Rumantsch Grischun

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Graubünden Romansh
(Rumantsch Grischun)
Project author Heinrich Schmid on behalf of the Lia Rumantscha
Year of publication 1982

Spoken in

SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland ( Canton of Graubünden )
speaker none (Rumantsch Grischun is a purely written language)
Linguistic
classification
particularities Developed as a common written language for the Romansh languages
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

rm

ISO 639 -2

raw

Rumantsch Grischun (RG, [ruˈmantʃgriˌʒʊn] ? / I ) is the common written language of the Rhaeto-Romanic Graubünden , developed in 1982 by Heinrich Schmid on the initiative of the then General Secretary of the Lia Rumantscha , Bernard Cathomas , which has served as the official Romance language at the cantonal level since 2001. Audio file / audio sample

development

Rumantsch Grischun was created by the linguist Heinrich Schmid in Zurich on the basis of the three most vital idioms Lower Engadine (Vallader), Surmeir (Surmiran) and Surselvian (Sursilvan) . He always looked for the greatest commonality between the three dialects; Regional or local phonetic and grammatical peculiarities were therefore not included. In Rumantsch Grischun there are no and ö sounds because these are only common in Lower and Upper Engadin ; conversely, the diphthong / ia / of the surselvic is missing. The following examples may illustrate this:

Surselvic Surmeirian Vallader Rumantsch Grischun German
clav clav clav clav ,Key'
fil for sale fil fil ,Thread'
cheer cheer chel cheer ,Sky'
siat set set set ,seven'
cor cor cour cor ,Heart'
egl îgl ogl egl ,Eye'
vendiu vendia vendü vendi ,sold'

spelling, orthography

With the spelling , Schmid tried to tie in with the reading habits of the Graubünden novels as much as possible in order to facilitate the acceptance of his new standard: The sound before [a], [o] and [u], which is similar to the German <tsch>, is written as <ch>, as it corresponds to the Lower Engadine (chalanda), because speakers from the Rhine regions expect a spelling with <c> (calanda). In contrast, this sound is written before [e] and [i] according to the spelling in Sursilvan and Surmeir with <tg>. According to a rule called the Leza-Uffer Compromise, the <che> and <chi> are pronounced like [ke] and [ki].

acceptance

Status: September 2013
  • Municipalities that have introduced Rumantsch Grischun as the school language
  • Parishes in which a scriptural idiom is taught
  • Parishes that had introduced Rumantsch Grischun as the school language, but decided to return to the idiom
    • Poster for the initiative on the cantonal language law in Graubünden.
    There is also resistance to Rumantsch Grischun. Here is a poster by the Pro Idioms group in the Sursilvan language . The group rejects the introduction of Rumantsch Grischun in schools. The differences are clearly visible. From Gia is Gie , è is ei . dumonda "question" is written in Sursilvan damonda .

    The Romansh standard language is controversial among the population. In recent years, the canton and the federal government have started to write their printed matter in Rumantsch Grischun. In the printed and electronic media, regional idioms still predominate, but Rumantsch Grischun is being used more and more here, especially in a supra-regional context. For example, the websites of the Lia Rumantscha and the Dicziunari Rumantsch Grischun as well as the Lexicon Istoric Retic , the Romansh edition of the Historical Lexicon of Switzerland, are written in the standard language, as they address all Romansh. In contrast, literature has so far been written almost exclusively in regional idioms, and the Church also adheres to these.

    Rumantsch Grischun is also taught in the Bündner grammar schools today, while the introduction of the standard language in the communally run elementary schools was pushed by the cantonal authorities in the noughties. However, the competence to determine the language of instruction in primary schools lies solely with the municipalities, of which a total of 40 (around half) had opted for the Rumantsch Grischun by the 2009/2010 school year. These were mostly dialect areas that are either linguistically very close to Rumantsch Grischun (Central Grisons) or in which the distance to the regional written language was already relatively large (Val Müstair) or that are heavily oppressed by German (Lower Oberland, Rhine Valley west of Chur).

    In 2011, however, 14 of these municipalities decided to teach in their regional written language again (as of March 2012). Subsequently, in December 2011, the Grand Council of the Canton of Graubünden decided that teaching materials for Romansh primary schools could be printed in the five Romansh idioms again. The decision from 2003 to only publish teaching materials for the Romansh schools in Rumantsch Grischun from 2005 onwards met with bitter resistance in the regions. Government councilor Martin Jäger admitted that the concept of introducing Rumantsch Grischun voluntarily in schools had failed. On July 24, 2020, Surses , as one of the last large Rumantsch-Grischun communities, decided as a result of a popular initiative to return to its own idiom, Surmiran, as the literacy language.

