7 ° 40' E | Pare nòstr che it ses an cel, | a sia santificà tò Nòm, | a ven-a tò regn, | as fasa Toa volontà | coma ant ël cel so an tèra. | Dane ancheuj ël pan ëd tuti ij dì, | përdon-ne ij nòstri dèbit, | coma noi i përdonoma ai nòstri debitor, | slontan-a da noi la tentassion | e ten-ne san dal mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ligurian | Monaco , western Italy | 1200 ? | 44 ° 25 'N, 8 ° 56' E | Poae nostro che be nei çê, | o vostro nomme seja santificao. | Vegna o vostro regno, | si faza a vostra voentae | comme in çê, cosi in taera. | O pane nostro quotidiano deeme ancheu, | e perdonè a noiâtri i nostri debiti, | comme noiâtri perdonemo i nostri debitoi, | e no ci lasciè cadè ne tentazion | ma liberateci da mä. | ||||||||||||||||||||
West Lombardy (Milanes) (traditional and modern graphics ) |
Northern Italy, Switzerland | 1200 ? | 46 ° 2 'N, 8 ° 55' E |
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Eastern Lombard (Bergamasc, traditional graphic) | Northern Italy | 1200 ? | 45 ° 42 'N, 9 ° 40' E | O nost pader che sé in siel, | as sies santificat ol tò nom, | al vegne ol tò rain, | al sies fac la tò olontà, | come in siel, so oh in terra. | Dam incö ol nost pà de töcc i dé, | e dunem i nos'c debec, | come noter on ghi duna ai nos'c debitur. | E fam mia borlà in tentassiú, | ma liberem del mal | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ladin | Northern Italy | 500 | 46 ° 32 'N, 12 ° 8' E | Pere nost, che t'ies en ciel, | sibe santificà ti inuem, | vënie ti rëni, | sibe fata ti ulentà, | coche en ciel enscì en tiëra. | Dànes encuei nosc pan d'uni di | y làscenes dò nosc debic, | coche nëus i lacion dò a nosc debitëures, | y no nes mené tla tentazion, | ma dlìbrenes dal mel. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Furlanic | Friuli , Northeast Italy | 1000 | 46 ° 4 'N, 13 ° 14' E | Pari nestri che tu sês in cîl, | che al sedi santifiât il to nom, | che al vegni il to ream, | che e sedi fate la tô volontât | sicu in cîl cussì ancje in animals. | Danus vuê il nestri pan cotidian | e pardoninus i nestris debits | sicu ancje nô ur ai pardonìn ai nestris debitôrs | E no stâ menânus in tentazion | ma liberinus dal mâl. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Triestino | Trieste, northeast Italy | 1800 | 45 ° 39 'N, 13 ° 46' E | Pare nostro che te son nei celi | che sia benedido el tuo nome | che vegni el tuo regno | sia fata la tua volontà | come in cel cussì in tera | dane ogi el nostro pan cuotidian | e rimetine i nostri debiti | come noi ghe li rimetemo ai nostri debitori | e no indurne in tentazion | ma liberine dal times. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dalmatian († 1898) | Dalmatia , western Croatia | 700 | 43 ° 31 'N, 16 ° 26' E | Tuota nuester, che te sante intel sil, | sait santificuot el naun to. | Vigna el raigno to. | Sait fuot la voluntuot toa, | coisa in sil, coisa in tiara. | Duote costa dai el pun nuester cotidiun. | E remetiaj le nuestre debete, | coisa nojiltri remetiaime ai nuestri debetuar. | A naun ne menur in tentatiaun, | miu deleberiajne dal mal. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Romanian | Romania u. a. | 1532 | 46 ° 10 'N, 25 ° 21' E | Tatăl nostru care ești în ceruri, | sființească-Se numele Tău. | Vie împărăția Ta. | Facă-se voia Ta, | precum în cer, așa și pe pământ. | Pâinea noastră cea de toate zilele dă-ne-o nouă astăzi. | Și ne iartă nouă păcatele noastre, | precum și noi iertăm greșiților noștri. | Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită, | ci ne mântuieşte de cel rău. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Istror-Romanian | Istria , Croatia | 1700 | 45 ° 14 'N, 13 ° 56' E | Tatã a nostru care es'ti în t'eru, | s-aiseascã nuam a Ta, | s-vinã amiraliea a Ta, | s-facã vrerea a Ta, | as'i cumu în t'eru, as'i s'i pisti locu. | Pânea a noastrã at'ea di tute dzâlele dã-nã o nau adzâ | s'i nã li iartã amãrtilili noastre | as'i cumu li iartãmu s'i noi unu a altui. | S'i nu nã du pri noi la cârtire, | ma nã aveagli di at'elu arãu. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Aromatic | South balkans | 1800 | 41 ° 2 'N, 21 ° 20' E | Tatlu a nostru cai hii n'țielu, | s'hibâ sâmtisitâ a tauu numâ | z 'v'inâ a tauu amirârilil, | s'hibâ faptâ a tauu volâ, | cacumu n'țielu acși ș'pri locu. | pânea noastrâ di tutti dzâlili dă-nu adzâ, | ș'nâ l'eartâ a noauâ alutusirli, | cumu l'irtâmu ș'noi a alutusițlor a noșțrâ. | ș'nu nâ du tru pirazmo, | ma nâ ascapâ di ațel malu. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Megleno-Romanian | Greece / Macedonia | 1400 | 40 ° 48 'N, 22 ° 25' E | Fendi a nostru cai hii n-țielu, | s-hibâ sâmtâipsitâ a Tauu Numâ, | z-v'inâ a Tauu amirârili, | s-hibâ faptâ a Tauu volâ, | cacumu n-țielu acși ș-pri zurâ. | Pânea a noastrâ di tutti dzâlili dă-nu adzâ, | Ș-nâ l'eartâ a noau alutusirli, | cumu l'irtămu ș-noi a alâtusițâlor a noșțrâ. | Ș-nu nâ du tru pirazmo, | Ma nâ difendi di ațelu malu. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | Planned language | 1887 | Patro nia , kiu estas en la ĉielo, | Via nomo estu sanktigita. | Venu Via regno, | plenumiĝu Via volo, | kiel en la ĉielo, tiel ankaŭ sur la tero. | Nian panon ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ. | Kaj pardonu al ni niajn ŝuldojn, | kiel ankaŭ ni pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj. | Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton, | sed liberigu nin de la malbono. | |||||||||||||||||||||
I do | Planned language | 1907 | Patro nia , qua esas en la cielo, | Tua nomo santigesez; | Tua regno advenez; | Tua volo facesez, | Quale en la cielo, tale anke sur la tero. | Donez a ni cadie l'omnadia pano, | E pardonez a ni nia ofensi, | Quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti, | E ne duktez ni al tento, | Ma liberigez ni del malajo. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Interlingua | Planned language | 1951 | Patre nostre , qui es in le celos, | sanctificate sia tu nomine; | que veni tu regno; | que sia facite do voluntate | sicut in le terra como in le celo. | Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian, | e pardona nos nostre debitas | como nos pardona a nostre debitores, | e non duce nos in tentation, | sed libera nos del mal. |
Comparison table of Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages
language | Language area | First appearance approx. | Approximate center of the region | Our Father in heaven | Blessed be your name. | Your kingdom come. | Your will will happen | as in heaven, so on earth. | Our daily bread Give us today. | And forgive us our debts | as we also forgive our debtors. | And lead us not into temptation, | but deliver us from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Latvian | Latvia | 700 | 56 ° 56 'N, 24 ° 7' E | Tēvs mūsu , kas esi debesīs, | svētīts lai top Tavs vārds! | Lai atnāk Tava valstība! | Tavs prāts lai notiek kā debesīs, | tā arī virs zemes! | Mūsu dienišķo maizi dod mums šodien! | Un piedod mums mūsu parādus, | kā arī mēs piedodam saviem parādniekiem! | Un neieved mūs kārdināšanā, | bet atpestī mūs no ļauna! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lithuanian | Lithuania | 700 | 55 ° 20 'N, 23 ° 53' E | Tėve mūsų , kuris esi danguje, | teesie šventas tavo vardas, | teateinie tavo karalystė, | teesie tavo valia | kaip danguje, taip ir žemėje. | Kasdienės mūsų duonos duok mums šiandien | ir atleisk mums mūsų cold, | kaip ir mes atleidžiame savo Kaltininkams. | Ir neleisk mūsų gundyti, | bet yellowėk mus nuo pikto. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nehrungskurisch ; † | Curonian Spit | 1500 | 55 ° 17 'N, 20 ° 58' E | Teve mūses, kur do it danguj, | Garbiets ir taue vards. | Lai nāke taue karelīste. | Taue vale nuoase | duoade ka is dange, ta ir us zeme. | Mūse diene maize duoade mums šuoadiene. | Ir paduoade mums must be cold, | Ka ir mes paduoadame mūsams kaltejams. | Ir nevede mums is pajundijuma, | Islidze mums nu piktume. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Old Prussian ; † (Version after Simon Grunau and in mixed dialect) |
East Prussia | 1350 | 54 ° 37 'N, 21 ° 23' E |
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Jatwingisch ; † | East Prussia | 700 ? | 54 ° 6 'N, 22 ° 56' E | Tâve Nusun, kas tû esei en dangun. | Sventintas virst tvajas emenis. | Pereit tvajâ rikê. | Tvajas kvajtas audastsin | kaigi en dangun, tît dîgi na zemien. | Nûsun dinin geitin dais nûmas shandeinan. | Be atverpeis nûmas nûsans aushautins, | kai mes atverpimai nûsaimas aushautenîkamans. | Be ni vedais mans en perbandasnan. | Sklait izrankeis mans aza visan vargan. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | Hungary a . a. | 850 ? | 47 ° 6 'N, 19 ° 14' E | Mi Atyánk , aki a mennyekben vagy, | Szenteltessék meg a Te neved, | Jöjjön el a Te országod, | Legyen meg a Te akaratod, | Amint a mennyben úgy a földön is. | Mindennapi kenyerünket add meg nekünk ma, | És bocsásd meg vétkeinket, | Miképpen mi is megbocsátunk az ellenünk vétkezőknek, | És ne vígy minket kísértésbe, | De szabadíts meg a gonosztól. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mansish | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Russia | 1868 ? | 61 ° 51 'N, 70 ° 3' E | One ault olep jegov! | Tak yelping laughed nag names; | tak jeimte nag naerlachen, | tak jeimte nag recognize | šemel mal chumle ault; | man šochen lat náńov majalen te chotel kaštel, | i chul'teptan manane man arentenov, | chumle i man chul'teptilov mank arenten charenovne. | I ul tulen manov krechne, | os uren manov asrainel. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | Finland u. a. | 1500 | 65 ° 3 'N, 26 ° 51' E | Isä meidän , joka olet taivaissa | Pyhitetty olkoon sinun nimesi. | Tulkoon sinun valtakuntasi. | Tapahtukoon sinun tahtosi, | myös maan päällä niin kuin taivaassa. | Anna meille tänä päivänä jokapäiväinen leipämme. | Yes anna meille anteeksi velkamme, | niin kuin mekin annamme anteeksi velallisillemme. | Äläkä saata meitä kiusaukseen, | vaan päästä meidät pahasta. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Meänkieli | Sweden | 1850 | 67 ° 28 'N, 22 ° 25' E | Meän Isä, joka olet taihvaissa! | Pyhitetty olkhoon sinun nimesti. | Tulkhoon sinun valtakuntasti. | Tapahtukhoon sinun tahtosti, | niin taihvaassa ko maan päälä. | Anna meile tänäpänä jokapäivänen leipä, | yes anna meile antheeksi meän velat, | niinko mekki annama antheeksi niile, joilta met olema saamassa. | Äläkä vie meitä frästaukshiin, | mutta pelasta meän pahasta. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Karelian | Karelia and Tver , Russia | 1500 | 64 ° 14 'N, 32 ° 39' E | Meijän taivahalline Tuatto! | Olgah pühännü sinun nimi! | Tulgah sinun valdu. | Tulgah tovekse sinun tahto | kui taivahas, mugai muan piäl. | Anna meile tänäpägi meijän jogapäiväine leibü. | Prosti meile meijän vellat, | kui müö prostimmo niile, ket ollah mile vellas. | Äl anna mile puuttuo muaniteltavakse, | a piästä meidü pahas. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Olonetzisch | Karelia and Tver , Russia | 1500 | 64 ° 14 'N, 32 ° 39' E | Tuatto meijän taivahalline! | Olgah pühännü Sinun nimi. | Tulgad Sinun valdu. | Roikkah Sinun tahto | kui taivahas, mugai mual. | Anna meile tänäpäi meijän jogapäiväine leibü. | Prosti meile meijän vellat, | kuin müö prostimmo niile, ket ollah mile vellas. | Äla vie meidü muanitukseh, | a piästä meidü pahas. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Komi (Syriac) (versions from 1870 and 1999) |
