Gagauz language
| Gagauz Gagauz dili |
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|---|---|---|
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Spoken in |
 Bulgaria Greece Republic of Moldova Romania Russia Ukraine    
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| speaker | 148,720 (2014) | |
| Linguistic classification |
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| Official status | ||
| Official language in |
Republic of Moldova |
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| Recognized minority / regional language in |
Republic of Moldova Ukraine
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
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| ISO 639 -2 |
does |
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| ISO 639-3 | ||
The Gagauz language (own name Gagauz dili [ gagauːzɪʃ ] or Gagauzça ; former Cyrillic spelling Гагауз дили, Гагаузча) is the language of the Gagauz belonging to the Turkic peoples belong. It is based on a Balkan Turkish dialect and thus belongs to the southwest Turkish languages within the Turkic languages . Today Gagauz is an official language of the autonomous region of Gagauzia in Moldova .
Oral as well as written communication between speakers of Gagauz and Turkey-Turkish is possible without any problems, as the two languages differ only minimally from each other.
Major spread
Gagauz is spoken in a southern region of Moldova, Budschak (see also Gagauzia ), and in the Odessa region , the bordering southwestern tip of Ukraine . Today alone, the number of is Gagauz in Moldova 171,500, the total number is around 250,000. Gagauz residual groups also live in Romania , Bulgaria , Greece and Turkey as well as in some CIS countries .
Origin of names and alternative names
The Gagauz language was named after the Gagauz and is generally referred to in Turkey as "Gagauz Turkish" (Gagavuz Türkçesi) due to its very close linguistic relationship and is regarded as a dialect of Turkish.
This section of the population, which once lived in Bulgaria and the Balkans , has different theories about the origin and formation of which, due to its Christian Orthodox religion, has stood out from other groups of Turks and Tatars . It should also be noted that some Turkologists have summarized the colloquial languages of the Turks and Tatars in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia , Montenegro , Romania and Serbia under the umbrella term “Gagauz language”. Others relate this generic term to the languages of all traditionally Christian Turks in the Balkans.
Classification options
Like all languages within the Turkic languages, Gagauz can be classified differently. So this language is z. B. in the "Fischer Lexikon Sprachen" (1987) classified as follows:
- Turkic languages
- Western branch
- Bulgarian group
- Oghuz group
- Oghuz-Turkmen
- Oghusian-Bulgarian
- Gagauz
- Western branch
In contrast, the "Metzler Lexicon Language" (1993) classifies Gagauz as follows:
- Turkic languages
- Southwest Turkish (Oghusian)
- Gagauz
- Southwest Turkish (Oghusian)
Current classification (as of 2006):
- Turkic languages
- Oghusian
- Western oghusian
- Gagauz
- Western oghusian
- Oghusian
See also article Turkic languages .
Alphabets
In the 19th century there were first publications of a religious character in this language. The Greek alphabet was used for this.
An independent written Gagauz language with a modified Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1957.
In 2000 the Gagauz introduced a new Latin-Turkish alphabet , which, with the additional characters ä and ţ (this for the spelling of non-Turkish, mostly Romanian words), is very close to the modern alphabet of Turkey-Turkish.
- former Kyrill alphabet
| А а | Ӓ ӓ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н |
| О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ӱ ӱ |
| Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
| Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
- modern latin alphabet
| А а | Ä Ä | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | Е е | F f |
| G g | H h | I ı | İ i | J j | K k | L l | M m |
| N n | O o | Ö ö | Р р | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t |
| Ţ ţ | U u | Ü ü | V v | Y y | Z z |
Comparison of Gagauz and Turkish
| German | Gagauz | Turkey Turkish | German translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | Büük ay | Buyuk ay | great month |
| February | Küçük ay | Küçük ay | small month |
| March | Baba marta | Baba Mart | Father march |
| April | Çiçek ay | Çiçek ay | Flowers month |
| May | Hederlez ay | Hıdırellez ay | Hıdrellez Festival Month (May 6th) |
| June | Kirez ay | Kiraz ay | Cherries Month |
| July | Orak ay | Orak (ekin bicme) ay | Sickle month |
| August | Harman ay | Harman ay | Dresch -month |
| September | Ceviz ay | İstavroz | Nut Month |
| October | Canavar ay | Ekim | Wolf Month |
| November | Kasım ay | Kasım | November |
| December | Kırım ay | Kırım ay | Battle month |
See also
literature
- Гаврил А. Гайдаржи, Е. К. Колца, Людмила А. Покровская, Борис П. Тукан: Гагаузско-русско-молдавский словарь 11 500 слов. Советская Энциклопедия, Москва 1973 (In Turkish: Gavril A. Gaydarci, EK Koltsa, Ludmila A. Pokrovskaya, Boris P. Tukan: Gagauz Türkçesinin Sözlüğü (= . Türk dünyası Edebiyati dizisi 16 = . Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları 1294). Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara 1991, ISBN 975-17-0840-0 ( Dictionary of Gagauz Turkish .)).
- Helmut Glück (Ed.): Metzler Lexicon Language. JB Metzler, Stuttgart et al. 1993, ISBN 3-476-00937-8 .
- Rudolf Grulich : The Gagauz. In: Faith in the 2nd world . Vol. 12, No. 12, 1984, pp. 15-16.
- Rudolf Grulich: The national minorities in the Dobruja. In: Europa Ethnica . Vol. 46, No. 2, 1989, pp. 81-86.
- Harun Güngör, Mustafa Argunsah: Gagauz Türkleri. Tarih, dil, folklor ve halk edebiyatı (= Turk thinyası edebiyatı dizisi. 17 = Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı yayınları. 1300). Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara 1991, ISBN 975-170846-X ( Gagauz Turks. ).
- Atanas Manov: Gagauzlar. (Hıristiyan Türkler) (= Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları. 10, 20). Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2001, ISBN 975-16-1450-3 ( Christian Turks. ).
- Astrid Menz: Gagauz syntax. A study on contact-induced language change (= Turkologica. 41). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-447-04171-4 (also: Mainz, University, dissertation, 1997).
- Nevzat Özkan: Gagavuz Türkçesi Grameri. Giriş, ses bilgisi, şekil bilgisi, cümle, sözlük, metin örnekleri (= Türk Dil kurumu yayınları. Gramer bilim ve uygulama kolu yayınları. 18 = Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları. 657). Türk Dil Kurumu, Ankara 1996, ISBN 975-16-0795-7 ( Grammar of Gagauz Turkish. ).
- Людмила Александровна Покровская: Грамматика гагаузского языка Фонетика и морфология. Наука, Москва 1964.
- Heinz F. Wendt: The Fischer Lexicon. Languages (= Fischer pocket books. 4561). Revised and corrected new edition, original edition. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1987, ISBN 3-596-24561-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gagauz in Ethnologue
- ^ Lars Johanson, Éva Csató The Turkic languages. P. 82 (online)
- ^ Helmut Glück: Metzler Lexicon Language. P. 203.
- ^ Heinz F. Wendt: Fischer Lexicon Languages. P. 329.
- ^ Helmut Glück: Metzler Lexicon Language. P. 567.
Web links
- National newspaper in Gagauz
- Wolfgang Schulze : Gagauz. (PDF file; 192 kB). In: Miloš Okuka (ed.): Lexicon of the languages of the European East (= Wieser Encyclopedia of the European East. 10). Wieser, Klagenfurt 2002, ISBN 3-85129-510-2 , p. 781.