    Examples

    Rumantsch Grischun German
    allegra grüezi, greet God!
    a revair! Goodbye
    l'atun the autumn
    l'aua the water
    l'aura The weather
    la preveziun da l'aura the weather report
    bainvegni! welcome!
    baiver drink
    la bavronda the drink
    il bogn the bathroom
    bun di! good Morning
    buna Saira! good evening!
    bun divertiment! have fun!
    bun viadi! have a nice trip!
    buna notg! Good night!
    la butia the store
    La butia è serrada The shop is closed
    il capricorn the Capricorn
    chapir, yeah chapesch understand, i understand
    la chombra the room
    Avais Vus anc ina chombra dubla? Do you still have a double room
    cumprar to buy
    Avais gia cumprà ils bigliets? Have you already bought the ticket?
    custar costs
    Quant costa quest cudesch? How much does the book cost?
    la cuntrada the landscape
    to you say
    Co din ins quai per rumantsch? How do you say that in Rumantsch?
    l'ensolver the morning meal
    Cura datti envolver? When is there morning meal?
    l'enviern the winter
    la hallway the flower
    tge bellas corridors! what beautiful flowers!
    gea Yes
    il gentar the lunch
    Nua vas a gentar? Where are you going for lunch
    il gossip the ice
    il glatscher, il vadretg the glacier
    grazia to thank
    il lai the sea
    la maisa the table
    Jau vuless reservar ina maisa da quatter. I would like to reserve a table for 4 people.
    mangiar eat
    Nua mang 'ins bain? Where do you eat well?
    las marcas the stamps
    Avais vus marcas? Do you have stamps?
    la muntanella the marmot
    la muntogna the mountain
    n / A No
    la naive the snow
    l'aissa da naive the snowboard
    il num the name
    yeah shark num ... my name is …
    pajar pay
    il paun the bread
    il pass the passport
    il passlung the cross-country skiing
    ir cun patins Ice skating
    il piz the summit
    la primavaira the spring
    la pulpa Bündnerfleisch
    il quint the invoice
    Il quint per plaschair! The Bill please!
    reservar Reservations
    recumandar recommend
    il schember the Swiss stone pine
    la schuppa da giutta grischuna the Graubünden barley soup
    il magister da skis the ski instructor
    la scola da skis the ski school
    scursalar sledding, tobogganing
    far ina spassegiada take a walk
    la city the summer
    la stagiun the station
    Nus spetgain a la staziun. We're waiting at the train station
    il sulegl the sun
    il temp the time
    la chaina the dinner
    l'ura the clock, the hour
    las uras d'avertura the opening times
    l'urari the timetable, the timetable
    la val the valley
    Viafier retica Rhaetian Railway
    viandar hike
    la vischnanza the village
    Viva! Bottom up! For the benefit!

    See also

    literature

    • Heinrich Schmid: Guidelines for the creation of an all-Grisons written language: Rumantsch Grischun. Chur 1982.
    • Georges Darms , Anna-Alice Dazzi, Manfred Gross: Langenscheidts Rhaeto-Romanic Dictionary. Langenscheidt, Zurich / Ligia Romontscha, Chur 1989, ISBN 3-906725-01-4 (The first dictionary for Rumantsch Grischun at all, Rumantsch Grischun – German / German – Rumantsch Grischun).
    • Georges Darms: Bündnerromanisch: language standardization and standard language. In: Lexicon of Romance Linguistics (LRL). Vol. III. de Gruyter, Tübingen 1989, pp. 827-853.
    • Georges Darms, Anna-Alice Dazzi: Basic work on the creation of a written Rhaeto-Romanic language (Rumantsch Grischun). Swiss National Fund for the Promotion of Scientific Research, Annual Report 1984, pp. 188–194.
    • Renata Coray: From Mumma Romontscha to test tube baby Rumantsch Grischun. Romansh language myths. Verlag Bündner Monatsblatt, Chur 2008, ISBN 978-3-905342-43-7 (Zugl .: Zürich, Univ. , Diss., 2006/2007).
    • Renata Coray: “Stai si, defenda, tiu code funczional!” Rumantsch Grischun in public discourse. In: Bündner monthly newspaper . 1/2009, ISSN  1011-6885 , pp. 3–24, doi: 10.5169 / seals-398921 .
    • Bernard Cathomas: The way to a common written Romance language. Origin, expansion and distribution of the Rumantsch Grischun. In: Bündner monthly newspaper. Chur 1/2012, OCLC 915222096 , pp. 28-62, doi: 10.5169 / seals-398983 .
    • Bernard Cathomas: Thirty years of Rumantsch Grischun: An old dream becomes reality. In: Minority Languages ​​in Europe and Beyond - Results and Prospects (= Studies in Eurolinguistcs. Volume 9). Edited by P. Sture Ureland and John Steward. Logos, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-8325-3919-1 , pp. 149–168.
    • Rumantsch Grischun per Rumantschs - Grammatica I. (PDF; 158 kB) (No longer available online.) In: pledarigrond.ch. Lia Rumantscha, archived from the original on February 18, 2015 ; accessed on December 13, 2015 (Romansh, grammar in Romantsch Grischun).
    • Gereon Janzing: Travel know-how gibberish Romansh - word for word (= gibberish phrasebook. Volume 197). Reise Know-How, Bielefeld 2011, ISBN 978-3-89416-365-5 .

    Language example

    • Lia rumantscha: Asterix ed ils Helvets (= In'aventura d'Asterix ). Felix Giger's translation of the comic by René Goscinny , Albert Uderzo : Asterix chez les Helvètes. Version in Rumantsch Grischun. Lia rumantscha, Cuira 1984, OCLC 80542032 .

    Web links

    Wikipedia in Romansh, written mainly in Rumantsch Grischun

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Ricarda Liver: Romansh. An introduction to the Romansh language of the Grisons. Gunter Narr, Tübingen 1999, pp. 69-71.
    2. ↑ Setback for Rumantsch Grischun at the elementary schools. In: suedostschweiz.ch . Online report, December 8, 2011, accessed May 8, 2016.
    3. ^ Resolutions of the Surses community assembly. (PDF; 196 kB) In: surses.ch, Surses parish council, July 28, 2020, accessed on August 2, 2020.
    4. ↑ (obe / jas / cao): Clear vote against Rumantsch Grischun. In: suedostschweiz.ch, July 25, 2020, accessed on August 2, 2020.
    5. ↑ Initiative committee for the reintroduction of Rumantsch Surmiran in the school: Message for the municipal meeting on July 24, 2020. (PDF; 371 kB) In: surses.ch, Surses municipal council, July 24, 2020, accessed on August 2, 2020.