Russia | 1350 | 64 ° 15 'N, 54 ° 30' E |
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Komi (Permyak) (versions from 1870 and 2002) |
Russia | 1350 | 58 ° 52 'N, 56 ° 18' E |
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Udmurt table (versions from 1870 and 2001) |
Russia , Kazakhstan | 1300 | 57 ° 15 'N, 52 ° 49' E |
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Meadow mari | Mari El , Russia | 600 | 56 ° 38 'N, 47 ° 54' E | Memnan uziu ilimaret kiusiuluste, | tinin liumet volgu sestes, | tinin munduschu tools. | Tinin gerck ilies, | kusu i kusiuluste i ijulniu. | Memnon kedzen children puske malana ikelset. | I code malana memnon suiluk | kuse me kondena malano tuirulistiezij. | I tzurtij memnon i langoske | i utura memnan i jalaz. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bergmari (versions from 1870 and 1999) |
Mari El , Russia | 600 | 56 ° 12 'N, 46 ° 28' E |
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Erjamordwinian | Mordovia , Russia | 750 | 57 ° 39 'N, 41 ° 5' E | Менельсэ Тетянок! | Тонть леметь шнавозь аштезэ; | Тонть Инязорокс чить сазо; | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mokshamordvinian | Mordovia , Russia | 750 | 57 ° 39 'N, 41 ° 5' E | Менелень тетянок! | Шнавозо Тонть леметь; | топавтовозо Тонть мелеть; | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vepsian (Ishaira, Ladwa and Sheltozero) |
on Lake Ladoga | 1850 | 59 ° 58 'N, 31 ° 40' E |
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Wotisch | Ingermanland | 1700 | 59 ° 56 'N, 30 ° 40' E | Izä mede, kumpa olet taivaiza! | Pühättü olko nimes sinu; | liti-tulko sinu valtas; | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Estonian | Estonia | 1250 | 58 ° 41 'N, 25 ° 48' E | Meie Isa , kes Sa oled taevas! | Pühitsetud olgu Sinu nimi. | Sinu riik tulgu. | Sinu tahtmine sündigu nagu taevas, | nõnda ka maa peal. | Meie igapäevast leiba anna meile tänapäev. | Yes anna meile andeks meie võlad, | nagu meiegi andeks anname oma võlglastele. | Yes ara saada meid kiusatusse, | vaid päästa meid era kurjast. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Võro | Estonia | 1686 | 57 ° 51 'N, 27 ° 0' E | Mi Esä taivan, | Pühendüs saaguq sino nimi. | Sino riik tulguq. | Sino tahtminõ sinku | ku taivan, nii ka maa pääl. | Mi päävälikku leibä annaq meile taämbä. | Nink annaq meile andis mi süüq, | nii ku ka mi andis anna umilõ süüdläisile. | Ni saatku-i meid joht kiusatusõ sisse, | a pästäq meid ärq kur'ast | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Livian (versions from 1593 and 1870) |
Kurzeme , Latvia | 1200 | 56 ° 56 'N, 24 ° 7' E |
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North Sami | Norway , Northern Sweden , Finland | 700 | 68 ° 30 'N, 24 ° 21' E | Ačče min, don gutte læk almin! | Basotuvvus du namma; | Bottus du rika; | Šaddus du datto, | moft almest, nuft maidai ædnam alde; | Adde migjidi odna bæive min juokkebæivalaš laibbamek; | Yes adde migjidi min velgidæmek andagassi, | nuftgo migis addep min vælgolaǯaidasamek andagassi; | Yes ale doalvo min gæččalusa sisa, | mutto bæste min bahast erit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Inari Sami | Lapland , Finland | 700 | 69 ° 0 'N, 27 ° 53' E | Aätj miin, ki läh almest. | Passe läos do namma. | Aldanevos tu valdegodde. | Laos tu taatto | nut almest, ku ednamest | Adde miji udne miin juöhepäivatj laip. | Yes adde miji miin suddoit addagas, | nut ku miieh addep velkolatjitäme. | Yes ale tolvo miin kiusadussi. | Mum päste miin pahast. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Scoltsamian | Lapland , Finland and Russia | 700 | 68 ° 3 'N, 29 ° 20' E | Aätje mii, ku leäk almest. | Da passe leidsj tu nammat. | Da poatt tu tsarstvie. | Da leidsj tu vald | i maad aln, maht i almest. | Juokepävasj leipam uude mijid tan pävas. | I kuode mii much, | maht i mii kuodep mii vielklait. | I alle luosjt mijid klätjlumma, | a piääst mijid paasast. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kildin Sami | Kola Peninsula , northwestern Russia | 700 | 67 ° 59 'N, 34 ° 50' E | Адж мӣн, е̄ллей Альмесьт! | Святэ ля̄ннч нэ̄м То̄н; | оаннѣ пуадт То̄н Ланнѣ | оаннѣ ля̄ннч вӣгквудт То̄н | э е̄ммьне альн, ко̄ххт э альмесьт; | Ле̄йп, пэрьмусс пе̄рк, анѣт мыйе та̄ррмъенч пя̄ййва; | Э проашшей мыйе мӣн вӣлькетѣ, | ко̄ххт э мыйй проашшьепь вя̄ллктуввъетѣ мыйе; | Э ель анѣт мыйе мӣгкъюввэ мо̄джьтэ вуэсста, | ноа пе̄сьт мӣнэтѣ лухькесьт | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lule Sami | North Sweden , North Norway | 700 | 68 ° 50 'N, 20 ° 19' E | Áhttje mijá guhti le almen. | Ájlistuvvus duv namma. | Båhtus duv rijkka. | Sjaddus duv sidot | gåk almen, nåv aj ednamin. | Vatte midjij uddni mijá bäjvvásasj lájbev. | Yes luojte midjij suttojdimme ándagis, | nåv gåk mij aj luojttep mijá velgulattjajda. | Yes ale mijáv gähttjalibmáj lájddi, | ájnat várjjala mijáv bahás. |
Comparison table of Celtic languages
language | Language area | First appearance approx. | Approximate center of the region | Our Father in heaven | Blessed be your name. | Your kingdom come. | Your will will happen | as in heaven, so on earth. | Our daily bread Give us today. | And forgive us our debts | as we also forgive our debtors. | And lead us not into temptation, | but deliver us from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Breton | Brittany , France | 850 | 48 ° 8 ′ N, 2 ° 57 ′ W. | Hon Tad a zo en neñv, | Hoc'h anv bezet santelaet, | Ho rouantelezh means dimp, | Ho polontez bezet graet | Was to douar evel en Neñv, | Roit dimp hiziv hor bara pemdeziek, | Pardonit dimp hor pec'hedoù | Evel ma pardonomp d'ar re O deus manket ouzhimp. | Ha n'hon lezit ket da gouezhañ en temptadur, | Met hon diwallit diouzh an droug. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Vannetais | Vannes , Brittany , France | 900 | 47 ° 40 ′ N, 2 ° 45 ′ W. | Hun Tad e zou én nean, | hous hanù revou santelleit, | hou ranteleh digaset d'emb, | hou vennanté revou great | ar en doar él én nean. | Reit d'emb hiniù hur bara pamdiek; | pardonet d'emb hun péhedeu | él ma pardonamb d'er ré en des péhet dohemb, | pelleit azohemb luskeu er fallanté, | ha dioallet-ni doh en droug. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cornish (versions from 1870 and 1995) |
Cornwall , England | 450 | 50 ° 48 ′ N, 3 ° 54 ′ W. |
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Kernewek | Cornwall , England | 1904 | 50 ° 48 ′ N, 3 ° 54 ′ W. | Agan Tas ni , usi y'n nev. | Bennigys re bo dha Hanow, | Re dheffo dha Wlaskor, | dha vodh re bo gwrys, | y'n nor kepar hag y'n nev. | Ro dhyn ni hedhyw agan bara pub dydh oll; | ha gav dhyn agan kammweyth, | kepar dell avyn nyni dhe'n re na usi ow kammwul er agan pynn ni. | Ha na wra agan gorra yn temptyans, | Mes deliver ni a-dhiworth drog. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Welsh | Wales | 550 | 52 ° 1 ′ N, 3 ° 58 ′ W. | A Tad , yn y nefoedd, | sancteiddier dy Enw. | Deled dy deyrnas. | Gweneler dy ewyllys, | ar y Ddaear, fel yn y nef. | Dyro i ni heddiw a bara beunyddiol. | A maddau i ni a droseddau, | fel y maddeuwn rhai a droseddwyd yn a herbyn. | Ac phaid a dwy'n i brawf, | ond gwared ni rhag y ddrwg. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Irish (versions of 900 and 2000) |
Ireland | 350 | 53 ° 23 'N, 7 ° 56' W |
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Skye- Irish | Isle of Skye , Hebrides , Scotland | 350 | 57 ° 21 ′ N, 6 ° 16 ′ W. | Ar n-Athair a tha air nèamh, | Gu naomhaichear d'ainm. | Thigeadh do rìoghachd. | Dèanar do thoil | air an talamh mar a nithear air nèamh. | Tabhair dhuinn an-diugh ar n-aran làitheil. | Maith dhuinn ar fiachan, | amhail a mhaithea's sense of luchd-fiach. | Sàbhail sinn bho àm na deuchainne, | agus saor sinn o olc | ||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | Isle of Man | 1250 | 54 ° 15 ′ N, 4 ° 31 ′ W. | Ayr ain t'ayns niau, | Casherick dy row dty ennym. | Dy jig dty reeriaght. | Dty aigney dy row jeant | he y thalloo, myr te ayns niau. | Cur dooin nyn arran jiu as gagh laa. | As leih dooin nyn loghtyn, | myr ta shin leih lastsyn ta jannoo loghtyn nyn 'oi. | As ny leeid shin ayns miolagh, | agh livrey shin veih olk | ||||||||||||||||||||
Scottish Gaelic | Scotland | 1500 | 56 ° 48 'N, 4 ° 2' W | Ar n-Athair a tha air nèamh, | Gu naomhaichear d'ainm. | Thigeadh do rìoghachd. | Dèanar do thoil air an talamh, | mar a nithear air nèamh. | Tabhair dhuinn an-diugh ar n-aran làitheil. | Agus maith dhuinn ar fiachan, | amhail a mhaithea's sense of luchd-fiach. | Agus na leig ann am buaireadh sinn; | oh saor sinn o olc. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Shelta (old and modern version) |
British Islands | 1300 | 53 ° 42 'N, 4 ° 53' W. |
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Comparison table of Germanic languages
language | Language area | First appearance approx. | Approximate center of the region | Our Father in heaven | Blessed be your name. | Your kingdom come. | Your will will happen | as in heaven, so on earth. | Our daily bread Give us today. | And forgive us our debts | as we also forgive our debtors. | And lead us not into temptation, | but deliver us from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Gothic ; † (approx. 350, Gothic script and Latin transliteration) |
Gothic empires | 350 | 48 ° 20 'N, 6 ° 51' E |
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Old Saxon ; † | Northern Germany (Angling and Saxony) | 850 | 52 ° 22 'N, 9 ° 43' E | Fadar ûsa [...], thu are an them hôhon himila rîkea, | geuuîhid sî thîn namo […]. | Cuma thîn […] rîki. | Uuerða thîn uuilleo […], | sô sama to erðo, sô thar uppa is to them hôhon himilo rîkea. | Gef ûs dago gehuuilikes râd [...], | endi alât ûs [...] managoro mênsculdio, | al sô uue ôðrum mannum dôan. | Ne lât ûs farlêdean lêða uuihti sô forð an iro uuilleon […], | ac help ûs uuiðar allun ubilon dâdiun. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Old High German ; † | Germany u. a. | 750 | 49 ° 48 'N, 9 ° 56' E | Fater our thû thâr are in himile, | si giheilagôt thîn namo, | queme thîn rîhhi, | sî thîn uuillo, | sô her in himile is sô sî her in earth; | unsar brôt tagalîhhaz give us hiutu, | inti furlâz us unsara sculdi, | sô uuir furlâzemês unsarên sculdigon; | inti ni gileitêst unsih in costunga, | ûzouh arlôsi unsih fon ubile. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Middle High German ; † (after Reinmar von Zweter ) |
