Aranese language
| Aranese (aranés) | ||
|---|---|---|
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Spoken in |
 Spain ( Catalonia )
 |
|
| speaker | 4700 (as of 2001) | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
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| Official status | ||
| Official language in |
Spain
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
oc (Occitan) |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
oci (Occitan) |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
oci (Occitan) |
|
The Aranese language ( Occitan aranés , French aranais , Catalan aranès , Spanish aranés ) is a variety (dialect) of Occitan spoken in the Val d'Aran . Aranese since 2006 in all of Catalonia , next to the Catalan and Spanish , the official language . In the Val d'Aran, 65% of the 6000 inhabitants speak Aranese (according to a 1996 census). About 90% understand the language.
The current situation
Aranese is strongly characterized in its development and in its current form by the "political separation" from the rest of the Occitan language area. Lexicographical and syntactic innovations often come from the Catalan or Spanish language. In the Val d'Aran, the linguistic replacement that Occitan received through a cultural system practiced over many centuries and centered on Paris, has not taken place. Just like the Catalans, the Aranese hold fast to their language. The administrative dependence of the Val d'Aran on Catalonia also underlines the striking parallelism of the development of the Aranese and Catalan languages in terms of formal aspects. In 1982/83 the Catalan government ( Generalitat de Catalunya ) developed and published orthographic norms for Aranese, which were based on the guidelines of the Institute for Occitan Studies ( Institut d'Estudis Occitans ) for the spelling of Gascon. Aranese has been used in schools as a technical and teaching language since 1984. In 1985 a center for the promotion and consolidation of the Aranese language (Center de Normalització lingüística) was founded. Adult education and language counseling for those citizens who, due to the history of language politics, never had the chance to learn the written form of their mother tongue are the main goals of this organization. Larger lexicographical and grammatical projects, such as B. the development of dictionaries, grammars and textbooks of the Aranese language are promoted by official Catalan and Aranese institutions. All measures to promote the Aranese language are organized and financed by the Catalan government ( Generalitat de Catalunya ) and the Aranese Council (Conselh Generau de Aran) . This parallel promotion of the Aranese and Catalan languages - also called normalització lingüística - is rooted in the joint suppression of both languages by the Franco regime .
With the new Catalan Statute of Autonomy from 2006, Aranese was elevated to the status of an official language in the entire territory of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia.
Characteristics
The differences in Aranese that are most obvious to an outsider are the specific articles and personal pronouns, which differ from the other dialects of Occitan:
- Aranese: eth / era as a definite article “der” / “die” (plural: es ), as personal pronouns “he” / “she” (plural: eri / eres )
- Occitan: lo (plural: los ) / la (plural: las ) as a definite article “der” / “die”, as personal pronouns “he” / “she”.
In a comparison with four other Romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish and Catalan), based on the Latin language, seven essential trends in the Aranese vocabulary are shown (see also the corresponding vocabulary table):
- The initial Latin "F" becomes "H": ferrum (dt .: iron) → hèr ; filius (dt .: son) → hilh
- There is no intervocal "N": farina (English: flour) → haria ; una (German: one, indefinite female article) → ua
- An ending syllable “L” becomes a semivocal “U”: sal (German: salt) → sau
- The inside and the ending Latin “LL” becomes the final “TH”: vitellus ( Eng .: calf) → vedèth ; bellus (German: beautiful) → bèth
- An intervowel “LL” becomes an “R”: bella (English beautiful) → bèra ; gallina ( Eng .: hen, chicken) → garia
- An initial "R" is preceded by a prosthetic "A" and the "R" is doubled to "RR": rota ( Eng .: wheel) → arròda ; radix (German: root) → arraïc
- For the "R" there is often a change (metathesis): ventrum (dt .: stomach) → vrente ; capra (German: goat) → craba
Development tendencies of the Aranese vocabulary according to the seven rules of derivation in comparison to four other Romance languages.
| No. | Latin | French | Italian | Spanish | Catalan | Aranese | Occitan | Portuguese | German |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a | festa | fête | festa | fiesta | festa | hèsta | fèsta | festa | Firmly |
| 1b | filius | fils | figlio | hijo | fill | help | filh | filho | son |
| 2 | luna | lune | luna | luna | lluna | lua | luna | lua | moon |
| 3 | mel | miel | miele | miel | mel | mèu | mèl, mèu | mel [ mɛʊ̯ ] * | honey |
| 4th | castellum | chateau | castello | castillo | castell | castèth | castèlh | castle | Castle |
| 5 | illa | elle | ella / lei | ella | ella | era | ela | ela | she |
| 6th | ridere | rire | ridere | reír | riure | arrir | rir | rir | laugh |
| 7th | capra | chèvre | capra | cabra | cabra | craba | cavra | cabra | goat |
* Pronunciation in Brazil
The seven rules of derivation mentioned also apply in a similar way to gasoline .
