Upper Rhine Manish

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Upper Rhine Manish

Spoken in

Switzerland , Baden-Wuerttemberg , Alsace
Linguistic
classification

The Upper Rhine or Lower Alemannic (in the narrower sense), also known regionally (ambiguously) as the Middle Baden dialect , belongs to the Lower Alemannic . It includes most of the Alemannic dialects in the southern part of the Upper Rhine ( Black Forest - Vosges ). It is about most of the dialects of Alsatian in most of the French region Alsace with the exception of the southern and Rhine Franconian variants in the far north and in Crooked Alsace as well as the High Alemannic in Sundgau , on the right bank of the Rhine those of most of the Breisgau , the Ortenau to the Murg and as a "language island" that of the city of Basel .

Mark

Common features are:

  • the preservation of the k in words such as head and strong (see k / ch line )
  • preserved, but rounded Monophthong i (from Middle High German ü, iu ) for example in Fiir 'Feuer', ficht (fiicht) 'moist', Bittel 'bag', Litt 'people', hitt 'today', Miis ' mice ', Liis ' Lice ', Hiiser ' houses', Bich (Biich) 'bellies'
  • from Middle High German ö, œ rounded e in scheen 'beautiful', bees 'bad', Leffel 'spoon', Lecher 'holes'
  • almost everywhere the directional adverbs nuff 'up', na (b) 'down', shout 'up', ra (b) 'down', nii (nin) 'in', nus (nüs) 'out', rii (rin) 'In', rus (rüs) 'out'

Rheinstaffeln

Isoglosses in the southern Upper Rhine Valley

Typical of the dialect area of ​​the Upper Rhine-Men’s dialect is the staggered subdivision, often offset to the left and right of the Rhine, through further dialect features; in this regard, one speaks of the so-called Rheinstaffeln . This means that a word or a form is common in Alsace and Baden up to a mostly different (Rhine) height. The distribution of gumpe 'jump', for example, extends from the south in Upper Alsace to Dessenheim north of Mülhausen , in Breisgau, however, to the northern edge of the Kaiserstuhl . In other words, gumpe is used 25 km further north in Baden than in Alsace. At Gumpe then closes on both sides of the Rhine jump on.

Rheinstaffel also form among other things

  • Aegerscht (e) / Atzel 'Elster'
  • Soap / soap 'soap'
  • Obe / Owe 'evening',
  • Color / farwe 'colors'
  • nid / nigs 'nothing'
  • bi (bis, bisch) schtill! / be quiet! ,be quiet!'
  • gsi (n) 'been'

Southern word or sound types (e.g. the word gumpe or the sound / b / in Oobe ) are often conservative, they are mentioned first in the above list. The northern word and form types are mostly innovations that come from Franconian . The innovations in Alsace have often penetrated further south, which is why most of the isoglosses are in the form of a series.

The border between the linguistically younger brother (with a long monophthongic / u: /) and the linguistically older Alemannic brother (with diphthong / uə /) passes the Rhine plain near Baden-Baden. Penetrated further south is the Frankish form of the participle of his, namely gwan, the Alemanic GSII faces: After recording the SSA is GSII been pushed back to Achern. The north and the south also differ in the pronunciation of already: In the south it is called scho, in the north the sound is schun up to the height of Lahr . The influence of the Franconian sounds of soap ( soap against soap ) and child ( child against chind ) as well as the imperative form of sein ( be against to, bisch ) has advanced the furthest south. In these cases, too, it can be seen that the Franconian influence had a stronger effect in Alsace on the left bank of the Rhine, where the individual isoglosses run further south. From this it can be concluded that the Franconian had a considerable influence on the Upper Rhine-Manish via the trade and main traffic routes that used to run through Alsace. The former location of the traffic routes led to a shifted symmetry of the language borders on the Upper Rhine.

The tiered landscape is also evident in the pronunciation of the words skull, spring and weasel: on the left bank of the Rhine, the Franconian-influenced sound Schäddel, Fedder, Wissel extends as far as Gengenbach, whereas the short vowel on the right bank of the Rhine only reaches Bühl. The Franconian short vowel spoken around Kehl, on the other hand, does not stem from an influence from the north; rather, this area is under the influence of the neighboring Strasbourg, from where the Franconian phonation pushes over the Rhine. A development coming from north to south and a development coming from west to east intersect here.

The typical Alsatian ü, aü and oi have penetrated the Baden side only in a limited area in the Breisgau Rhine Plain and in the southern Ortenau , for example in Hüüs 'house', Müüs 'mouse', Fraü 'woman', Baüm 'tree' ' Soi ' Sau '.

Dynamism and inner limits

Just as a lack of contact has an impact on the division of dialect areas, constant contact and frequent communication between people encourage the mixing of dialects.

Some sounds from Alsace only reach the Kehler area, others as far as the edge of the Black Forest, others as far as the Black Forest valleys, the Kinzig valley and the Renchtal. Strasbourg, for example, has taken up a Franconian innovation - the g-Schwund - and passes it on over the Rhine, where it spreads further. This becomes clear in the pronunciation of the words eye and day, in which the Franconian g-Schwund is carried out on the right bank of the Rhine not only around Kehl, but also as far as the Black Forest edge from Rastatt up to the height of Lahr.

An example of the influence from Strasbourg to the Black Forest valleys is the pronunciation of the words Maul, Eis and Beule . It turns out that the city not only passes on Franconian sounds; Old, typical Alsatian sounds are also adopted on the right bank of the Rhine, for example the vowel abbreviations to Mül, Is, Bil, which can not only be found in Hanauerland, but also penetrate into the Kinzig valley and the Renchtal.

Speech movements in north-south direction can be detected in the Rhine plain, as in the Rhine squadrons. In addition, there are influences in the Ortenau in a west-east direction from Alsace via Strasbourg to Hanauerland. The results mostly only reach into the plain and can only reach the Black Forest valleys in individual cases. In the example of the sounds of go , speech movements meet. Here two Middle High German forms compete with each other: Mhd. gėn is originally from northern Alsace, northern Baden and northern Württemberg ; mhd. gân is the old form in the Rhine plain. The pronunciation geen and gii both come from mhd. Gên; while gii was able to penetrate from the north via Bühl and Achern to Oberkirch, geen reached Hanauerland, Offenburg and Lahr via Alsace and Strasbourg in a west-east direction.

There are also other possible borderlines within Alemannic. The Black Forest ridge can be understood here in its function as a cultural border between the plain and the beginning of the Black Forest ridge. The cultural differences are ultimately reflected not only in the language but in all areas of life such as traditional costumes, house building and inheritance law.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Peter Wiesinger : The division of the German dialects. In: Werner Besch u. a .: dialectology. A manual on German and general dialectogy. Berlin / New York 1983 (HSK 1), esp. Pp. 829–836 and maps 47.4 and 47.5.