Southern Germany a. a. | 1050 | 49 ° 48 'N, 9 ° 56' E | God our father, that you are in the himelrîche violic everything that is you, | sanctified be dîn nam, | zuo müeze us komen the rîche dîn. | Dîn will be canceled | Here on the earth than in the heavens, | We give us our tegelîch brôt and whatever we are allowed to do. | Forgive us all of our debts, | so you want us to forgive through dîne hulde, whom we denote no harm, however greater it is: | before sins kor sô make us vrî | and also rid us of all evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||
German (New High German) | Germany u. a. | 1650 | 51 ° 0 'N, 10 ° 8' E | Our Father in heaven | Blessed be your name. | Your kingdom come. | Your will will happen | as in heaven, so on earth. | Our daily bread Give us today. | And forgive us our debts | as we also forgive our debtors. | And lead us not into temptation, | but deliver us from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low German , Münsterland |
Northern Germany, Northern Netherlands | 700 | 53 ° 26 'N, 10 ° 37' E | Use Vader in heaven. | Mogg but serve names that would be hillig brukt. | Dien Riek laot to us kuemmen. | Serve will if [...] there would be, | here up de Äer […] as bi the in'n heaven. | Watt wi daogsüöwer an bride bridge, giw us datt auk vandagg. | Forget us, how much leig's got there! | We will auk de nich watt naodriägen, well us watt andaorn häbbt! | Laot can't get close to us bad. | Never away from us, watts is not good. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ripuarian | Rhineland | 500 | 50 ° 56 'N, 6 ° 57' E | Uuse Vatte em heaven | Yehellic is to be your Naam. | Your kingdom shall come | Your will should passere, | in heaven like op d'r Äärd. | Weed every roof and brood. | We rejuvenate our guilt | suwie me dänne verjäwe, uus jätt jedonn hann. | Un makes uus net op de examination, | äwe lüüst uus from dämm Öwel. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Kölsch | Cologne and the surrounding area | 500 | 50 ° 56 'N, 6 ° 57' E | Our father in heaven | Things name welle mer hellich halde. | Di Rich let us worry. | Everything should be, like Do et hann wells, | em Himmel un op der Äd. | Jevv hück un all roof, wat mer bruche, för zo levve. | Un thunn us verjevve, wammer unraäch jedǫnn hann, | how och sea dęnne pardon wave that unraäch thin us. | Stop us, what a shame we can do | and save us from all battles | ||||||||||||||||||||
Thuringian-Upper Saxon ("Saxon", 18th century) | Saxony and Thuringia , Germany | 1500 | 51 ° 21 'N, 12 ° 23' E | Voeter uinse, you are in heaven, | Would be sanctioned dinn Noemen, | Dinn Rich, | Dinn will be done | like in heaven, oelsu on ears, | Uinse däjelich Bruäd p uins hitt, | Un vergepp uins uinse Schuild, | like me, | Un fire and not in contamination, | Special luins from Danish Eübel | ||||||||||||||||||||
Vogtland-Thuringian (transition dialect) | Berga / Elster , Thuringian Vogtland | 1500 | 50 ° 45 'N, 12 ° 10' E | Our Heavenly Father. | Your name should be sacred. | The kingdom should come. | What you want, that should be waarn | as in heaven druum, su aa aff dr earth. | Inferior fateful ace gave us (aa) cheer. | And gave us unnecessary guilt | su like aa me then vrgaam, who guilty of geecheniewer I wuurn sense. | And lead us to the search, | Then we wonder what up. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Transylvanian-Saxon | Transylvania , Romania | 1150 | 46 ° 57 'N, 25 ° 19' E | Foater besides the best em Hemmel, | covered verde deing numen, | get out of your way, | deing vell geschey | aff ierden as vey em hemmel, | except daily briut gaff from heigd, | ond fergaff out of fault, | vey me fergies other than owed ones. | Feir from nèt en fersechung, | saunderen exempt from the uvvell. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hessian | Hessen , Germany | 1550 | 50 ° 7 'N, 8 ° 41' E | Babba Unser, you are in heaven, | Healed be your name, | Dei Reisch kimme, | Your will be done | As in heaven, so on earth. | Give us our daily bread, | And forgive us our debts, | How I forgive our debtor | And don't lead us to temptation | clear us of evil | ||||||||||||||||||||
Swabian | Swabia , Germany | 1750 ? | 48 ° 47 'N, 9 ° 11' E | Father us in heaven | hallowed be dain Nama, | the kingdom come, | dai Willa g'schehe | like in heaven, so on Aerda, | Give our daily bread ice-cream | and give me a hard guilt | How I feel guilty | and go ahead with it | special fine ice cream from the Besa | ||||||||||||||||||||
Alemannic (Zurich) | Southwest Germany, Switzerland , Liechtenstein | 300 | 47 ° 33 'N, 7 ° 35' E | Öise Vatter i de Himel! | Often he should keep that name. | Choo must, diis Riich. | So he should, diin Wile, | as in heaven on earth. | Öises Broot, wherever you bruuch every day, give s öis hütt. | And forgive your guilt | how au miir öisne debtor forgive. | And for is nöd i nöösi Prüeffige, | Nai, save from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Bavarian | South Germany, Austria, South Tyrol | 950 | 48 ° 9 'N, 11 ° 35' E | Insa vådar in himö, | ghàiligt soi be dai 'nåm. | Dài 'ràich soi kema, | dài 'wuin soi gschegn, | wia-r-im himö, aso àf dar eadn. | Give into the hàind insa daily broud, | and vargib insar schuid, | wia-r-à mia dene vagebm, dé an ins schuidig wan sàn. | And fiar ins nét in d vasuachung, | sundan darles ins from ibö. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Bambergish | Franconia , Germany | ? | 49 ° 54 'N, 10 ° 54' E | Unsa Fadda in Heaven, | gheilichd should be your name. | The kingdom should be kumma. | Your will should happen | as in heaven so a af da Erdn. | Una daily bread give us haid. | And forgive us our debts | so I forgive my guilty party. | And let us not be tempted | sondan deliver us from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Yiddish ( Yiddish and Latin script) |
East Central Europe u. a. | 1350 | 52 ° 13 'N, 19 ° 23' E |
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Luxembourgish | Luxembourg | 1829 | 49 ° 45 'N, 6 ° 12' E | Ice cardboard in the sky | hellg sief there number. | Däi Räich should come. | Däi Wëll should appear | op der Äerd ewéi in the sky. | Gëff äis haut eist deeglecht Brout, | pardon ais ice Schold, | wéi mar och dene forgive, déi are an ice schold. | Féier äis nët an d'Versendung, | mä maach ais fräi vum Béisen. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania , USA a . a. | 1775 | 40 ° 51 ′ N, 77 ° 42 ′ W. | Unsaw Faddah in heaven | dei nohma loss is holy. | The realm loss kumma. | Let the villa loss be, | uf di eaht vi in heaven. | Unsah tayklich broht give us heit. | Un fagebb unsah shulda, | vi miah dee fagevva vo us shuldich sinn. | Un fiah us nice in diffusion, | avvah hald us fu'm eevila. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Plautdietsch | originally Vistula Delta , West Prussia | 1600 | 54 ° 9 'N, 19 ° 23' E | Ons Voda em heaven! | dien Nome saul Heilich jehoole woare. | lot dien Ritj kome; | lot dien wave […] jedone woare | opp Ieed jrod soo […] out of heaven. | jeff ons daut broot, daut like vondoag brucke. | Vejeff ons onse Schult, | soo like dee vejewe, dee veschulcht aun ons. | Brinj ons nich en Vesieetjunk, | oba bewoa ons from the Beese. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch (New Dutch, Protestant) | Netherlands a . a. | 1550 | 52 ° 12 'N, 5 ° 58' E | Onze Vader in de Hemel, | laat Uw Naam has been sanctified, | laat Uw Koninkrijk komen | en Uw wil been gedaan | op aarde zoals in de Hemel. | Geef ons vandaag het brood dat wij nodig lift. | Vergeef ons our debts, | zoals ook wij hebben vergeven as ons iets guilty of what. | En breng ons niet in beproeving, | maar red ons uit de greep van het kwaad. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch (New Dutch, Catholic) | Netherlands , Flanders | 1550 | 51 ° 4 'N, 5 ° 1' E | Onze Vader in de hemelen zijt | holy zij Uw naam. | Uw rijk kome, | Uw wil divorced | op aarde than in de hemel. | Geef ons heden ons dagelijks brood | en vergeef ons our debts | gelijk ook wij vergeven aan our debtors. | Sorry ons niet in bekoring, | maar raffle ons van het kwade. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Afrikaans | South Africa , Namibia | 1775 | 28 ° 26 ′ S, 20 ° 0 ′ E | Onse Vader wat in the hemel is | laat u Naam sanctified; | laat u koninkryk kom; | laat u wil […] geskied | ook op die aarde […], net soos in the hemel. | Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood; | en vergeef ons ons oortredings, | soos ons ook dié vergewe, wat teen ons oortree; | en laat ons never in the versoeking kom never | maar raffled ons van die Bose. | ||||||||||||||||||||
West Frisian | West Frisia , Netherlands | 1450 | 52 ° 40 'N, 4 ° 52' E | Us Heit yn 'e himel, | lit jo namme hillige, | lit jo keninkryk come, | Lit jo wil served | op ierde likegoed as yn 'e himel. | Jou ús hjoed ús deistich brea | en ferjou ús ús skulden | sa't wy ús skuldners ek ferjûn hawwe; | en lit ús net yn fersiking come, | mar ferlos ús fan 'e kweade | ||||||||||||||||||||
Low German (North Frisian dialect) | North Frisia , Germany | 1450 | 54 ° 43 'N, 8 ° 30' E | Our Vadder in Heaven: | Laat hillig warrn your name, | laat came your Riek! | Laat warrn your will, | so as in'n heaven, so uk op de eer. | Broot attacked us vundaag. | We forget our guilt | as we forgive doot, de schülli sin to us. | Don't let us warn you | maak us los un frie vun dat evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Anglo-Saxon ; † (Old English, around 1000) |
England | 450 | 52 ° 23 'N, 1 ° 4' W | Fæder ūre , þū þe eart on heofonum; | Sīe þīn nama ȝehālgod, | tō becume þīn rīċe, | ȝeƿurþe þīn ƿilla, | on eorðan sƿā sƿā on heofonum. | Ūrne ȝedæȝhƿamlican hlāf sele ūs tōdæȝ, | and forȝif ūs ūre gyltas, | sƿā sƿā ƿē forȝifaþ ūrum gyltendum, | and ne ȝelǣd þū ūs on costnunge, | ac ālīes ūs of yfele, sōþlīce. | ||||||||||||||||||||
English | United Kingdom & a. | 1700 | 53 ° 47'N, 4 ° 42'W | Our Father in heaven, | hallowed be your name, | your kingdom come, | your will be done, | on earth as in heaven. | Give us today our daily bread. | Forgive us our sins | as we forgive those who sin against us. | Save us from the time of trial | and deliver us from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Scots | South scotland | 700 | 55 ° 30 ′ N, 3 ° 21 ′ W. | Faither o us aa, bidin abune, | thy name be halie. | Let thy reign begin. | Thy will be dune, | on the erthe, as it is in Hevin. | Gie us ilka day oor needfu fendin | an forgie us aa oor ill-deeds, | e'en as we forgie thae wha dae us ill | as lat us no be testit, | but sauf us frae the Ill-Ane | ||||||||||||||||||||
Old Norse ; † ( runic and Latin script) |
Northern Europe | 800 | 60 ° 56 'N, 8 ° 16' E |