literature
- Claus D. Pusch, “ The Aranese Occitan ” In: H.-I. Radatz, A. Torrent-Lenzen (Ed.): Iberia polyglotta. Contemporary poems and short prose in the languages of the Iberian Peninsula (languages in teaching and research; 5). Titz: Axel Lenzen Verlag, pp. 279–283. (on-line)
Texts
- Jèp de Montoya (ed.): Vademecum aranense. Antologia de tèxtes en aranés, gascon des nautes sorces dera Garona, sègles XII – XX. Conselh Generau d'Aran, without Ortsang, 1999, ISBN 84-89940-32-0
Dictionaries
- Ryan Christopher Furness: Diccionari occitan (aranés) anglés / Dictionary English Occitan (Aranese) . Pagès, Lleida 2006 (= Colleccion Garona, 16), ISBN 84-9779-362-5
- Claudi Balaguer / Patrici Pojada: Diccionari Català - Occità / Occitan - Catalan , Libres de l'Index, Barcelona 2005, ISBN 84-95317-98-2 ( cites Aranese variants if they differ from general Occitan)
- Frederic Vergés Bartau: Petit Diccionari Aranes (Occitan) - Castelhan - Catalan - Frances . Conselh generau de Arán, Vielha 1991, ISBN 84-606-0175-7
Linguistic Atlas
- Antonio Griera: Atlas lingüístic de la Vall d'Aran . Ed. Polígrafa, Barcelona 1973, ISBN 84-343-0177-6
grammar
- Aitor Carrera: Gramatica aranesa. Pagès, Lleida 2006 (= Garona Estudis, 1), ISBN 978-84-9779-484-8
- Conselh Generau d'Aran: Leaflet (five pages) "Er Aranés - Er occitan dera Val d'Aran" (The Aranese - The Occitan of the Val d'Aran), without a year, issued among other things as a supplement to the book: Frederic Vergés Bartau: Petit diccionari Aranés
Investigations
- Jordi Suïls Subirà: Aportacions a la teoria de la interdependència lingüística: anàlisi de tres models d'escolarització plurilingüe a la Vall d'Aran . In: Treballs de sociolingüística catalana 16 (2002), pp. 261-274
- Joan Coromines : El parlar de la Vall d'Aran. Gramàtica, diccionari i estudis lexicals sobre el gascó. Curial Edicions, Barcelona 1990, 2nd edition 1991, ISBN 84-7256-345-6
- Otto Winkelmann: Investigations into the language variation of gas cognitive in the Val d'Aran. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1989 (= supplements to the journal for Romance philology , 224), ISBN 3-484-52224-0
- Gerald Bernhard: The popular plant names in the Val d'Aran (Central Pyrenees). Egert, Wilhelmsfeld 1988 (= Pro lingua, 1), ISBN 3-926972-00-9
- Alain Viaut: L'occitan gascon en Catalogne espagnole: le Val d'Aran, du vernaculaire au formula. Maison des sciences de l'homme d'Aquitaine, Talence 1987 (= Publications de la Maison des Sciences de l'homme d'Aquitaine, 105), ISBN 2-85892-109-1
- Teresa Climent: Realitat lingüística a la Val d'Aran . Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona 1986 (= Publicacions de l'Institut de sociolingüística catalana, 2), ISBN 84-393-0460-9
- Alain Viaut: L'occitan gascon en Espagne: le Val d'Aran. Pré-report de research. Maison des sciences de l'homme d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux 1984
- Casimiro Ademá Mora: Estudio sobre el dialecto aranés . 2. verb. Ed., Ed. Occitania, Barcelona 1969
- Joan Coromines: Vocabulario aranés. Tesis doctoral, Imprenta de la Casa de la Caridad, Barcelona 1930
Web links
- Català / Aranès: Diccionari infantile
- Language description Gaskognisch in the Ethnologue Information Service (English)
- Aitor Carrera i Baiget: Morfologia verbal aranesa: les desinències de l'imperfet d'indicatiu ( Memento of September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: Llengua i literatura , Volume 16, 2005, pp. 205–228 (PDF; 172 kB )
Individual evidence
- ↑ 2001 Language Census (PDF; 52 kB), Generalitat de Catalunya
- ↑ The Institut d'Estudis Occitans is a non-public, scientific and culturally oriented organization dedicated to the global promotion of Occitan culture. It was founded in Toulouse in 1945.
- ↑ The dictionary from Balaguer / Pojada may serve as an example.
- ↑ The presentation of this paragraph was based on: Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, Volume 3, p. 53, article “aranès –esa”, Barcelona 1986, ISBN 84-85194-85-3
- ↑ See also the Aranese language examples with German translations in the referenced Wiktionary entries.
- ↑ All information according to the leaflet: "Er Aranés - Er occitan dera Val d'Aran" (German: The Aranese - The Occitan of the Val d'Aran), published by the Conselh General d'Aran, without the year, received 10/2007 as a supplement to an Aranese dictionary.