Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect group
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Saxony , Thuringia , southern parts of Saxony-Anhalt Smaller areas: Bavaria ( Ludwigsstadt ), Brandenburg ( Elbe-Elster district ), Hesse ( Eschwege , Wanfried ), Lower Saxony ( Braunlage , Clausthal-Zellerfeld ) |
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Thuringian-Upper Saxon is a dialect group of Middle German whose dialects were originally called Thuringian or Meissenian , depending on the subgroup , and are now colloquially - but linguistically incorrect - also known as Saxon . Thuringian-Upper Saxon is spoken predominantly in the states of Saxony and Thuringia as well as in the southern part of Saxony-Anhalt . It is also located in southeastern Lower Saxony (former district of Osterode am Harz ), in northeastern Hesse ( Eschwege , Wanfried ), in the far northwest of the administrative district of Upper Franconia in Bavaria (Ludwigsstadt) and in the south of Brandenburg's Elbe-Elster-Land . German Bohemians, who lived in the area of the Elbe Valley until 1945/46, also spoke Upper Saxon dialects. The Lower Hessian mixed dialect around Kassel has many typical elements of Thuringian-Upper Saxon. There is no generally recognized and uniformly written variety or concentrated efforts to obtain one.
particularities
There are strong regional differences in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon language area, which can be traced back to the equilibrium language ( colonial dialect ) of the Franks (mainly Main Franconia ), Thuringians , Flemings , Baiern and Saxony who immigrated in the Middle Ages , whose eastern settlement began around 1100. The language forms of the " Meißner Kanzleideutsch " and plenty of Middle High German were the written language of Martin Luther , which is considered to be the essential basis of the New High German language.
Thuringian-Upper Saxon is characterized by a rounding of the vowels , extensive implementation of the internal German consonant weakening ( lenization of the consonants / p /, / t / and / k /), and in part also by a highly differentiated pronunciation of the G sound (especially in the areas of Saxony-Anhalt and Northern Thuringia) and a regionally very different melodic emphasis in the movement. The second German sound shift came to a standstill in this room in very different positions with regard to individual elements. In addition, the b like w or f and v is spoken in some words, such as the word but (ie “awer”). Basilects , d. H. Dialects with the greatest stigma and least prestige are hardly spoken any more. The seemingly fluid transition stages between dialect and standard German, i.e. forms of mesolect , can amount to up to five or seven.
Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialects
In German dialectology, the following dialect groups are listed under Thuringian and Upper Saxon :
- Central Thuringia in Thuringia, Erfurt - Sömmerda - Bad Langensalza - Gotha - Friedrichroda - Ilmenau area
- Northern Thuringian in Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Lower Saxony , Nordhausen - Bad Frankenhausen - Sondershausen and Sangerhausen - Harzgerode - Stolberg (Harz) and Bad Lauterberg - Bad Sachsa
- Eastern Thuringian , spoken around Eisenberg - Altenburg (Thuringia) and around Naumburg - Weißenfels - Zeitz - Hohenmölsen (Saxony-Anhalt), as well as the language region Mansfelder Land (see below)
- Southeast Thuringian , spoken in Thuringia primarily in and around the city of Gera and in the south of the Saale-Holzland district , in the Saale-Orla district , in the Greiz district , in the southern Saalfeld-Rudolstadt district and in the far north of the Kronach district around Ludwigsstadt in Bavaria
- Easterly in Saxony in today's northern Saxony district, except in the old district of Oschatz and around Taucha (on the B6 from Leipzig in the direction of Halle there is a smooth transition ( Schkeuditz - Großkugel )), in Saxony-Anhalt around Lutherstadt Wittenberg , Bitterfeld-Wolfen and Jessen and in Border area of Brandenburg around Herzberg (Elster) , Bad Liebenwerda , Elsterwerda and in Schraden
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Meissen in Saxony: The Meissen dialect developed under the influence of the Central German settlement of Saxony between the 11th and 13th centuries.