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Danish | Denmark a . a. | 900 | 55 ° 41 'N, 12 ° 34' E | Fader Vor , du som he i himlene! | Helliget vore dit navn, | come dit rige, | ske din vilje | Something in the background is also on the ground; | giv os i dag before daglige brød, | og forlad os in front of skyld, | as well as the loader in front of the skyldnere, | og led os ikke ind i period, | men fri os fra det onde. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Swedish | Sweden , Finland | 1550 | 64 ° 2 'N, 16 ° 29' E | Fader Vår , something i heaven! | Helgat varde ditt namn; | tillkomme ditt rike; | ske din vilja, | såsom i Himmelen så ock på jorden; | vårt dagliga bröd, giv oss idag; | also förlåt oss våra skulder, | såsom ock vi förlåta the oss skyldiga era, | och inled oss icke i frestelse, | utan fräls oss ifrån ondo. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk) |
Norway | 1850 | 66 ° 51 'N, 14 ° 54' E |
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Icelandic | Iceland | 1150 | 64 ° 57 ′ N, 18 ° 22 ′ W. | Faðir vor , þú sem ert á himnum. | Helgist þitt nafn, | til komi þitt ríki, | verði þinn vilji, | svo á jörðu sem á himni. | Gef oss í dag before there brauð. | Fyrirgef oss vorar skuldir, | svo sem vér og fyrirgefum vorum skuldunautum. | Og eigi leið þú oss í freistni, | herour frelsa oss frá illu. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Faroese | Faroe Islands | 1600 | 61 ° 53 'N, 6 ° 52' W. | Faðir vár , Tú, sum ert í Himli. | Heilagt verði navn Títt. | Komi ríki Títt. | Verði vilji Tín, | sum í Himli, so á jørð. | Gev okkum í dag okkara dagliga breyð. | Og fyrigev okkum syndir okkara, | so sum vit eisini fyrigeva teimum, ið móti okkum synda. | Leið okkum ikki í frestingar, | men frels okkum frá tí illa. |
Comparative table of Slavic languages
language | Language area | First appearance approx. | Approximate center of the region | Our Father in heaven | Blessed be your name. | Your kingdom come. | Your will will happen | as in heaven, so on earth. | Our daily bread Give us today. | And forgive us our debts | as we also forgive our debtors. | And lead us not into temptation, | but deliver us from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Old Church Slavonic ; † ("Old Bulgarian") ( Cyrillic and Glagolitic script and transliteration) |
Great Moravia | 860 | 50 ° 0 'N, 14 ° 38' E |
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New Church Slavonic | Slavic Orthodox Church , Eastern Europe | 1600 | 55 ° 44 'N, 37 ° 32' E | ... О́̕ч̃є N а́мъ, и́̕жє Є̕сѝ N а NБ̃ сѣ́χъ, | да ст̃и́тсѧ и́̕ма твоє̀: | да прїи́дєтъ цр̔̑твїє твоє̀: | да Б ꙋ́дєтъ во́ Λ ѧ твоѧ̀: | ѩ́̕кԝ N а NБ̃ сѝ, и̕ N а ӡєм Λ ѝ: | χ Λ ѣ́ Б ъ N а́шъ N асꙋ́щ N ый да́ждь N а́мъ д N є́сь: | и̕ ԝ̕ста́ви N а́мъ до́ Λ ги N а́шѧ, | ѩ́̕кԝ и̕ мы̀ ԝ̕став Λ ѧ́ємъ до Λ жикԝ́мъ N а́шымъ: | и̕ N є ввєдѝ N а́съ въ N апа́сть, | N о и̕ӡ Б а́ви N а́съ ԝ͆ Λ ꙋка́вагԝ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Russian | Russia and a. | 1800 | 63 ° 42 'N, 96 ° 9' E | Отче наш , сущий на небесах! | да святится имя Твое; | Да приидет Царствие Твое; | да будет воля Твоя | и на земле, как на небе; | Хлеб наш насущный дай нам на сей день; | И прости нам долги наши, | как и мы прощаем должникам нашим; | И не введи нас в искушение, | но избавь нас от лукавого. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ruthenian (Old Belarusian) † | Grand Duchy of Lithuania | 1350 | 52 ° 58 'N, 29 ° 11' E | Отч É NA ш що NA NÉБ і! | N E χ Á й свѧти́тьсѧ имѧ́ твоє́, | при́йд E ц Á рство твоє́. | N E χ Á й Б ү́д E во́ Λ ѧ твоѧ́, | ѧк NA NEБ і, т A к и NA ȝ E м Λ í. | Х Λ і Б NA ш щод ÉNN ий д A й NA м с Ё го́д N і. | И прости́ NА м довги́ NÁ ші, | ѧк и ми прощ Á ємо довѫ N ик Á м NÁ щим. | И NE вв E ди́ NA с ү спокү́сү, | A иȝ БÁ ви NA с од Λ үк Á вого. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Belarusian | Belarus (Belarus) | 1800 | 53 ° 58 'N, 27 ° 34' E | Ойча наш, які ёсьць у нябёсах! | Хай сьвяціцца імя Тваё. | Хай прыйдзе Царства Тваё. | Хай будзе воля Твая | й на зямлі, як на небе. | Хлеб наш надзённы дай нам на сённа; | і даруй нам даўгі нашыя, | як і мы даруем даўжнікам нашым. | І ня ўвядзі нас у спакусу, | але аслані нас ад злога | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ukrainian | Ukraine | 1800 | 50 ° 27 'N, 30 ° 32' E | Отче наш , що єси на небесах! | Нехай святиться Ім'я Твоє, | нехай прийде Царство Твоє, | нехай буде воля Твоя, | як на небі, так і на землі. | Хліб наш насущний дай нам нам сьогодні | І прости нам провини наші | як і ми прощаєм винуватцям нашим. | І не введи нас у спокусу, | але визволи нас від лукавого! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carpathian-Russian | Ukraine u. a. | 1800 | 49 ° 4 'N, 22 ° 35' E | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yugoslav-Russian | Serbia , Croatia | 1923 | 45 ° 31 'N, 19 ° 4' E | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Polish | Poland | 1136 | 52 ° 14 'N, 21 ° 0' E | Ojcze nasz , któryś jest w niebie | święć się imię Twoje; | przyjdź królestwo Twoje; | bądź wola Twoja | jako w niebie tak i na ziemi; | chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj; | i odpuść nam nasze winy, | jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom; | i never wódź nas na pokuszenie; | ale nas zbaw or Złego. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Silesian | Upper Silesia , Czech Silesia | 1400 | 50 ° 6 ′ N, 18 ° 31 ′ E | Uojcze nasz , kery jeżeś we ńebje, | bydź pośwjyncůne mjano Twoje. | Przińdź krůlestwo Twoje, | bydź wola Twoja, | jako we ńebje, tak tyż na źymji. | Chlyb nasz kożdodźynny dej nům dźiśej. | A uodpuść nům nasze winy, | jako a my uodpuszczůmy naszym wińńikům. | A ńy wůdź nos na pokuszyńy, | nale zbow nos uode złygo. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kashubian | Northern poland | 1450 | 54 ° 3 'N, 16 ° 50' E | Wójcze nasz, chteri jes v njebjesech, | svjêce sê jimjê twóje. | Przindze krolestwo twóje. | Bêdze wólo twója, | jak v njebje tak na zemji. | Chleba naszeho povszedneho daj nom dzis. | A wódpusce nom nasze vjine, | jak e me wódpuszczome naszim vjinovajcom. | A njewódze nas na pokuszenje, | ale nas zbavji wóde złeho. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Slowinese ; † | Northeast Pomerania | 1450 | 54 ° 9 'N, 20 ° 6' E | Otczé nasz szczo na nebi! | Necháj swjatíťsja imjá twoé. | Necháj príjde carstwo twoé. | Necháj búde wólja twojá, | jak na nébi, tak i na zemlí. | Chlib nasz szczodénnij daj nam sëgódni. | I prostí nam dowgí nászi, | jak i mi proszczáemo dowžnikám nászim. | I ne wwedí nas u spokusu, | a izbáwi nas od lukáwogo. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Polish ; † | Northeast Germany, Northwest Poland | 700 | 53 ° 26 'N, 14 ° 33' E | Aita nos , tâ toi jis wâ nebesai, | sjętü wordoj tüji jaimą; | tüji rik komaj; | tüja wüľa mo są ťüńot | kok wâ nebesai tok no zemi; | nosę wisedanesnę sťaibę doj nam dâns; | a wütâdoj nam nose greche, | kok moi wütâdojeme nosim gresnarem; | ni bringoj nos wâ warsükongę; | toi losoj nos angry wisokag chaudag. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lower Sorbian | Lower Lusatia | 600 | 51 ° 45 'N, 14 ° 21' E | Wóśce nas , kenž sy na njebju, | wuswěśone buź Twójo mě; | pśiź k nam Twójo kralejstwo; | Twója wóla se stań | ako na njebju, tak teke na zemi. | Wšedny klěb naš daj nam źinsa, | a wódaj nam naše winy, | ako my wódawamy swójim winikam. | A njewjeź nas do spytowanja | ale wumóž nas wót togo złego | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper Sorbian | Lausitz | 600 | 51 ° 11 'N, 14 ° 26' E | Wótče naš , kiž sy w njebjesach. | Swjeć so Twoje mjeno. | Přińdź Twoje kralestwo. | Stań so Twoja wola, | kaž na njebju, tak na zemi. | Wšědny chlěb naš daj nam dźens. | Wodaj nam naše winy, | jako my tež wodawamy swojim winikam. | A njewjedź nas do spytowanja, | ale wumóž nas wot złeho. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Slovak | Slovakia | 950 | 48 ° 45 'N, 19 ° 29' E | Otče náš , ktorý si na nebesiach, | posväť sa meno tvoje, | príď kráľovstvo tvoje, | buď vôľa tvoja, | ako v nebi, tak i na zemi. | Chlieb náš každodenný daj nám dnes | a odpusť nám naše viny, | ako i my odpúšťame svojim vinníkom. | A neuveď nás do pokušenia, | ale zbav nás Zlého, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | Czech Republic | 1200 | 49 ° 45 'N, 15 ° 35' E | Otče náš , jenž jsi na nebesích, | posvěť se jméno tvé, | přijď království tvé, | buď vůle tvá | jako v nebi, tak i na zemi. | Chléb náš vezdejší dej nám dnes | a odpusť nám naše viny, | jako i my odpouštíme našim viníkům | a neuveď nás v pokušení, | ale chraň nás od zlého. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Knaanisch ; † ( Hebrew script and transliteration) |
Czech Republic | 1100 | 49 ° 45 'N, 15 ° 35' E |
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Bulgarian | Bulgaria | 1450 | 42 ° 49 'N, 25 ° 27' E | Отче наш , Който си на небесата! | Да се свети Твоето име, | да дойде Твоето Царство, | да бъде Твоята воля, | както на небето, тъй и на земята; | насъщния ни хляб дай ни днес, | и прости нам дълговете ни, | както и ние прощаваме на нашите длъжници, | и не въведи нас в изкушение, | но избави ни от Лукавия; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Banat Bulgarian | Banat , Romania and Serbia | 1750 | 45 ° 34 'N, 20 ° 48' E | Otche nash, kojto si na nebesata, | da se sveti imeto Ti, | da dojde carstvoto Ti, | da ba'de voljata Ti | kakto na nebeto, ta'j i na zemjata. | Nasa'shtnijat ni khljab dai ni dnes, | i prosti nam da'lgovete ni, | kakto i never proshtavame na dla'zhnitsite si, | i ne ni va'vezhdaj v iskushenie, | no izbavi ni ot lukavija. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Macedonian | Macedonia | 1793 | 41 ° 40 ′ N, 21 ° 44 ′ E | Оче наш , кој си на небесата, | да се свети името Твое; | да дојде царството Твое; | да биде волјата Твоја | како на небото, така и на земјата. | Лебот наш насушен дај ни го денес, | и прости нѝ ги долговите наши, | како што им ги проштаваме и ние на нашите должници. | И не нѐ воведи во искушение | но избави не од лукавиот | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aegean Macedonian | Northern Greece | 1850 | 41 ° 7 'N, 22 ° 0' E | Oče naą, ąto si na neboto, | da se sveti tvoeto ime. | Da dojde tvoeto carstvo. | Da bide tvojata volja, | kako na neboto, taka i na zemjata. | Lebot naą nasuąen daj ni go deneska. | I prosti ni gi dolgovite, | kako i nie ąto im gi proątavane na naąite dolľnici. | I ne vovedubaj ne vo iskuąenie, | tyky izbavi ne od zloto. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bosnian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1631 | 44 ° 6 'N, 18 ° 1' E | Oče naš , koji jesi na nebesima, | sveti se ime tvoje, | dođi kraljevstvo tvoje, | budi volja tvoja, | kako na nebu tako i na zemlji. | Kruh naš svagdanji daj nam danas, | i otpusti nama duge naše, | kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim, | i ne uvedi nas u napast, | nego izbavi nas od zla. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Croatian | Croatia u. a. | 1400 | 45 ° 29 'N, 16 ° 9' E | Oče naš , koji jesi na nebesima, | sveti se ime tvoje, | dođi kraljevstvo tvoje, | budi volja tvoja, | kako na nebu tako i na zemlji. | Kruh naš svagdanji daj nam danas, | i otpusti nam duge naše, | kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim, | i ne uvedi nas u napast, | nego izbavi nas od zla. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Molise Slavic | Campobasso , Italy | 1500 | 41 ° 34 'N, 14 ° 40' E | Tata naš , ka jesi na nebu, | da bi bija sfe sfeti jima tvoj, | da bi doša tvoj kraljar, | da bi sa čila ono ka hoš ti, | na nebu a zgora sfita. | Daj nami naš kruh saki dan | a jam nami naše duge, | kaka mi hi jamivama drugimi. | A nomo nasa čit past na tendacijunu, | ma zdriš nasa do zlo. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Serbian | Serbia u. a. | 1400 | 44 ° 3 'N, 20 ° 52' E | Оче наш , Који си на небесима, | да се свети име Твоје | да дође Царство Твоје, | да буде воља Твоја, | и на земљи као на небу. | Хлеб наш насушни дај нам данас; | и опрости нам дугове наше | као што и ми опраштамо дужницима својим; | и не уведи нас у искушење, | но избави нас од злога. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Slovenian | Slovenia a . a. | 1000 | 46 ° 3 'N, 14 ° 30' E | Oče naš , ki si v nebesih, | posvečeno bodi tvoje ime, | pridi k nam tvoje kraljestvo, | zgodi se tvoja volja | kakor v nebesih tako na zemlji. | Daj nam danes naš vsakdanji kruh | in odpusti nam naše dole, | kakor tudi mi odpuščamo svojim dolžnikom, | in ne vpelji nas v skušnjavo, | temveč reši nas hudega. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Resian | Friuli Venezia Giulia , Northern Italy | 1850 | 46 ° 16 'N, 13 ° 14' E | Oggià nash cha ste tou Nebbe, | Svete bodi uvashe İmme, | pridi han uvasha Crajuscha, | bodi sdilana uvasha volunteer, | tachoj tou Nebbe pà sè nà Semgnì. | Dajtenan nash uvsachidigni Cruh, | anù otpustitenan nashe dolhe | taccoj mi odpushgiamo nashin dushnichen | anù ni pijtenas tou tentaziun | mà vibranitenas od hudaha. |
Comparison table of Indo-Iranian and Turkish languages
language | Language area | First appearance approx. | Approximate center of the region | Our Father in heaven | Blessed be your name. | Your kingdom come. | Your will will happen | as in heaven, so on earth. | Our daily bread Give us today. | And forgive us our debts | as we also forgive our debtors. | And lead us not into temptation, | but deliver us from evil. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sanskrit ; † ( Devanagari script and Latin transliteration ) |
India | -1200 | 21 ° 12 'N, 79 ° 9' E |
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Urdu ( Persian writing and transliteration) |
Pakistan , India | 1500 | 26 ° 49 'N, 75 ° 46' E |
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Kashmiri (Devanagari and Transliteration) |
India, Pakistan | 1250 | 32 ° 26 'N, 76 ° 49' E |
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Sindhi (Persian-Arabic script and transliteration) |
Pakistan ( Sindh ), North India | 700 | 24 ° 56 'N, 67 ° 1' E |
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Hindi (Dewanagari script and transliteration) |
India | 1000 | 21 ° 32 'N, 78 ° 19' E |
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Gujarati ( Gujarati script and transliteration) |
Mumbai u. a., North India | 1500 | 23 ° 7 'N, 72 ° 31' E |
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Farsi (Persian-Arabic script and transliteration) |
Iran u. a. | 900 | 32 ° 51 'N, 60 ° 33' E |
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Sinhala ( Sinhala script and transliteration) |
Sri Lanka | -250 | 7 ° 35 'N, 80 ° 44' E |
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Pashto (Persian script and transliteration) |
Afghanistan , Pakistan | 1550 | 31 ° 35 'N, 68 ° 23' E |
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Kurdish (Kurmanci) (Latin, Cyrillic and Arabic script) |
Kurdistan | 1250 | 36 ° 11 'N, 44 ° 1' E |
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Romani (modern standardized form) |
all of Europe and worldwide | 1200 | 49 ° 37 'N, 18 ° 49' E | Amaro Dad , savo san ade bolipe, | Teyavel arasno tiro lov, | Teyavel tiro rayan, | Teyavel tiro came. | Sir pe bolipe, ad'a i pe phu. | De a quantity, adadives, amaro sabdivesuno maro; | i khem a quantity amare dosha | sir i ame khemas amare doshvalenge; | i nalija amen ade perik | ne muk amen fuyipastar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ottoman Turkish ; † |
Ottoman Empire | 1000 | 39 ° 54 'N, 41 ° 17' E | Ey semâvâtta olan Pederimiz , | İsmin mukaddes olsun. | Melekûtun gelsin. | İrâdetin semâda olduğu gibi, | Yer üzerinde dahi icrâ olunsun. | Yevmî etmeğimizi bize bugün ver. | Ve bize suçlu olanlara bağışladığımız misillü, | Bizim suçlarımızı bağısla. | Ve bizi iğvâya god towers, | Lakin bizi şerîrden kurtar. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turkish | Turkey , Cyprus | 1000 | 39 ° 56 'N, 32 ° 51' E | Göklerdeki Babamız , | adın kutsal kılınsın. | Egemenliğin gelsin. | Gökte olduğu gibi, | yeryüzünde de senin istediğin olsun. | Bugün bize gündelik ekmeğimizi ver. | Bize karşı suç işleyenleri bağışladığımız gibi, | sen de bizim suçlarımızı bağışla. | Ayartılmamıza izin avoid. | Kötü olandan bizi kurtar. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gagauz (old Cyrillic and modern Latin spelling) | Moldova , Gagauzia | 1850 | 46 ° 18 'N, 28 ° 39' E |
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Azerbaijani ( Latin , Cyrillic and Arabic script ) | Azerbaijan u. a. | 1100 | 40 ° 32 'N, 47 ° 43' E |
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See also
- Indo-European languages
- Finno-Ugric languages
- Turkic languages
- Languages of the world (graphic)
- Paternoster Church, Jerusalem (107 mosaic panels in different languages with the text of the Lord's Prayer)
swell
Where there is no direct link to the source, the following media served as a source of information:
- The website christusrex.org
- Johann Christoph Adelung u. a .: Mithridates or general language studies . Berlin 1806-1817
- Karl Faulmann: Illustrirte history of writing . Vienna 1880, reprint Nördlingen 1989
Web links
- The "Mithridates" on Google Books
- Illustrated history of writing on Google Books
- The Struggle for a Bible in Modern Greek ( Memento of October 20, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) watchtower.org
Remarks
- ↑ “Byzantine writers report on Albanians as a population group and speakers of this language, e. B. Anna Komnena, for the first time in the 11th century. ”See: Albanian language # history
- ↑ "Old Armenian has existed in written documents since the 5th century." See: Armenian language
- ↑ "The term Ancient Greek encompasses language forms and dialects that were used between the introduction of the Greek script (around 800 BC) and the beginning of the Hellenistic era (around 300 BC) [...]." See: Ancient Greek language
- ^ "The first known use of katharevousa is in a work by the Greek polymath Nikephoros Theotokis, in 1796." See: Katharevousa in the English-language Wikipedia; see also: Katharevousa # development
- ↑ "The return to Greek, which was almost forgotten in the West, triggered among other things by the flight of many Byzantines to the West after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, was one of the main sources of the Renaissance and humanism." See: Greek language # meaning
- ↑ "H πρώτη μνεία τής διαλέκτου γίνεται το 1668 από τον Τούρκο περιηγητή Εβλιά Τσελεμπή, ο οποίος κατέγραψε λίγες λέξεις." See: Τσακωνική διάλεκτος in the Greek-speaking Wikipedia
- ↑ “In the 8th century BC BC Greek trading posts on the Pontic coast began to develop into permanent settlements. ”See: Pontic Greeks # pre-Christian times
- ↑ "[...] that the roots of Griko go back to antiquity, when Greeks in the 8th century BC. Founded colonies in southern Italy. ”See: Griko
- ↑ see: Greek language # history
- ↑ see "Modern Greek"; "Meanwhile, in some parts of the country - z. B. […] in Cyprus - spoken idioms so far from the standard language that one speaks of modern Greek dialects ”, see: Modern Greek language # Today's language forms
- ↑ "Classical Latin (75 BC - 2nd century AD)", see: Latin # Antiquity
- ↑ "The earliest evidence of a written form of the Portuguese language is" Cancioneiros "from the time around 1100." see: Portuguese language # Rise of the Portuguese language
- ↑ “The settlement of the archipelago began with a small Portuguese military station in 1461 on the main island of Santiago and on the island of Fogo. In 1532 an independent diocese was established. With the dispatch of a governor general, the island received official status as a Portuguese colony. ”See: Cape Verde # history
- ^ "Portugal first conquered the coastal regions of the island in 1518." See: Sri Lanka # Colonial times
- ↑ "The independent development of this language began in the middle of the 12th century." See: Mirandés
- ↑ "From the 8th century onwards there were possibly the two parallel language systems Latin and Galician." See: Galician language # Origin of the Galician language
- ↑ "Nes Domines vinientes (winless XI-XIV) los escritos de l'Alministración (actes, fueros, Donaciones ...) facíense dafechu n'asturianu, d'estos caltiénense munchos. Ún de los más importantes ye'l Fueru d'Avilés (1155) ”, see: Asturianu in the Asturian-language Wikipedia
- ↑ "La Estremaura ociental hue arreconquistá pol Reinu Lión, siendu el astulionés el dialeutu estóricu latinu gastau polos repuebraoris, que esmiençarun cola repuebración la atual zona artustremeña alreol el sigru XII." See: Luenga estreme in the Wikipedia extreme
- ↑ "Castúo, denominación acuñada por el poeta extremeño Luis Chamizo Trigueros, natural de Guareña, provincia de Badajoz cuando en 1921 publicó su libro de poemas El Miajón de los Castúos", see: Castúo in the Spanish language Wikipedia
- ↑ "When the Goths invade Spain in 414, Latin was already spoken with a local coloring on the entire peninsula." See: Spanish language # Germanic influence
- ↑ “5. up to the 8th century to the end of the 15th century ”, see: Mozarabic language
- ↑ "Chabacano came from the Spice Islands to the Philippines in the 17th century and is now the first language of around 607,000 speakers." See: Chabacano
- ↑ see "Chabacano", because: "The other variations that refer to Cebuano as a substrate are Zamboangueño (common in Zamboanga City), Davaoeño (used in areas of Davao), and Cotabateño, which is spoken in Cotabato City." see: Chabacano # facts and spread
- ↑ see “Chabacano”, because: “It is also used in some areas of the provinces Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, in Cavite, Davao and in Cotabato.” See: Chabacano # facts and distribution