- North Meissen in the area of Grimma - Döbeln - Riesa
- Northeast Meissen in the Lommatzsch - Großenhain area
- West Meissen in the Mittweida - Rochlitz - Borna area
- South Meissen in the area Oederan - Frankenberg - Hainichen - Freiberg
- Southeast Meissen in the area of Dippoldiswalde - Freiberg - Meißen - Radeburg - Pirna - Bad Schandau
The Thuringian Dialect Research Unit at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena also lists the following dialects:
- Ilmthuringian in Thuringia around Jena , Rudolstadt , Katzhütte , Gehren , Stadtilm , Weimar and in Saxony-Anhalt around Nebra
- Northeast Thuringia around Artern in Thuringia and largely in Saxony-Anhalt around Querfurt and Merseburg
- West Thuringian in Thuringia around Eisenach and Bad Salzungen
- Eichsfeldisch within North Thuringia as a transition dialect influenced by Lower Saxon - East Fälisch in a large part of the Eichsfeld , around Heilbad Heiligenstadt , Mühlhausen and Worbis
Special features, exceptions, transition areas
The Meissen and East Central Germans , who mixed in eastern Electoral Saxony and Lusatia , also accepted the Sorbs who remained in the country . In Lusatia, Sorbian is still spoken today, a West Slavic language that was exposed to Meissen influences, especially in terms of emphasis and pronunciation. On the other hand, Slavic words migrated into German, for example “Grenz”, “Quark”. Sorbian also has its share in the training of Thuringian-Upper Saxon.
- Meissnian
The dialect, actually Upper Saxon and Osterländisch, is occasionally used in cabaret and comedians . It is used to address the not a few cultural-mental, mostly political-historical differences between the former Prussia (in the sense of Berlin and Brandenburg ) and Electoral Saxony (with the cultural centers of Dresden , Leipzig and Chemnitz ) or between the East and the West To sketch Germany like a sketch. Often, however, the speakers are not born in Saxony and imitate Meissen or Osterland , which is also erroneously referred to as "Saxon" or "East German", in different quality, which means that a wrong image of this language area is shown on stage and in the media. Thuringian-Upper Saxon - especially Anhalt , North Thuringian and Eichsfeld - has long been considered exemplary for High German pronunciation in the past centuries.
The term Saxon is linguistically incorrect, as Saxon (based on the speakers of the areas of the tribal duchy of Saxony ) was the language of the inhabitants of northern Germany and the eastern Netherlands. Nevertheless, this term is quite common. "Meanwhile, Mamsell Claß took me in her arms, hugged me, spoke to me in Saxon, and meanwhile my mother was gone." ( Wilhelm von Kügelgen on his experiences 1807. )
- West Thuringian
West Thuringian , formerly Ringgauian , is a transitional and mixed dialect of Henneberg and Central Thuringian and a little East Hessian , especially in the region between the Rennsteig extension via Kupfersuhl to Vacha and the northern border to Hennebergisch on the Salzbogen . In the Rhön and its adjoining areas, Thuringian-Upper Saxon is lost towards the southwest in the bordering Rhöner Platt . This dialect, which hardly seems Thuringian anymore, is most noticeable in the Bad Salzungen area .
See also
literature
- Horst Becker, Gunter Bergmann: Saxon dialect customers . Max Niemeyer Verlag, Halle (Saale) 1969.
- Gunter Bergmann: Upper Saxon. In: Charles V. J. Russ: The Dialects of Modern German. A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, London 1990, ISBN 0-415-00308-3 , pp. 290-312.
- Hans Reimann : Sächsisch (series What is not in the dictionary , vol. I), Piper Verlag, Munich 1931.
- Wilfried Seibicke: Contributions to the dialect of North Upper Saxon . Böhlau Verlag, Weimar 1967.
- Beat Siebenhaar : East Central German: Thuringian and Upper Saxon. In: Joachim Herrgen, Jürgen Erich Schmidt (Hrsg.): German: Language and Space. An international handbook of language variation (= handbooks for linguistics and communication studies. Volume 30/4). de Gruyter, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-11-026129-5 , pp. 407-435.
- Karl Spangenberg: Thuringian. In: Charles V. J. Russ: The Dialects of Modern German. A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, London 1990, ISBN 0-415-00308-3 , pp. 265-289.