- ↑ “In 1513 a Portuguese trading post was established. Later it was sailors who came over briefly from the nearby island of Tidore on November 6, 1521 during Ferdinand Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world. ”See: Ternate # story
- ↑ "L'aragonés naxió alredol d'o sieglo VIII como uno d'os muitos dialeutos d'o Latín desembolicatos en os Perineus zentrals y norte, y este de a Bal de l'Ebro en os autuals: Rioxa, Sur Este y de Nabarra, Alto Aragón. ”See: Idioma aragonés in the Aragonese language Wikipedia
- ↑ "Catalan words can already be found in Latin texts of the 9th century", see: Catalan language # history
- ↑ "El canvi de la població a Mallorca per la colonització catalana a partir de 1229 representà l'arraconament de la població autòctona capaç de transmission les restes de les llengües anteriors", see: Mallorquí in the Catalan language Wikipedia
- ↑ "s'ha trobat una referència anterior, un procés judicial de Menorca contra Gil de Lozano, datat entre 1343 i 1346, en el què es diu que la mare de l'acusat, Sibila, parlava valencianesch perquè era d'Oriola." see: Valencià in the Catalan language Wikipedia
- ↑ “A finals de 1354, la població queda molt reduïda per la fam, després de mig any de setge, i els resistents algueresos són expulsats o esclavitzats. És per això que fins fa relativament poc la llengua majoritària de la ciutat era el català ”, see: Alghero # history
- ↑ see “Gaskognisch”, because: “The Aranese language [...] is a variant of Gascognic”, see: Aranese language
- ↑ "cèrtas regions occitanas perifericas (dins los Pirenèus) aurián poscut èsser latinizadas, o may romanizadas, as sègles VIII e IX apC." See: Occitan in the Occitan-language Wikipedia
- ↑ “jusqu'au IXe ou Xe siècle, où le proto-basque résista de façon plus ou moins importante à l'imprégnation du latin. Finalement le dialecte aquitain, ancêtre du basque actuel, se trouve repoussé au sud du territoire, tandis que le gascon, ‹aquitain-latinisé› recouvre le reste du triangle Garonne / Gironde - Océan - Pyrénées. ”See: Gascon in the French-language Wikipedia
- ↑ “La plupart des caractéristiques linguistiques dont la somme est specifique du provençal apparaissent dès le Moyen-Age et se confirment à partir du XVIe siècle”, see: Provençal (dialecte) in the French-language Wikipedia
- ↑ "Due to the history of the county of Nice, which was administratively separated from Provence between 1388 and 1860, the Nice language contains archaic forms of expression from the Middle Ages, which existed in the Old Provencal language and which were influenced by the historical influences of the respective official languages, Italian and Italian . French are coined. ”See: Nissart
- ↑ "The first documents that are assigned to the French language are the Strasbourg oaths, which were written in 842 in both Old French and Old High German." See: French language # Further development in the Middle Ages
- ↑ a b estimated information based on Walloon: "oil: francien, normand, champenios, picard, wallon, lorrain, angevin, poitevin, berrichon." From: Introduction to French Linguistics ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)
- ^ "En 933 Jersey fut incorporé dans le territoire du duché de Normandie. Le normand est arrivé, mais le début d'un développement autonomous devait attendre the division de la Normandie en 1204. “From: Jersiais in the French-language Wikipedia
- ^ "Li walon a skepyî diviè l '11inme sieke, pa les contaks todi pus shuvous des djins ki dmorént so totes les teres romandes del nouve principåté d' Lidje. Cisse-ciale aveut divnou on dislaxhî payis a dater do 6 di djanvî 980, del volté da Notdjî kel sitinda ene miete di tos les costés. ”See: Walon in the Walloon language Wikipedia
- ↑ "Rumantsch Grischun (RG), is the common written language of the Rhaeto-Romans of Graubünden, developed in 1982 by Heinrich Schmid on the initiative of the then General Secretary of the Lia Rumantscha, Bernard Cathomas, which has served as the official Romance language at canton level since 2001. “See: Rumantsch Grischun
- ↑ estimated according to: “Originally, today's area of distribution of the Graubünden Romance language was inhabited by Celts and, presumably only in the very east of Graubünden, by Raetians. [...] These peoples were killed during the Alpine campaign of 15 BC. Subjugated by the Romans, who brought Latin to the subject areas. [...] From the 8th / 9th In the 19th century the region came under Germanic-speaking influence. ... “From: Bündnerromanisch # Geschichte
- ↑ see “Sursilvan”, because: “Dialects attributed to Sutselvic are also spoken in the Imboden region (Rhaeto-Romanic: Plaun), but Surselvic serves as the written language there.” See: Sutselvic language
- ↑ a b c see "Sursilvan", because "[...] different idioms have developed that can be divided into five groups: Sursilvan [...], Sutsilvan [...], Surmiran [...], Putér [...], Vallader" , from: Rhaeto-Romanic # distribution area
- ↑ a b "The linguistic unity with the closely related language of Sardinia broke up from the 9th century, when both islands came under different influences." See: Corsican language # history
- ↑ "Around the year 1200 the Brothers of the Sword, the Teutonic Order and the Livonian Order subordinate to it conquered Livonia." See History of the Liv language
- ↑ estimated from: “As a result of the migration of peoples, the Saxon tribe - and thus also its language - spread to the south, south-west and to England. The Saxons that remained on the continent were called "Old Saxons" by Beda Venerabilis - hence the name "Old Saxon" for the oldest level of the Low German language. "From: Low German Language # Language History
- ↑ "Beda Venerabilis (Eng. Beda the Venerable, Eng. The Venerable Bede) (* around 673 near Wearmouth in Northumbria; † May 26, 735 Jarrow Monastery) was an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine monk, theologian and historian." See: Beda Venerabilis
- ↑ "Современный русский язык (стандартный вариант, в русской традиции известный как литературный язык) сформировался примерно на рубеже XVIII-XIX веков на базе московского диалекта." See: Русский язык in Russian-language Wikipedia
- ↑ “The history of Ruthenian begins in the 14th century, when the western part of the East Slavic language area fell to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania” , see Ruthenian language
- ↑ “The first work is an anonymous translation of the Aeneid from 1812 to 1830, Eneida nawywarat“ Aeneid reversed ””, see: Belarusian language # In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
- ↑ "Towards the end of the 18th century, besides the previously common Church Slavonic, a written Ukrainian language and literature derived from the vernacular developed." See: Ukrainian language # history
- ↑ estimated from: “Historically, the independence of Russian compared to Ukrainian can be explained by the fact that the Russians lived in the Hungarian part of the empire, the Ukrainians in Austrian Galicia. This is already indicated by the title of the "Reussian-Hungarian or Magyar grammar" (Русько-угорска їлї мадярска Граматїка) by Ivan Fohoraschi (1833). ”See: Karpato-Russian language
- ↑ "Yugoslav Russian (Russian бачваньска руска бешеда [batschwanska ruska bescheda]) is spoken today by just over 20,000 people in the Serbian Vojvodina and in Croatian Slavonia, but it was already spoken in 1923 in the grammar of Hawrijil Kosteln." : Yugoslav-Russian language
- ↑ "The oldest Polish written documents known today are names and glosses in Latin documents, especially in the Bull of Gniezno of Pope Innocent II of 1136, in which almost 400 individual Polish names of places and people appear." See: Polish language # history
- ↑ "Za pjyrše, mjano ligwa Sleziana (ślůnsko godka) překozauo Se we chrůńice jydnygo žagańskygo kloštora, mjanowanyj Catalogus abbatum Saganensium a kero za uostaua naškryflano XIV wjeka (postřůd rokůma 1392 a 1422)." See: Ślůnsko godka in schlesischsprachigen Wikipedia
- ↑ "Kashubian has been written since the 15th century - in Latin script and based on the example of Polish orthography.", See: Kashubian language
- ↑ see “Kashubian”, because: “Whether the Slowinese language was a separate language or can be viewed as a dialect of the Kashubian language is disputed.” See: Slowinese language
- ↑ "Polabic is the name given to the languages of the West Slavic tribes that have populated areas of today's north-east Germany and north-west Poland since the 7th century." See: Polabian language
- ↑ a b "The history of Sorbian in Germany begins with the migration of peoples around the 6th century." See: Sorbian language # history
- ↑ "Slovak came into being in the 10th century after the fall of the Great Moravian Empire from the language of the Slověne", see: Slovak language # history
- ↑ "The first evidence of the Old Czech language are religious songs and short texts, so-called glosses, from the 12th and 13th centuries." See: Czech language # history
- ↑ "Such Slavic-speaking Jews existed especially in the Kievan Rus in the 11th to 13th centuries." See: Knaanisch
- ^ "New Bulgarian period (since the 15th century)", see: Bulgarian language # history and characteristics
- ↑ “A group of predominantly Catholic Bulgarians fled to the Banat in the 18th century after a failed uprising against the Ottomans. Its south-west Bulgarian dialect gradually became a microliterature language due to the spatial and political separation from standard Bulgarian. ”See: Banat Bulgarian # Origin
- ^ "The first printed work that included Macedonian texts was a multilingual 'conversational manual", printed during the Ottoman era. It was published in 1793 and contained texts written by a priest in the dialect of the Ohrid region of Macedonia. ”See: History of the Macedonian language in the English language Wikipedia
- ^ "The first written traditions are religious texts from the middle of the 19th century based on the dialects of the respective region", see: Aegean-Macedonian language
- ↑ "The first Bosnian dictionary was a Bosnian-Turkish dictionary by Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi from 1631." see: Bosnian language # history
- ↑ "The first book written entirely in the štokavian dialect is the Vatikanski hrvatski molitvenik (Vatican Croatian prayer book), which was written in Dubrovnik around the year 1400." see: Croatian language # history
- ↑ "500 years ago, their ancestors immigrated from the basin of the Neretva River, which is partly in southern Croatia, partly in southwest Herzegovina, into the Molise, possibly speaking a štokavian-ikavic dialect" and "This speaks for the assumed time of emigration complete absence of tumults with Ottoman expansion as a terminus ante quem. The lack of the genitive plural ending -ā, which does not occur before the 16./17. Century developed in Croatia “, see: Moliseslav language # Origins
- ↑ see “Croatian”, because: “The history of the South Slavic peoples and consequently also the South Slavic languages ran over centuries in the field of literature and language development due to the more than 500 years of different affiliations of the majority of Serbs to the Ottoman Empire and the majority of the Croatians to Austria-Hungarians largely separated from each other. ”See: Serbo-Croatian language # history
- ↑ “The earliest Slovenian text documents are the 'Brižinski spomeniki' (Freising monuments), which were found in Freising, Bavaria. This mixture of homiletic and liturgical scriptures was probably an episcopal manual. It is assumed that the Freising monument dates from around 1000 AD. ”See: Slovenian language # history
- ^ "Religious texts appeared in Resian as early as the 19th century", see: Resian
- ↑ "The origin is to 1200 BC. Dated ", see: Sanskrit
- ↑ estimated from: "Urdu (اردو) is an Indo-European language that originated in the period of the Sultanate of Delhi and the Mughal Empire on the South Asian subcontinent (Pakistan, India)." See: Urdu
- ^ "Kashmiri literature dates back to over 750 years", see: Kashmiri language in the English language Wikipedia
- ^ "[...] even before the advent of Islam in Sindh (711 AD), the language was prevalent in the region." See: Sindhi language in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ "Hindi emerged as a local dialect, like Braj, Awadhi and finally Khari Boli after the turn of the 10th century." See: Hindi # origin
- ↑ "Middle Gujarati (1500-1800 AD), split off from Rajasthani", see: Gujarati language in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ "New Persian developed up to the 9th century as the international standard language of Central and Southwest Asia." See: Persian language # The New Persian
- ↑ “The first Sinhalese inscriptions are from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. Known ", see: Sinhalese language # history
- ↑ "The first written records of Pashto are believed to date from the sixteenth century and consist of an account of Sheikh Mali's conquest of Swat." From: The History of Pashto language afghan-network.net
- ↑ "The first records of modern Kurdish can be found in the holy book of the Yezidi with the title Mişefa Reş (Black Book), it was written in the 13th century by Shaykh Adi's son in Kurmanji." See: Kurdish language # Middle Ages and Modern Times
- ↑ "Romani has thus developed independently of other Indian languages for more than 800 years", see: Romani # origins and dialects
- ↑ see: Ottoman language # history
- ↑ "Mahmud al-Kashghari wrote his monumental" Collection of the Dialects of the Turks "in the 11th century, see: Turkish language # history
- ↑ "Azerbaijani developed together with Ottoman from the 11th century." See: Azerbaijani language # History and alphabets
Individual evidence
- ↑ "The primo documento sicuro di uso di un volgare italiano è invece un placito notarile, conservato nell'abbazia di Montecassino, proveniente dal territorio di Benevento e risalente al 960", from: Lingua italiana in the Italian language Wikipedia
- ↑ estimated from "Versu lu 1000 tutta l'Italia miridiunali, cumprisa la Sicilia, era n'ammiscata cumplessa di nichi stati, di lingui, riliggiuni e pòpuli. […] Era nta stu cuntestu ca li nurmanni si cci traseru nnâ storia di l'Italia miridiunali pûn nùmmuru sempri criscenti duranti la prima mitati dû sèculu XI. […] Ruggeru avìa bisognu di na trintina d'anni pi cumpritari la cunquista dâ Sicilia (Rubbertu murìu ntô 1085). D'accussì, accuminzau arreri la latinizzazzioni e la cristianizzazzioni dâ Sicilia. “From: Lingua siciliana in the Sicilian Wikipedia
- ↑ see “Sicilian”, because: “The Italian dialect that is spoken in Salento is completely different from those dialects that are spoken in the rest of Apulia. Rather, it resembles the Sicilian idiom with its open vowels. ”From: Salento # Sprache
- ↑ estimated from “Neapolitan”, because: “At the end of the 13th century, the southern Italian mainland fell under the rule of Anjou and formed the Kingdom of Naples.” From: Kalabrisch # Geschichte
- ↑ estimated from "Influences of Greek are also noticeable, which was the language of Naples until the ninth century." From: Neapolitan # Classification
- ↑ see “Tarantine”, because: “From the 8th century BC onwards. The Greek colonization began in some regions along the coasts, near rivers or springs in southern Italy, in today's areas of Calabria, Campania, Basilicata, Apulia and in the southeast of Sicily. ”From: Magna Graecia # origin
- ↑ see "Calabrian", because: "Dove si trova: L 'altopiano del Poro, che si eleva sul Tirreno (fino al promontorio di Capo Vaticano) tra l'Angitola, il Mesima e le Serre costituisce un piccolo mondo a se." From: Monte Poro: informazioni sul Monte Poro in Calabria in provincia di Vibo Valentia. tropea.biz
- ↑ see "Calabrian", because: "Catanzaro / ˌkatan'ʣaro / (in dialetto locale Catanzaru / ˌkatan'ʦaru /, Κατανγτζα ριον, Katantza'rion in Greco) [...] è una città [...] della Calabria", from: Catanzaro in the Italian language Wikipedia
- ↑ see "Neapolitan", because: "Il dialetto cosentino (nome nativo u cusintinu) è un idioma parlato nella città di Cosenza e nel territorio della provincia di Cosenza con le varianti" napoletane "sull'alto versante tirrenico e" pugliesi "sull ' alto versante ionico. “From: Dialetto cosentino in the Italian language Wikipedia
- ↑ see “Calabrian”, because: “The province of Reggio Calabria (Italian Provincia di Reggio Calabria) is one of the five provinces of the Italian region of Calabria. The capital is Reggio Calabria. “, From: Province of Reggio Calabria
- ↑ “The Venetian had great prestige at the time of the Venetian Republic. A remarkable document is Marco Polo's travelogue in the Venetian translation ", from: Venetian language (Romansh) #Language history , and" [...] and got into Genoese captivity, in which he was held until May 1299. Here he was allegedly urged by […] Rustichello da Pisa to dictate the report of his trip to the Far East. ”From: Marco Polo # After the trip
- ↑ see “Piedmontese”, because: “Galloitalian or Galloitalian (Italian. Galloitalico) is a group of northern Italian dialects that includes Piedmontese, Lombard, Ligurian and Emilian-Romagna.” From: Galloitalisch
- ↑ see "Emilian", because: "Bolognese or Southeastern Brazilian is spoken in the province of Bologna west of the Sillaro and in Castelfranco Emilia." From: Emilianische Sprache # Dialektvarietitäten
- ↑ "Piedmontese has been used as a written language since the end of the 12th century." From: Piedmontese language
- ↑ a b see "Emilian", because: "Galloitalian or Galloitalian (Italian. Galloitalico) is a group of northern Italian dialects that includes Piedmontese, Lombard, Ligurian and Emilian-Romagna." From: Galloitalisch
- ↑ see "West Lombard"
- ↑ see "Sursilvan", because: "As a remnant of vulgar Latin dialects, Ladin is often assigned to Romansh." From: Ladinische Sprache # Geschichte
- ↑ "The influence of Langobard is also very small, from which it can be concluded that Friulian developed around the year 1000", from: Furlanische Sprache # Geschichte
- ↑ “The Friulian variety 'Tergestino' was spoken until the beginning of the 19th century. The tergestino disappeared as the importance of other languages and dialects such as German, Slovenian and Venetian increased. A new Italian dialect, the so-called Triestinisch, developed from: Triest # languages
- ↑ “With the immigration of Slavs into the eastern Adriatic region from the 7th century onwards, the Romansh-speaking population was pushed back to some coastal cities - especially Zadar, Split and Dubrovnik - and to offshore islands. These form the documented distribution area of Dalmatian in the Middle Ages. ”From: Dalmatisch # Geschichte
- ↑ "Francesco della Valle scrie în 1532 că românii‹ se denumesc Romei în limba lor ›", from: Limba română in the Romanian language Wikipedia
- ↑ "In sources from the 17th century a self-designation Rumeri (probably rumâr, plural rumâri) of the Istrian Romanians is handed down", from: Istrorumänische Sprache # Geschichte
- ↑ "Tu anlu 1809, Ioryi Constantin Roja u-publicã vivlia 'Puteare-a ghiuvusariljei a limbãljei a noastrã cu yrame latinicheshci' cu tsi Armãnjlji u-alãxescu abetsedã." From: Limba armãnomeascã in Wikipedia
- ↑ “The Megleno-Romanians immigrated to their current settlement area, probably in the 14th century from Wallachia. Their language has more in common with Dakor-Romanian. ”From: Meglenorumanian Language # Classification and History
- ↑ "Doktoro Esperanto (Esperanto" Hoping ") was the pseudonym under which Dr. Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof […] published the basics of the language in 1887. “From: Esperanto
- ↑ "Ido is a planned language that was created in 1907 by the French mathematician and philosopher Louis Couturat in coordination with the French tutor Louis de Beaufront on the basis of Esperanto." From: Ido
- ↑ "Interlingua is a planned language that was created by Alexander Gode in 1951." From: Interlingua
- ↑ "Tiek uzskatīts, ka latviešu valodas pamats Saka veidoties ap 7.-9.gs., kad izveidojās latviešu ciltis - Kurši, Latgali, Zemgali, Seli, kuru valodas bija ļoti Tuva." From: Latviešu valoda in Latvian speakers Wikipedia
- ↑ "The separation of Latvian and Lithuanian from each other is dated for the early Middle Ages (7th / 8th century)." From: Litauische Sprache # Frühgeschichte
- ↑ "From around 1400 a return migration from Kurzeme began, especially in the years 1409, 1439, 1445 and 1481. [...] Mixing with the Prussian language of the Schalau (south of the Minge), the Nehrungskurisch emerged." From: Kuren #History and cures #Language
- ↑ “The Basel epigram is both the oldest Prussian and the oldest Baltic language monument and can be found in a codex from 1369: Kayle rekyse. Thoneaw labonache thewelyse. Eg koyte poyte nykoyte penega doyte. “From: Old Prussian language # tradition
- ↑ "From the year 700 onwards there were fights between the Sudauers and their Slavic neighbors." From: Jatwinger # Geschichte
- ↑ "The first inscriptions in Hungarian are said to come from the 9th century, when the Magyars still used the Hungarian runic script." From: Hungarian language # development
- ^ "The written language was first published in 1868", from: Mansi language in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ "Although the inhabitants of today's Finland spoke all Finno-Ugric languages, a common Finnish language only developed in modern times." From: Finnish language # early history
- ^ "Due to the isolation of the Finnish-speaking population of Sweden from the rest of the Finnish-speaking area after the loss of Finland to Russia in 1809, developments in the Finnish language in the 19th and 20th centuries hardly found their way into Tornedal Finnish." From: Meänkieli # language
- ↑ see "Finnish"
- ↑ see "Karelian"
- ^ "The first writing system, the Old Permic script, was invented in the 14th century by the missionary Stepan Khrap, apparently of a Komi mother in Veliky Ustyug." From: Komi language in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ see "Komi (Syrian)", because: "From a linguistic point of view, one language is often spoken of with two written variants." From: Komi (language)
- ↑ "The Udmurts, who are close to the Komi, were in close contact with the Volga Bulgarians very early on, [...] In the 13th century they came under Tatar rule", from: Udmurts # history
- ↑ "The Mari were first mentioned in the 6th century at Jordanes as sremniscans" , from Mari (people) #History
- ↑ see "Wiesenmari"
- ↑ “From the 8th century onwards, Mordovian developed in different main dialects, sometimes very differently.” From: Mordwinische Sprachen # Mordwinisch
- ↑ see "Erzjamordvinisch"
- ↑ "The earliest evidence is folklore collections by non-native speakers from the 19th century." From: Wepsische Sprach
- ↑ “The original population of Ingermanland are the Ischoren (also: Ingrier), who immigrated from Karelia in the 10th century, and the Woten, two Finno-Ugric peoples with their own languages. Swedes and Finns also settled in the 17th century. ”From: Ingermanland
- ^ "The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century." From: Estonian language in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ "One of the earliest texts in a South Estonian language is a translation of the New Testament (Wastne Testament) published in 1686." From: Võro # history
- ↑ estimated from "The Proto-Sami language is believed to have formed in the vicinity of the Gulf of Finland between 1000 BC to 700 AD derived from a common Proto-Sami-Finnic language (M. Korhonen 1981)." From: Sami languages in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ a b c d see "North Sami"
- ↑ "Old Breton is not particularly well documented, as most of the written sources are likely to have fallen victim to Norman attacks on the Breton monasteries (especially in the 9th century)." From: Breton language # history
- ↑ see "Breton"
- ↑ "The Christianization of Cornwall began in the 5th century by Irish, Welsh and Breton missionaries." From: Cornwall # Geschichte
- ↑ “1904: Henry Jenner publishes a Handbook of the Cornish Language, which is seen as the initial spark of the revival. Jenner is primarily oriented towards the Late Cornish. ”From: Cornish # Important stages of the revival
- ^ "The earliest extant sources of a language identifiable as Welsh go back to about the 6th century", from: History of the Welsh language in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ "It is only certain that at the time of the Ogam inscriptions (i.e. from the 4th century at the latest) Irish was spoken in Ireland." From: Irish language # history
- ↑ "In the 1090s the Mac Leod clan, who were of Norwegian origin, ruled Skye." From: Skye # story
- ↑ "Manx began to diverge from Early Modern Irish in around the 13th century", from: Manx language on the English Wikipedia
- ↑ "Only the so-called Book of the Dean of Lismore from the early 16th century, provides a secure evidence shows that the Scottish from Irish Gaelic as far away was that two closely related, but there are separate languages." From: schottisch- Gaelic language # history
- ^ "Celtic language expert Kuno Meyer and Romany expert John Sampson both assert that Shelta existed as far back as the 13th century." From: Shelta in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ "In the 4th century the Gothic bishop Wulfila translated the Bible into Gothic (Wulfilabibel). There are only a few other Gothic language certificates ”, from: Gothic language # history
- ↑ "Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German (ISO 639-3 code osx), is the earliest recorded form of Low German, documented from the 9th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German." Old Saxon in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ "Old High German (Ahd.) Is the oldest written form of the High German language from around 750 to 1050." From: Old High German
- ↑ "Middle High German (Mhd.) Denotes an older language level of the German language, namely all High German varieties between around 1050 and 1350 (this roughly corresponds to the High Middle Ages)." From: Middle High German
- ^ "New High German refers to the current level or period of the German language. In the classic classification according to Wilhelm Scherer, its beginning is dated to the middle of the 17th century. ”From: New High German
- ↑ estimated from “Ripuarier were in the later Roman times the on the river banks of the middle Rhine, the upper Meuse, the lower Sieg, and of the Ahr, Erft and Rur settling Germanic Franks and the tribes they subjugated. In the 5th century they conquered Cologne, which then became their capital for a while, and ended the predominance of Latin in this part of Germania. ”From: Ripoarisch # origin
- ↑ see "Ripuarian"
- ↑ "The process of dissolving the Meissen basilects, that is, the development of a common and colloquial language, took place around 1500 at the end of Middle High German and the beginning of New High German." From: Meißenisch # Character
- ↑ see "Thuringian-Upper Saxon", here translated by Dr. Frank Reinhold
- ↑ "It is one of the oldest surviving German colonist languages, which emerged from the 12th century as a compensatory dialect of different dialects and has preserved many medieval forms and idioms", from: Transylvanian-Saxon
- ↑ “It was not until the 16th century that the dialect spread southwards.” Hessian dialect ( Memento from February 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), on cityforum-profrankfurt.de
- ↑ estimated from "Sebastian Sailer (1714–1777)" as the oldest information in Swabian dialect # Swabian dialect poets and dialect authors
- ^ "Baden-Württemberg: southern two thirds of the state are in the Alemannic dialect area. Oldest part of the current Alemannic language area (3rd century). “From: Alemannic dialects # Autochthonous distribution area
- ↑ "According to Ofensberger, the Bavarian language area reached in the 10th century from the Fichtelgebirge to the Adriatic and from the Lech to Hungary." According to "Zwoa Roß, zwoo Säu und two young bulls" ( Memento from February 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ "Due to the persecution of Jews in the 13th century and especially after the Great Plague of 1348, there was a massive migration of Jews from the German-speaking area to Eastern Europe, especially to Poland and Lithuania, and as a result a linguistically separate development", from: Yiddish # history
- ↑ "The first texts in Lëtzebuergesch and the associated attempt to introduce an orthography go back to Anton Meyer (1829 E Schrek op de Letzeburger Parnassus )." According to uni-bremen.de ( MS Powerpoint ; 775 kB)
- ↑ “From about 1775 onwards one can assume a supra-regional alignment of the dialects on the basis of Palatine and describe Pennsylvania Dutch as a uniform language variant of German.” From: Pennsylvania Dutch (language) #History
- ↑ "It is a Lower Prussian variety of East Low German that developed in the (now Polish) Vistula Delta in the 16th and 17th centuries." From: Plautdietsch
- ↑ "The New Dutch (from the 16th century) is based on Dutch and Brabant script dialects", from: Dutch language # Periodization
- ↑ see “Dutch”, because: “Sometimes Dutch, as it is spoken in the Belgian region of Flanders, is called Flemish, but the standard Dutch language is also used in Belgium.” From: Dutch language # Name of the language
- ↑ "From around 1775, Afrikaans can be seen as an independent language, since at that time most of the inhabitants of the Cape Colony no longer spoke Dutch." From: Afrikaans # First language contacts and origins
- ^ "Modern Frisian arose in the course of the 15th century", from: Frisian languages # history
- ↑ see "West Frisian"
- ↑ "The Anglo-Saxon or Old English language (Anglo-Saxon name: Englisc) is a preliminary stage of the English language that emerged when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes settled in England from around 450 onwards, and which was written and spoken until the middle of the 12th century became. ”From: Old English language
- ^ "New English (Modern English) from: 1700 – today", from: English language # history
- ^ "Northumbrian Old English had been established in southeastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the 7th century." From: Scots language in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ "Old Norse language is a collective term for the North Germanic languages that were spoken from around 800 (beginning of the Viking Age) to at least around 1350 in Scandinavia, on the islands until 1500." From: Old Norse language
- ↑ "It was the language of emigrants from western Norway from the second half of the 9th century to the year 1000", according to: Language ( Memento from January 3, 2005 in the Internet Archive ), on um.dk
- ↑ "so that at the end of this epoch (around 1550) - at least in profane literature - there was a state of language that was relatively close to that of today's Swedish." From: stvskandinavistikwien.files.wordpress.com ( MS Word ; 227 kB)
- ↑ “However, from political and cultural tradition, three independent languages were retained. The decisive factor for this is that Denmark and Sweden developed their own standardized written languages by the 16th century at the latest. In Norway this only happened with independence in the 19th century and led to two written languages, because the educated class kept Danish as the standard language until then. ”From: Danish language # Scandinavian language community
- ↑ "Even before the Edda and other poetic works were written (probably from the 12th century), there was a special poetic language in Iceland and other parts of the Nordic world, in which highly formal poems were often written according to certain rules." From: Isländische Language # history
- ↑ "From around 1600 one speaks of the New Faroese language", from: Faroese language # Older New Faroese
- ↑ "The Old Church Slavonic (proper name словѣньскъ ѩзыкъ 'Slavic language' also Altbulgarisch (Bulgarian старобългарски / starobəlgarski /) called) is called the oldest Slavic written language, which was developed to 860 and held" from: Old Church Slavonic
- ↑ “The denominational and theological challenges and the printer's need for uniformity led to the first printed Church Slavonic Bible, the Ostrog Bible from 1581, as well as attempts to codify Church Slavonic in grammars and dictionaries, which were widely used because they were printed and thus could develop normative power. In this context, the grammar by Meleti Smotryzky (1619) and the dictionary by Pamwo Berynda (1627), works that were all created in the region of (south) western Russia, which is characterized by cultural contacts. ”From: Kirchenslawisch # Der Weg to New Church Slavonic